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PubMed2004

[Sexual and reproductive rights: challenges for health policies].

This article discusses sexual and reproductive rights in the sense of a stance that assumes a perspective of transformations in social relations, the struggle against prejudices, the guarantee of well-being, and finally the relationship between sexuality, reproduction, and citizenship. The article then proceeds to reflect on health policy challenges in these fields, emphasizing such issues as: guaranteed resources, quality and quantity of health services in response to demands by the population, and cultural changes that produce a new view of the relationship between health professionals and health system clients, based on the principles of citizenship: recognition others as entitled to freedom and equality.

Delivery of Health Care↗
PubMed1999

Post-communist limitations on reproductive rights: the German and the Romanian examples.

This article examines legislative changes affecting reproductive rights that have taken place in two Central European countries since the dissolution of the Soviet bloc. Although some of these changes have been progressive, not all of them have been. Both countries will have to make further changes to be in full compliance with their international human rights obligations to accord women and men reproductive choice.

Abortion, Legal↗
PubMed2006

Cesarean section by choice: constructing a reproductive rights framework for the debate.

The question of cesarean section by choice (that is, cesarean delivery in the absence of medical indications) has been hotly debated by the obstetrical profession in recent years. The debate has focused around questions of risks and benefits, and has revolved around questions of obstetrical practice. In this paper, the question will be framed in a reproductive rights context. How does the phenomenon of CSBC (cesarean section by choice) impact women's empowerment? Which reproductive rights might be affected by this question, and what policies are related to its use? FIGO's 1998 statement "Ethical Aspects regarding Cesarean Delivery for Non-Medical Reasons" is revisited, and, in light of these considerations, its contents are endorsed once again.

Cesarean Section↗
PubMed2000

Transforming family planning programmes: towards a framework for advancing the reproductive rights agenda.

Recent international agreements call for the transformation of family planning programmes from a focus on demographic goals to the promotion of health and rights objectives. But the practical implications of this agenda for current and future programmes remain unclear. Public health resources are devoted to preventing illness and reducing the prevalence and incidence of disease across a population. Human rights methodologies focus on protecting the rights of individuals, and on the right to health and health care. Both of these approaches need to be re-thought and reconciled on a practical level to promote rights-based health programmes. Applying a rights framework to reproductive health programmes means, among other things, focusing as much on the process as on the outcome, incorporating efforts to address the gender and power dimensions of reproductive and sexual decision-making into every level of programme, and focusing on building a sense of entitlement among both the seekers and the providers of services. It also means moving beyond a focus only on the technical quality of clinic-based services to incorporate the ethos of a rights perspective at every level. Political, institutional, and technical barriers to the realisation of the reproductive health and rights agenda include national level politics, lack of capacity within civil society, and lack of transparency of institutional actors.

Family Planning Policy↗
PubMed2000

Sexual and reproductive rights: statements, rhetoric and responsibilities.

The current international movement for the promotion of reproductive health has great potential for improving sexual and reproductive rights. Health professionals should play a major role in applying international human rights instruments at the country level. Being at the front line of service delivery, health professionals have a duty to ensure that those rights are articulated in routine care by empowering individuals, lobbying for legislation, promoting policies and reporting violations of human rights treaties.

Contraception↗
PubMed1996

Women's health and reproductive rights: Romanian experience.

One of the most dramatic chapters in the history of women's reproductive rights ended in Romania in 1989. For over 23 years, Romania had pursued a rigidly enforced pronatalist policy, banning the importation of contraceptives, strictly prohibiting most abortions, and imposing a tax on childless couples. The aim of this study was to explore, through individual in-depth interviews, psychosocial antecedents and consequences of the Romanian policy. The study group consisted of 50 women, aged between 18 and 55 years, with diverse sociodemographic and educational characteristics. The interviews focused on sexuality education, sexual experiences, reproductive events, and partner relations. The results show that women's private behavior and efforts to regulate their fertility prevailed over public policies, regardless of personal risks or costs to health. Concluding observations summarize major findings, results from a 1993 national household survey on reproductive health, and a commentary on the need for ongoing sexuality and contraceptive education and counseling.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Reproductive rights and the medical care system: a plea for rational health policy.

Recently, there have been many challenges to women's reproductive rights and freedoms: court-ordered cesarean sections; criminal cases against women for prenatal child abuse; and attempts to limit the practice of mid-wifery, home birth, and the operation of alternative birth centers. In these cases, medicine has been complicit or proactive in attempts to control the behavior or health care options of pregnant women. We discuss medicine's role as an agent of social control, the medical reconstruction of problems that are social in nature, and the need for a more coherent policy framework to guide physician practices.

Abortion, Legal↗
PubMed2000

The "double discourse" on sexual and reproductive rights in Latin America: the chasm between public policy and private actions.

This article examines how political controversies affect citizens' ability to exercise sexual and reproductive rights in Latin America. The article argues that societies accommodate conflicting views on sexuality and reproduction with a "double discourse system," which defends repressive or negligent public policies while privately tolerating unofficial and often illegal mechanisms that expand private sexual and reproductive choices. The examples of divorce policy in Chile and abortion policy in Colombia and Chile are highlighted to illustrate how this breach between public discourse and private actions operates in practice, and who is harmed by it. The article concludes by discussing the implications of this system for rights advocacy.

Abortion, Legal↗
PubMed2004

Stillbirth, neonatal death and reproductive rights in Indonesia.

Globally, newborn deaths account for two-thirds of all deaths in the first year of life and 40% of under-five mortality. As infant mortality declines, the proportion of neonatal deaths has been increasing because of the failure to address the causes. The data in this paper derive from a longitudinal study of motherhood and emotional well-being of women in Indonesia; 488 women were interviewed in late pregnancy, and 290 at six weeks post-partum. This paper reports on in-depth interviews with four women who reported a stillbirth and six who reported a neonatal or infant death. They were asked about their understanding of why their baby had died and the information, care and support given to them. The study suggests that maternal and child health clinics fail to protect and fulfill pregnant women's reproductive rights, specifically the right to information and care for themselves and their infants, informed consent, counselling and to be treated with respect. This can be achieved through training and education for health professionals and policymakers, and by educating women about their rights as patients. It is essential that countries with high infant and maternal mortality provide post-partum care that includes support for those who experience stillbirth and neonatal death, including information, counselling and home visits.

Female↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[A new attempt to infringe on reproductive rights].

The author criticizes the agenda of some international agencies that focus on the slowing of population growth in the Third World. She asserts that treating developing countries uniformly is not appropriate to the situation in Latin America. "In this region, while some inter and intra-country variability continues to exist, growth rates show a tendency for decline. In addition, women's reproductive intentions signal a desire for fewer children. There is, therefore, room for measures in the reproductive health area within general health programs, according to the principle of respect for the reproductive rights of individuals." (SUMMARY IN ENG)

Americas↗