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At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1981

Response of unmarried adolescents to contraceptive advice and service in Nigeria.

The responses of a group of all unmarried, sexually active teenagers in a developing country to offers of contraceptive service were assessed in a prospective, 30-month study at a teaching hospital family planning center. Teenagers of this group constituted 7.2% of the clinic population. The default rate was very high (43.0%) and was most noticeable among users of oral contraceptives. The intrauterine device seemed more acceptable, as were injections of norethisterone enanthate. Possible reasons for this pattern of response are given, and the authors suggest giving new consideration to making the intrauterine device more suitable for and acceptable to teenagers of developing countries. The place of norethisterone enanthate in teenage contraception is also discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

The first abortion - and the last? A study of the personality factors underlying repeated failure of contraception.

The causes leading to a second abortion were outlined in a psychological study comparing 30 women expecting a second abortion with 29 women who had successfully prevented conception after a first abortion. It was found that both groups improved their contraceptive practices after the first abortion. However, while the latter group continued with their improved practices, the former group went back to the earlier inefficient or non-existent contraceptive behavior. The inability to improve contraception in the long run was not related to differences in educational level or knowledge about contraceptive techniques but to the developmental level of personality structures. The women expecting their second abortion rated lower in control of impulsivity, emotional balance, realism, self-esteem and stability of life as well as capacity for more integrated personal relationships. The differences in personality development and consequently in the capacity for long-term contraception were found to be due to growth conditions in childhood.

Abortion, Legal↗
PubMed1982

IUD and salpingitis: a prospective study of pathomorphological changes in the oviducts in IUD-users.

A prospective study on pathomorphological changes in the oviducts in 253 women who underwent voluntary sterilization via posterior colpotomy performed at the Catharina Ziekenhuis, Eindhoven, was performed in order to investigate the effect of the intrauterine device (IUD). Some form of salpingitis was found in 54% of the IUD-group and in only 6% of the control group (P less than 10(-6), four-fold table, chi-squared test.) Microbiological study in 51 patients did not explain the pathoanatomical changes. As the IUD-and control-groups were comparable in all investigated parameters, the inflammatory reaction must be caused by the method of contraception.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Sex of offspring of women using oral contraceptives, rhythm, and other methods of birth control around the time of conception.

Sex ratios were studied in a cohort of 33,205 newborns whose mothers had been questioned in early pregnancy about contraceptive use around the time of conception., The proportion of males was 0.517 (95% confidence limits [CL], 0.512 to 0.522). In the 9279 offspring of women who had used oral contraceptives (OC) in the 5 months prior to conception the sex ratio was 0.517 (0.507 to 0.527). There are sufficient numbers available for study for us to be 95% certain that OC causes no shift in sex ratio of 1% or more. Women who conceived within 2 months of stopping the pill had a small excess of males (0.528; 95% CL, 0.510 to 0.546), but this excess was probably due to chance. OC failures were followed by a raised sex ratio in the offspring (0.543; 95% CL, 0.509 to 0.577), and this excess of males was observed consistently in subgroups of maternal age, parity, race, and education. Failures of rhythm contraception were also associated with a consistent excess of male births (0.567; 95% CL, 0.514 to 0.620). No changes were observed after failures of IUDs, barrier, or chemical methods.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Education, fertility and contraception among Hindus and Roman Catholics in Goa.

Differences in age at marriage, fertility and contraceptive use are related to religious background, individual educational level and community level education. In general, the effects of community education are weak compared to individual level of education, but differences exist between Hindus and Roman Catholics.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Oral contraceptives and breast cancer: final report of an epidemiological study.

During 1968-1980, 1176 women aged 16-50 years with newly diagnosed breast cancer and a like number of matched controls were interviewed at 9 teaching hospitals in London and Oxford and asked about their use of oral contraceptives. The results were reassuring. A few statistically significant differences in oral contraceptive use were found between the breast cancer and control groups, but the data were subdivided in many ways so that some "significant" differences would have been expected through the play of chance alone. Certainly no patterns of risk emerged which would suggest that any of the associations were causal. It must be stressed, however, that the data are still sparse in some important subcategories--for example, only small numbers of both cases and controls had prolonged oral contraceptive use before their first term pregnancy. For this reason, it is important that information on the possible relationship between pill use and breast cancer should continue to be collected. Women who had never used oral contraceptives presented with appreciably more advanced tumours than those who had been using oral contraceptives during the year before detection of cancer, while past users were in an intermediate position. These differences in staging were reflected in the pattern of survival. Possible explanations for these observations include "surveillance bias" among oral contraceptive users leading to earlier diagnosis and a beneficial biological effect of oral contraceptives on tumour growth and spread. Women with breast cancer reported never having used any method of contraception and heavy cigarette smoking (greater than or equal to 15 per day) significantly less often than controls. We could find no obvious explanation for the former observation, but suspect that the latter reflects the unrepresentative smoking habits of our hospital controls rather than a protective effect of smoking against breast cancer.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Pattern of menstrual cycle length in south Indian women: a prospective study.

Data on 8,308 menstrual cycles from 1,740 South Indian women prospectively recorded were analyzed to identify the effect of age on menstrual cycle length. The distribution was skewed to the right with the mean (SD) cycle length of 31.8 (6.7) days. The range of 25-40 days constituted 10-82 per cent of menstrual cycle lengths. In no age group did 28-day cycles occur in more than 9 per cent of women. Variability as measured by the standard deviation was high among those below 19 years of age, stabilized during 25-39 years, and then increased in women aged 40 years or more. The findings are discussed in the light of other studies and possible implications in fertility control programs.

Adult↗