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PubMedDate not supplied

Radiation injury & mercury deposits in internal organs as a result of thallium-201 chloride intravenous injection for SPECT imaging; additional biochemical information obtained in the images of organs from SPECT or PET scans; & potential injury due to radiation exposure during long distance flights.

In order to study functional as well as anatomical aspects of various internal organs, SPECT (Single Photon Emission Computerized Tomography) has been used extensively for evaluation of these organs. For SPECT study, intravenous injection of radioactive substances such as technetium-99m (20 millicuries) & thallium-201 chloride (3 millicuries) is commonly used. Although the physical half-life of thallium-201 chloride is 73 hours, its biological half-life is often more than 3.5 times that. Following intravenous injection of thallium-201 chloride it is concentrated in the heart, liver, kidneys, pancreas, thyroid gland, testes or ovaries, and then eventually decays to mercury. Because of its relatively long physical & biological half-lives, thallium-201 chloride may produce mild radiation injury while it remains radioactive. Similar injuries may be induced by technetium-99m (often used for brain SPECT), which radiates Gamma rays (140 KeV), but since its physical half-life is only 6 hours, the side effects are not as significant as those of thallium-201 chloride. Since the main component of thallium-201 chloride radiation is X-ray (68-82 KeV), which consists of photons with a very short wavelength and a high penetrating power, prolonged exposure can induce electromagnetic field-induced injury. As a previous study of the principal author on electromagnetic field exposure indicated, electromagnetic field-induced injury causes the change of L-amino acids to D-amino acids. 2 days after SPECT study of the heart with intravenous injection of thallium-201 chloride, the principal author experienced shortness of breath, loss of appetite, dizziness, fever, and general malaise within the week, and found a progressively significant increase in D-glutamic acid and decrease in L-glutamic acid peaking 2 weeks after the initial injection but lasting for many weeks after in organs such as the heart, liver, kidneys, pancreas, thyroid gland & testes, where radioactive substances had accumulated and radiation was at an average of about 400 counts/min. Even 2 months after the initial injection, the abnormal ratio of D-amino acids and L-amino acids had not returned to normal (in the radiation exposed heart, L-amino acids: 6 mg/dl with D-amino acids: 5 mg/dl; normal tissue, L-amino acids: 10 mg/dl with D-amino acids < 1 mg/dl). The principal author tried to find a safe method of reducing possible radiation injury and accelerating the elimination of the already deposited mercury.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Chest Pain↗
PubMed1994

Morphology and pathology of radiation-induced esophagitis. Double-blind study of naproxen vs placebo for prevention of radiation injury.

Radiation-induced esophagitis can cause substantial morbidity. Experiments in lab animals have shown that pretreatment with indomethacin protects the esophagus from radiation damage. We conducted a prospective, double-blind, randomized trial of naproxen vs placebo in patients undergoing thoracic radiation therapy for lung cancer. Twenty-eight patients were enrolled, of which 26 completed the study. Sixteen patients were given a short course of radiation (30 Gy/10 fractions/2 weeks), and 10 patients were given a longer course and a larger dose (40-50 Gy/25 fractions/5 weeks). Half of the irradiated patients were treated with naproxen, 375 mg, taken orally twice a day, and half were given an identical placebo. All patients were given ranitidine 300 mg, taken orally once a day. Study drugs were taken throughout the course of radiation. Endoscopy with esophageal biopsies and brushings was performed before and on the last day of treatment. Patients kept a daily diary for symptom scoring. Symptoms such as chest pain, dysphagia, odynophagia, and/or heartburn were reported in 15 patients from both subgroups, resulting in diet restriction to liquids only in eight patients and requiring temporary discontinuation of radiation therapy in one of them. Approximately half the patients in each subgroup developed esophagitis, usually mild and usually limited to the proximal esophagus. Severity of symptoms was not proportional to the severity of esophagitis. Candidiasis was documented in eight patients, but only four had symptoms that were severe in one. We conclude that acute radiation injury to the esophagus is observed in approximately half the patients receiving radiation therapy and can result in substantial morbidity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Double-Blind Method↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The influence of the water with decreased content of heavy stable hydrogen and oxygen (18O) isotope on development of radiation injuries at gamma-radiation in low dose].

The investigations of the water with decreased content of heavy stable hydrogen and of oxygen (18O) isotope received by the method of rectification were conducted on development of radiation injuries in organisms of the experimental animals. The objects of the investigation were male mice of Balb/c line. The animals were irradiated at the unit PX-gamma-30 with the gamma-radiation source 60Co in the dose of 25 sGy. It was observed that the water with decreased content of heavy stable hydrogen and of oxygen (18O) isotope influences positively the processes of restoration. It was manifested in decrease of the degree of gravity of radiation injuries in immune system organs (thymus and spleen), peripheral blood and marrow cells.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Quantitative morphology of late renal radiation injury.

Late radiation injury manifests itself in all morphologic compartments of the kidney, but loss of cell mass is most significant in the proximal convoluted tubules. Development of an end stage or nonfunctional kidney requires 12 or more months after single fraction X ray exposures of about 12 Gy (2, 5, 13) and is associated with marked morphologic alterations of renal tubules. Radiation induced changes were studied at 6 months after irradiation, a time interval when histological alterations appear minor, but in previous studies were shown to correlate with the later end stage alterations (5, 8, 9). Renal alterations were graded objectively based on renal weight, variation in size of tubule cell nuclei, and glomerular nuclear volume fraction. Irradiation was associated with loss of renal weight, increased variability of tubule nuclear size, and previously unappreciated changes in glomerular nuclear volume fraction. A classification index derived from a weighted combination of renal weight ratio and tubule cell nuclear variability correlates with radiation dose and with previously established subjective histologic grading of renal damage, and allows objective comparisons of various fractionation schedules.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Fractional composition and methylation of liver cell nucleus histones during the early stages of radiation injury].

The radiation injury affects the quantitative ratio of histone fractions. The most pronounced changes in the percentage content towards a decrease are observed for the fractions F2a1 and F2a2 as well as for F2a 12 h and 24 h after irradiation, respectively. An increase by 41.8% is observed in the content of the fractions F2b+F3 12 h after irradiation. The methylation for all histones of the fractions increases considerably 2 h after irradiation, drops 12 h later in the fractions F2a1 and F3 and 24 h later in the fractions F3 and F1 as compared to the normal level.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Potentiating effect of fetal thymus on fetal liver cells for the promotion of recovery from the radiation injury in murine allogenic radiation chimeras or a little bit of thymus goes a long, long way.

Lethally irradiated CBA (H-2k) mice were treated with small numbers of liver cells from strain-A (H-2a) fetal donors. Recovery from the radiation injury was dependent upon the dose of liver cells administered. Giving very small numbers of fetal thymus cells, in addition to liver cells, had a highly significant and salutary effect on survival. The results suggest that clinical transplantation of liver cells from a single fetus might succeed if thymus cells are added.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

New strategies for the prevention of radiation injury: possible implications for countering radiation hazards of long-term space travel.

New strategies for the prevention of radiation injuries are currently being explored with the ultimate aim of developing globally radioprotective, nontoxic pharmacologics. The prophylactic treatments under review encompass such diverse pharmacologic classes as novel immunomodulators, nutritional antioxidants, and cytokines. An immunomodulator that shows promise is 5-androstenediol (AED), a well-tolerated, long-acting androstene steroid with broad-spectrum radioprotective attributes that include not only protection against acute tissue injury, but also reduced susceptibility to infectious agents, as well as reduced rates of neoplastic transformation. Other potentially useful radioprotectants currently under study include the nutraceutical vitamin E and analogs, a chemically-engineered cytokine, interleukin-1beta, and a sustained-release formulation of an aminothiol, amifostine. Results suggest that a new paradigm is evolving for the prophylaxes of radiation injuries, based on use of newly identified, nontoxic, broad-spectrum prophylactic agents whose protective action may be leveraged by subsequent postexposure use of cytokines with organ-specific reparative functions.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

[Prevention of radiation injuries during multifractionation in radiation therapy].

A radiobiological substantiation of a method of multifractionation and a review of the results of its clinical application are presented. The authors have developed a method to calculate a cumulative radiation effect and the TDF factor in radiation therapy with multiple dose fractionation in the form of several sessions daily. This method can be used to prevent the radiation-caused complications.

Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation↗