Personal relevance and the choice of constructs for the repertory grid technique.
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A study of the reliability and validity of the repertory grid technique as a measure of the hysteroid/obsessoid component of personality.
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Adult↗
Assessing the effectiveness of members: the repertory grid technique.
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Efficiency↗
The dyad grid: a modification of repertory grid technique.
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[Not Available].
Since the 70 years approximately 50 000 children have been born in the Federal Republic of Germany after artificial insemination by donor. The most studies of substantial collectives describe an inconspicious mental and emotional development of the children. However, due to examinations of Special cases, negative effects on the development of the children are expected as a result of the behaviour of social fathers to keep the insemination secret and to turn away from them. In a follow-up study six years after the treatment of insemination 22 successful couples of parents of originally 57 couples (before insemination) could be reexamined. They rated their children by a detailed interview, as well as by a variant of the repertory grid technique, which permits an estimation of object relations. Under an idiographic aspect, the use of the repertory grid technique made it possible to learn the individual meaning of the children to the respective couple. As a group examination it allowed generalizable Statements to judge the children in relation to the self-image of the parents. The major part of the parents judged their children as "close" to their seif and their self-ideal. Any indication of retreat by social fathers could not be given.
Artificial insemination by donor↗
Nursing care of older people: a personal construct theory perspective.
This paper outlines the use of the repertory grid technique, with nurses caring for elderly residents, and residents of a nursing home. The method focuses on the individuality of each person's attempt at making sense of her/his caring world. Previous papers have focused on a discussion of the repertory grid technique as a research method and tool for psychiatric nurses, an overview of studies using this technique with nurses and social workers, and applications of personal construct theory (from which the technique is derived) to nursing research. A paper by Rawlinson described content analysis of the role constructs elicited from the nurses. In this study, content analysis of caring constructs elicited by nurses and residents was also undertaken, and the results are presented. Additionally, principal component analysis of the repertory grids was carried out, and three examples are presented. This combined analysis provides an in-depth insight into nurses' perceptions of caring for others; perceptions which guide their caring behaviours. This information can be used by individual nurses to review their caring practice.
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Exploring parental reactions to the diagnosis of cleft lip and palate.
The birth of an infant with a facial cleft evokes a range of emotions and reactions in parents. During acceptance of a child's disability, parents are said to progress through several stages similar to those responses reported in the bereavement process. This paper describes the process of adapting in terms of personal construct theory, and reports a pilot of the repertory grid technique as a therapeutic tool to elicit parental reactions following diagnosis of cleft lip and palate. Two mothers compared other significant life events to their reactions to the diagnosis of cleft lip and palate. This pilot supported the use of the repertory grid technique as a means to facilitate exploration of parental responses. Comparisons to the bereavement process were evident, although individual reactions or perceptions may differ from those expected. Recommendations are made for a wider research study within cleft lip and palate.
Adaptation, Psychological↗
Subject's perceptions of the crew interaction dynamics under prolonged isolation.
BACKGROUND: The interactions of individuals participating in space simulation studies can give us valuable information about ways that space crew members relate with one another. A promising method of investigating such interactions is based on the Kelly repertory grid technique. HYPOTHESES: We predicted that in a space simulation crew: 1) one's personal self-concept would become closer to concepts about other crew members in a cohesive crew, and vice-versa, and 2) the similarity of one's ego images in the past, present and future influences that person's position in the group. METHOD: Crews from two isolation studies lasting 135 and 90 days at the Institute for Biomedical Problems in Moscow were evaluated using a modification of the Kelly repertory grid technique. Members assessed each other on a monthly basis and during off-nominal simulated docking periods. RESULTS: During both isolations, crew members were unsuccessful in making their personal self-concepts move closer to their concepts about fellow crew members. Crew disintegration resulted, with one member becoming an outsider whose personality was characterized by a disintegrated ego-image and an infantile type of the present ego. CONCLUSIONS: In small isolated groups, failure to make personal self-concepts become more like concepts about other crew members can lead to group disintegration and tension and can result in the appearance of an outsider who has a disintegrated ego-image and an infantile present ego.
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Exploring students' experience of training for counselling skills and the impact on practice.
AIM: The aim of this study was to explore participants' experience of an accredited counselling skills course and their perception of its impact on practice. DESIGN: A qualitative design was used utilizing a mixed-method approach. Data were collected using semistructured interviews and the repertory-grid technique. Data were analysed using thematic content analysis (interviews) and the repertory grids were analysed qualitatively using a four-stage procedure. SAMPLE: A convenience sample of six healthcare professionals undertaking a counselling skills course completed both interviews. RESULTS: The biggest impact of the course was in the area of self-awareness and skill development. The development of attentive listening, both in terms of objective and subjective findings, was evident. Students perceived that personal qualities, such as warmth and caring, were essential. All participants identified that the group were supportive and that this enhanced learning. The students changed their practice by improving their skills, increasing their awareness and by developing deeper therapeutic relationships with patients and their carers. CONCLUSION: This research adds to the body of knowledge in palliative care. It identifies key elements in the learning of counselling skills and recognizes the impact of these skills on improving the care of palliative care patients and families.
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The personal constructs of coping with chronic low back pain: is coping a necessary evil?
The construct of coping is explored in this paper utilising repertory grid technique with a small group of non-patients with chronic pain. Nineteen volunteers with low back pain completed a repertory grid with eight given elements signifying various self and illness-related roles. Two constructs were given and the remainder elicited using the triad method. The 19 participants rated themselves as being in less pain than those they typified as ill or disabled and considered themselves to be coping with their pain. The constructs elicited emphasised authenticity, the limitations of being a coper, mastery, active stoicism, cheerfulness, acceptance and maintaining acceptable social interactions and appearances. Copers were considered to not be in constant pain. Self, ideal-self and social-self constructs were closely related. The participants rated themselves more like copers than ill, pain-suffering, invalid or hypochondriacal persons. Being a coper, however, was less desirable than being pain free. In essence, these volunteers with low back pain see coping as a necessary evil. This ambivalent and ambiguous construing of coping needs to be further explored in community and patient groups if we are to improve the collaboration between patients and therapists in achieving good pain management.
Adaptation, Psychological↗
Personal constructs and child psychiatric diagnosis - a pilot study.
Repertory grid technique is used to study the relationship between construing patients and friends by subjects ranking the same sets of constructs to both sets of elements. Nine subjects completed two repertory grids with (1) 'patients' as elements, and (2) 'friends' as elements. By using the measures of 'Consistiency', and 'Intensity', which are explained, it is shown that subjects were as meaningfully able to construe 'patients' in terms of the friends, as they were in terms of 'patients' constructs. They were not as able to construe 'friends' in terms of 'patient' constructs as they were in terms of the 'friends' constructs. The significance of this is examined in relation to the use of a specialist language within child psychiatric diagnosis.
Child Psychiatry↗
Does history-taking affect learning of attitudes?
QUESTION: How can medical students adopt a patient-oriented approach? SETTING: During the past 7 years approximately 60 preclinical and clinical students joined dynamically oriented group sessions on medical history-taking. An open-ended question technique was used. EVALUATION: The student's expectations of the patient were monitored by the repertory grid technique using a self-developed dyad grid form which allowed the estimation of reciprocal expectations as seen by the student. A main component analysis of the ratings obtained was performed. RESULTS: The development in one group was taken as representative of the general development in the different groups. Two main components (MC I, II) were found to account for approximately 40 and 25% of the total variance (distance/empathy and dominance/dependence). The student's main concern is centered on the problem of dependence, MC II. He expects the patient to cling to him. Similarly he feels dependent on the psychosomatic lecturer. He feels as though he is the lecturer's patient. During group work the patient is seen to be less clinging. The student learns that he is not his lecturer's patient but his junior partner. He changes his professional ego-ideal as a future doctor. This is modelled according to his own relationship with the lecturer. It is not modelled according to the usual doctor-patient relationship as perceived by the student. The main characteristic of the change is a lessening of dependency needs as felt in the relationship to the patient. INTERPRETATION: The findings are interpreted as an attitudinal change in favour of a more patient-oriented attitude. The change was affected through confrontation with the patient's needs. Conclusions were drawn: The student has to be trained how to cope with dependency needs. Special learning settings have to be provided which are staffed with patient-oriented physicians.
Attitude of Health Personnel↗
Personal constructs of nursing practice: a comparative analysis of three groups of Australian nurses.
Repertory grid technique was used to compare the personal constructs that three groups of nurses (critical care nurses, gerontology nurses and general nurses) used to characterize effective nursing within their areas of practice. To seek differences in the distribution of constructs across the three groups, the repertory grid data were represented by non-metric multidimensional scaling (MDS) which revealed separation between the critical care nurses and the gerontology nurses with the general nurse distributed between the former. The significance of differences in relative frequencies of personal constructs apparent in the scaling solution was tested and, in some cases, found to be statistically significant. The constructs knowledge base, clinical skills, teaching skills, and achievement orientation characterized critical care nurses, whereas compassionate and empathetic, positive affect, enacts values, and holistic view of care were characteristic of gerontology nurses. The constructs elicited from nurses in general acute care settings showed some similarity to both groups. The implications for professional practice resulting from these observations are discussed. The techniques used in this study provide a new approach to the analysis of personal construct data in the nursing field. The transformation of pairs of linked constructs into a proximity matrix provides an entry point for analytical techniques such as non-metric multidimensional scaling.
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The application of Kelly's Repotory Grid Technique to investigate disabled people's perceptions of their professional workers.
Blaxter, (1976), has shown that there is an amount of confusion and misunderstanding of British medical and social services among disabled people. This study attempts to explore the perceptions of just two young disabled women to ascertain their individual views of what is seemingly a very complex array of services. No attempt has been made to generalise the findings, although future work, using group data, may be completed at a later date. The main objective of the study was to find out if Kelly's Repertory Grid Technique could be applied to this particular problem. The technique was used alongside indepth interviews. In general, the grid analysis did concur with the content analysis of the indepth interviews, particularly if the subject used her own elicited constructs. Both informal and formal agents of help were investigated, but due to lack of space, only the analyses of the three formal agents are permitted. In both case studies, the subjects' perceptions of each formal agent varied according to her attitude towards that agent and the experiences she had in dealing with him. This was verified by comparing the relationship between constructs and elements (agents) with the discriptions given during the indepth interviews. By using McQuitty's, (1960), elementary linkage analysis, two main clusters of agents were obtained. Inclusion within either cluster was largely dependant upon whether the subject considered the agent to be an authoritarian, or peer-like figure. A number of possible applications of the reportory grid technique, for future research, are also discussed.
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Psychological effects of aesthetic dental treatment.
OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate that aesthetic restorative dental treatment, using the porcelain laminate veneer, has a positive effect on the self-esteem of a patient. METHODS: A study group of 17 patients, unhappy with their dental appearance, were assessed psychologically at the pre-operative, immediate post operative and 6 month review stages. Porcelain laminate veneer restorations were used to improve the dental aesthetics for the patients in the study group. A comparison group of 27 subjects, without a dental appearance problem, were also psychologically assessed at comparable intervals. The assessments included Cattell's 16PF Personality Inventory, a Body-Esteem index, a computer administered version of the Repertory Grid technique and semi-structured interviews. RESULTS: The results showed that there were no significant differences between the study and comparison groups on any first or second-order factor of the 16PF. However, highly significant changes in a positive direction (p < 0.005) were observed in the study group in responses to a Body-Esteem questionnaire at each stage in the procedure. Comparison group changes were not significant. Repertory Grid analyses showed a significant overall convergence in the study group compared with the comparison group. There were also significant positive shifts amongst the study group in the normalised ratings of "self' on several of the constructs. Interviews confirmed the Repertory Grid findings. CONCLUSIONS: The study shows that aesthetic restorative treatment has a positive effect on patients' self-esteem.
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Students' perceptions of their psychiatric mental health clinical nursing experience: a personal construct theory exploration.
Personal construct theory and repertory grid technique provides a suitable framework for exploring Registered Nursing students' perceptions of their psychiatric practicum. This descriptive research was designed to understand students' own ways of constructing knowledge during their mental health clinical experience. A constructivist conceptual perspective and George Kelly's personal construct psychology were the theoretical bases of the research. A qualitative case study methodology allowed creation of and reflection on personal construct changes as provided in participants' review of repertory grid ideas about psychiatric nursing. The participants were six Canadian second-year nursing students in a Baccalaureate programme that integrated psychiatric and medical surgical nursing curricula. The following three overarching themes were identified and are used to explain and describe significant features of the psychiatric clinical experience: 1) students' anxiety related more to feeling unable to help than to interactions with mentally ill patients; 2) students' feelings of a lack of inclusion in staff nurse groups; 3) student emphasis on the importance of nonevaluated student-instructor discussion time.
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[The Repertory Grid as a research instrument in inpatient psychotherapy. Possibilities of semantic construct analysis in patients with psychogenic pain].
The Repertory Grid Technique provides a differential analysis of individual constructs ("hypotheses"), by which we structure the perception of our environment. In our study we investigated 35 psychogenic chronic pain patients at beginning and end of inpatient psychotherapy, whether semantic changes occurred in their construct system. We analysed these semantic changes using a categorial system, which was developed by Landfield (1971). This categorial system consists of 22 different categories, at which a rating system (by use of a manual) evaluates the appropriate semantic attachment of constructs of an individual repertory grid to these categories. Our study shows that contrary to our expectation psychogenic pain patients comparatively often described themselves with constructs, which expressed direct social interactions or emotions. However, this finding must be interpreted with some reservation, as our patient group probably is not representative for most of the chronic pain patients, which usually are hardly to motivate for inpatient (respectively outpatient) psychotherapy. Finally we investigated the semantic changes of the construct system during the course of inpatient psychotherapy--here we assume that the conceptualization of own theory guided categories will provide more clinically relevant or perspective results compared to the original category system of Landfield.
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Psychological self-perception in male transsexuals, homosexuals, and heterosexuals.
Gender-related aspects of self-perception were explored for 24 anatomical males consisting of three matched groups of transsexuals, heterosexuals, and homosexuals. MacKenzie's Diagnostic Criteria Scale ratings were used to confirm group membership. Instruments used were the Repertory Grid Technique, the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, Bem Self Role Inventory, Maferr Inventory of Masculine Values, and Derogatis Sexual Functioning Inventory. Results for transsexual subjects reflected lowest self-esteem. Of the three groups, they perceived themselves to be the most like females and the most unlike other males. Transsexual subjects tended to describe themselves in nonmasculine terms and valued their gender role orientation. Homosexual subjects, on the other hand, reported the highest self-esteem. Additionally, they saw themselves as the most similar to males and the most dissimilar to females. As a group, homosexual subjects described themselves in comparatively strong masculine-stereotyped fashion and valued this posture. However, they believed that women do not value the self-orientation which these subjects endorsed for themselves. Heterosexual subjects scored moderately high in terms of global self-esteem. They described themselves as somewhat masculine to androgynous and reported valuing their gender role orientation. Results on the Repertory Grid and the Derogatis Sexual Functioning Inventory showed heterosexual subjects to be the least polarized in their gender-related self-descriptions. This group generally appeared to be least concerned with traditional gender role referents. The importance of a cognitive approach to clinical assessment of the transsexual individual is stressed.
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