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Automotive exhaust and mouse activity: relationships between pollutant concentrations and decreases in wheel running.

Groups of male and female mice inhaled either clean air, 100 ppm carbon monoxide, or light-irradiated and nonirradiated automotive exhaust containing nominally 25, 50, 75, or 100 ppm carbon monoxide in three tests with exposure lasting from 4 to 7 days. Exhaust from a factory or lean-tuned engine in the first and third tests reversibly suppressed activity wheel running during exposure in mice of both sexes by as much as 78.3 and 83.1%, respectively. Light-irradiated exhaust suppressed running more than nonirradiated exhaust. For the second test, when the engine was tuned to be low in pollutants other than carbon monoxide, exhaust did not suppress running. Exposure to carbon monoxide alone only slightly decreased running in male mice, but increased running in female mice.

Air Pollutants↗

PubMed1979

Running fits and gamma-aminobutyric acid of the superior colliculus of the mouse.

The present experiment was performed to examine the relationship between the content of gamma-aminobutyric acid of the superior colliculus and running fits induced by injection of semicarbazide (SC), an antivitamin B6, into the superior colliculus of the mouse. (1) The distribution of 4-aminobutyrate: 2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase [EC 2.6.1.19] of the superior colliculus was studied histochemically. A high activity was observed in the superficial and medial gray layers of the superior colliculus. Pretreatment with aminooxyacetic acid at a dose which inhibits running fits induced by intracollicular injection of SC depressed the activity. (2) The contents of gamma-aminobutyric acid in superior colliculi of mice which received an intracollicular injection of SC were 60 per cent of the control, when measured immediately after the first running fit. Administration of pyridoxine together with SC inhibited the fall. (3) Intracollicular injection of thiosemicarbazide and 4-deoxypyridoxine, other antivitamins B6, also induced running fits. These results suggest that the running fits by SC injected intracollicularly are induced by the decrease of gamma-aminobutyrate due to insufficient vitamin B6 in the superior colliculus.

Aminooxyacetic Acid↗

PubMed1979

Biochemical changes in a 100 km run: proteins in serum and urine.

Eleven male subjects took part in a 100 km running competition. Alterations in the total plasma protein and in ten individual plasma protein concentrations in blood and urine were measured prior to the run, immediately after and after 1 day of recovery. Five individual proteins showed a 7-10%, and lysozyme a 40%, increase in the plasma after the run. On the contrary, the haptoglobin concentration fell to 40% of its pre-race level. None of these variations were correlated with the plasma volume change. The present data showed a moderate hemolysis, as evidenced by plasma lysozyme and hemoglobin-haptoglobin binding. The urinary excretion of plasma proteins was slightly increased, especially albumin and alpha1-acid-glycoprotein. The renal clearance of plasma proteins revealed that the 100 km run induced a moderate increase of glomerular permeability without any signficant change in the tubular reabsorption process.

Adult↗

PubMed1979

The energy cost of an 80 km run.

Data was collected from two men who attempted an 80 km run. Measurements of aerobic power (VO2 max) and determinations of heart rate (HR) and submaximal oxygen consumption (VO2) during treadmill running were carried out one week before the run. Throughout the 80 km run, HR was recorded by telemetry and used together with the laboratory data to estimate VO2 as a percentage of VO2 max. One subject completed the 80 km distance at 58% of VO2 max, the other subject, operating at 74% of VO2 max, was obliged to retired after 55 km. The data in this and other studies indicate that the high energy costs reported for the marathon (70-85% of VO2 max) cannot be sustained over the 80 km distance but that about 60% of VO2 max can be continued for seven hours and longer.

Adult↗

PubMed1979

Running, walking, and hyperventilation causing asthma in children.

To examine further the relation between type of exercise, workload, ventilation, and exercise-induced asthma, we compared treadmill walking with treadmill running and treadmill running with isocapnic hyperventilation in separate studies in children and adolescents. Inspired air conditions were identical during each pair of tests. Walking and running with similar minute ventilation and oxygen consumption were followed by similar falls in peak expiratory flow rate as were running and hyperventilation with similar minute ventilation and end-tidal carbon dioxide tension. This study supports the concept that hyperventilation is a central mechanism in exercise-induced asthma.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1976

VO2max during horizontal and inclined treadmill running.

The VO2max response of 12 well-trained and highly motivated college males was measured using two treadmill protocols: horizontal (H) and inclined (I). The duration of each test averaged 10 min. In the H test the treadmill bed was horizontal with the running rate held constant for the first 6 min, after which time it was increased at 1-min intervals to near maximal subject running speed, according to the HR response, until exhaustion. The I method simulated the protocol of Costill and Fox, with the treadmill speed at about 80-90% of mean maximal running rate established from 12- and 15-min track runs. The treadmill bed was held horizontal during the first 4 min, after which time it was elevated to 4% and elevated 2% each 2 min thereafter until exhaustion. No significant differences were found in VO2max, 4.267 1/min (I), and 4.192 1/min (H), average max HR, 190.4/MIN (I), and 188.9/min (H); respiratory rate, 56.4/min (I), and 62.0/min (H); and VEBTPS, 145.2 1/min (I), and 143.3 1/min (H). It was concluded that the intensities of both treadmill methods, H and I, were sufficient to produce a nonsignificant difference in maximal VO2 values with the type subjects employed.

Adult↗

PubMed1979

Management of heat exhaustion in Sydney's the Sun City-to-Surf run runners.

Heat exhaustion (collapse with rectal temperature of, or higher than 38 degrees C) is the most common major medical complication of fun runs and is caused by dehydration and impaired heat loss with, or without, hypoglycaemia. All patients with heat exhaustion after the City-to-Surf runs from 1977 to 1979 were managed in a medical centre established at the finish of the course. Several methods of management of heat exhaustion are evaluated. Patients were allocated retrospectively to four primary treatment groups: (i) treated with ice-wet towels only; (ii) treated with ice-wet towels and intravenously administered fluids; (iii) treated with intravenously administered fluids and ice-cold packs applied to the neck, axillae, and groins; and (iv) treated with intravenously administered fluids only. There was no death or prolonged morbidity in any treatment group. In Group 1 (n=11), the mean initial rectal temperature was 40.2 +/- 1.5 degrees C. There were insufficient data to assess the mean time taken for the temperature to fall to 38 degrees C. In Group 2(n=16), the mean initial rectal temperature was higher than 40.9 +/- 1.1 degrees C. In three patients, the temperature failed to fall to 38 degrees C within 90 minutes. For the remainder, the mean time taken for the temperature to fall to 38 degrees C was 30 minutes. In Group 3 (n=16), the mean initial rectum temperature was higher than 41.2 +/- 1.0 degrees C. One patient, who had been febrile immediately before the run, was discharged with a temperature of 38.8 degrees C. For the remainder, the mean time taken for the temperature to fall to 38 degrees C was 36 +/- 10 minutes. In Group 4 (n=13), the mean initial rectal temperature was 39.6 +/- 1.1 degrees C and the mean time taken for the temperature to fall to 38 degrees C was 21 +/- 16 minutes. Heat exhaustion in fun-run casualties may be safely and effectively treated by rapid intravenous infusion of fluids with, or without, application of cold packs to the neck, axillae, and groins. The application of ice-wet towels is contraindicated.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1979

Cardio-respiratory and perceptual recovery from a marathon run.

Seven male runners (21--42 years) were examined before and after the 1976 Boston Marathon to provide data concerning the cardio-respiratory and perceptual recovery from the performance. Treadmill runs, 30 min in duration, were administered 1 week prior to the marathon and 2--3, 6--7 and 13--15 days following. Treadmill speed was held constant and based on each runner's planned race pace. Maximal performance data were collected 1 week before and 2 weeks after the race. Data were analyzed using a 2-way ANOVA (4 thirty min run data collection periods and 3 exercise time points--5, 15 and 30 min) and "t" tests. Treatment effects were not observed for either HR or VE, however, perceived exertion (RPE) was significantly elevated 2--3 and 6--7 days post-marathon and VO2 was significantly lower at 13--15 days. HR and RPE showed significant time effects indicating a non-steady state response. None of the maximal test variables were significantly displaced. All variables were returned to pre-marathon levels by 13--15 days except VO2 which was lower. Aerobic capacity was not a limiting factor in the recovery from a marathon run. Muscle soreness and stiffness seem to be related to the increased perceptual ratings following a marathon run.

Adult↗

PubMed1979

Reducing the hazards in Sydney's the Sun City-to-Surf runs, 1971 to 1979.

The hazards experienced by fun runners in Sydney's The Sun City-to-Surf run are principally physical, environmental and medical. The organizers of the event, advised by a representative of the Australian Sports Medicine Federation (N.S.W.), have progressively increased the implementation of the recommendations which were made after the inaugural run in 1971 in the areas of improved organization, competitor education, medical support, recording of competitor data, and conducting the event in cool weather. To ensure the maximum safety of the runners, the number of whom has increased from approximately 1650 in 1971 to 16200 in 1979, additional measurees have been taken. These were (i) the introduction of "spotters" with experience in sports medicine to identify and advise exhausted runners before they collapse; (ii) staffing the run's medical centre with medical and nursing specialists in intensive care; (iii) improved management of heat exhaustion; and (iv) conducting education seminars after the run to make recommendations for improving subsequent events. Since 1971, there has been a progressive reduction in the number of casualties. The incidence of casualties treated in the medical centre fell from 1.76% in 1971 to 0.1% in 1979; and the incidence of those requiring further treatment in hospital fell from 0.42% in 1971 to 0.01% in 1979. None of the participants had suffered severe complications of heat exhaustion. Improvements in the management of heat exhaustion (the most common cause of collapse) which made the use of iced water (hiterto traditional method of cooling casualties with hyperthermia) unnecessary have reduced the risk of using electrical equipment in wet surroundings. The over-all reduction in the incidence and morbidity of collapse casualties is due to a combination of factors. These factors and possibilities of further reduction of hazards are discussed.

Accident Prevention↗

PubMed1979

Analysis of the velocity curve in sprint running.

Four main characteristics were distinguished on the basis of an analysis of the velocity curve in sprint running which determine the special exercise capacities of a sprinter: a) the ability for rapid attainment of speed in start momentum; b) ability for attaining maximal strength; c) ability for maintaining maximal running speed; d) ability to resist fatigue in the final phase of running. These properties are relatively conditioned and effected, to different degrees, by training. Distinctions between qualified sprinters and beginners are observed in display of maximal running speed, but these distinctions are not observed in display of staring speed and in abilities to resist fatigue.

Energy Metabolism↗

PubMed1978

[Radiotelemetric studies on heart rates of 10 year old boys and girls during a 3000 m-run on the sports field and on the treadmill (author's transl)].

The behaviour of heart rates of 25 untrained boys and 25 untrained girls between 9.5 and 10.5 years of age was registered telemetrically before, during and after a 3000m-run with a finish on the sportsfield and during a run over the same distance with the equivalent but constant speed on a treadmill. Additionally an exhausting spiroergometric test on a bicycle in a sitting position (method: W/kg body weight) was carried out. With a self-determined intensity the boys passed the 3000 m-distance in a shorter time than the girls. During the run the girls' heart rates remained relatively constant between 190 and 204 per min, whereas the boys' heart rates were significantly lower (about 10/min). Children with a higher relative oxygen capacity (56 ml O2/kg) run faster and revealed lower heart rates than children with less relative oxygen capacity (39.8 ml O2/kg). The same results were obtained when children with lower body weight were compared to heavier children of the same size.

Body Weight↗

PubMed1978

Caloric cost of walking and running.

Twenty-four young adult male subjects were used to study the relationship between total caloric costs (exercise and recovery costs) incurred and speed of movement over a distance of 1 mile. Caloric costs were determined at walking speeds of 3, 4, and 5 mph and at running speeds of 5, 7, and 9 mph. Energy costs were assessed every 20 sec during the activity and during the recovery until the caloric cost returned to pre-established resting levels. The fitness level of the subjects was considered as a moderating variable. 3regression equations to predict caloric cost from body weight, speed of movement, and VO2 max were also developed. Conclusions for the given speeds were: (1) running is more costly than walking, (2) the cost of walking a mile increases with speed of movement, and (3) for running speeds, total caloric cost and VO2 max are inversely related. The independent variables for the regression equation for walking included body weight and speed squared times body weight (R2 = .86). The independent variables for the running equation were identical to the ones used in the walking equation with the addition of speed times VO2 max (R2 = .62).

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed1978

Wheel running of kangaroo rats, Dipodomys merriami, as related to food deprivation and body composition.

Kangaroo rats deprived of food ran themselves to death in 48 h in wheel cages. Despite the loss of 14.5% of body weight the ratio of water to protein was the same after the run as it was in control rats. Metabolic measurements at rest and in the running wheel and weight loss in the 48-h run were used to estimate fuels used and water expended. Two-thirds of the initial amount of fat and 9% of the protein were metabolized. The terminal mean percentage of body fat was about twice that observed in rats trapped in the spring of 1967, when seed production was low: death in the 48-h run could not have been due to depletion of body fat alone. The powerful activity drive seen in hungary kangaroo rats presumably is intensified in dry years when food is scarce and may deplete their reserves enough to result in death from starvation.

Animals↗

PubMed1975

Increased running response to morphine in morphine-pretreated mice.

The running response of B6AF1/J mice to 25 mg/kg of morphine sulfate was increased up to 3-fold when this dose was administered either twice daily for 5 days or once a week for 2 or 3 weeks. The effect of weekly pretreatment was proportional to the dose of morphine and lasted as long as 1 month after pretreatment was stopped. There was no sensitization when the mice were less than 15 days old at the time of pretreatment. Of the parental strains, untreated C57Bl/6J mice showed a good running response to morphine, while A/J mice showed little response. Pretreatment of either of these strains produced only slight sensitization. Pretreatment of the hybrids with levorphanol increased the response to morphine. Dextrorphan and naloxone were ineffective. Sensitization by morphine was blocked by naloxone. Increased morphine running was not associated with analgesic tolerance as measured by the tail-flick assay. Morphine pretreatment produced some increase in the running response to amphetamine and to cocaine. Pretreatment with amphetamine or cocaine did not increase the response to morphine.

Aging↗

PubMed1979

Influence of a between-run component of variation, choice of control limits, and shape of error distribution on the performance characteristics of rules for internal quality control.

A computer-stimulation study has been performed to determine how the performance characteristics of quality-control rules are affected by the presence of a between-run component of variation, the choice of control limits (calculated from within-run vs. total standard deviations), and the shape of the error distribution. When a between-run standard deviation (Sb) exists and control limits are calculated from the total standard deviation (St, which includes Sb as well as the within-run standard deviation, Sw), there is generally a loss in ability to detect analytical disturbances or errors. With control limits calculated from Sw, there is generally an increase in the level of false rejections. The presence of non-gaussian error distribution appears to have considerably less effect. It can be recommended that random error be controlled by use of a chi-square or range-control rule, with control limits calculated from Sw. Optimal control of systematic errors is difficult when Sb exists. An effort should be made to reduce Sb, and this will lead to increased ability to detect analytical errors. When Sb is tolerated or accepted as part of the baseline state of operation for the analytical method, then further increases in the number of control observations will be necessary to achieve a given probability for error detection.

Chemistry, Clinical↗

PubMed1978

Visual detection of commencement of aircraft takeoff runs.

Among other things, airport control towers should be sited so that controllers can readily detect whether an aircraft cleared for takeoff has commenced its takeoff run. The detection of movement is not well enough understood to enable confident prediction that a particular site for a tower will enable commencement of takeoff run to be easily observed. A field study was undertaken to establish detection times for commencement of takeoff run by groups of trained and trainee air traffic controllers and untrained observers. It was found that the mean response of observers occurs when the aircraft is displaced about 5' of arc, a value essentially independent of observer experience, observation distance, aircraft velocity, and the clarity with which the aircraft can be seen. Binoculars reduce the mean response time and response variability, although not as much as might be expected. Domains within which control towers can be located to enable detection of takeoff runs within 2 s and 4 s are defined.

Aerospace Medicine↗

PubMed1979

Running and laughing fits as the sequelae of the neonatal hyperviscosity syndrome.

A 5-year-old Japanese male with intractable running and laughing fits was reported to have had status epilepticus from 18 hours after birth. This intractable convulsions were thought to be due to hyperviscosity syndrome induced by neonatal idiopathic polycythemia. A phlebotomy ended the convulsions in the neonatal period, but the EEG continued to display right temporal spikes afterwards. He suffered from running and laughing fits 3 to 5 times daily from the age of 2 years up to 4 years 8 months. EEG revealed generalized dysrhythmia and poly-spikes and waves, mainly in the right side. Computerized tomography showed dilatation of all the ventricles plus multiple low density areas in the right temporal lobe. This case of running and laughing fits was presumed to be one of the temporal lobe epilepsy induced by the hyperviscosity syndrome brought on by neonatal polycythemia.

Child, Preschool↗

PubMed1977

Limitations of marathon running in the rehabilitation of coronary patients: anatomic and physiologic determinants.

Prescribed, supervised exercise training has proved valuable in the rehabilitation of selected coronary patients. However, long distance (marathon) running has limited cardiovascular value in the rehabilitation of patients for a majority of occupations, which involve predominantly upper extremity effort. The age of patients with coronary heart disease and the severity of the lesions preclude the wide application of marathon running to the general coronary heart disease population. Less than 6/1000 subjects with coronary heart disease have been estimated as potentially being able to achieve by high-level training a maximum Vo2 sufficient to complete a marathon race in 5 hours. The hazards of high-level-activity-induced cardiac arrest that is reversible mandates the availability of CPR equipment and personnel in the immediate vicinity of all coronary patients and most coronary-prone patients who are undertaking such heroic activity. Over-publicized marathon running by a few subjects has aroused unrealistic expectations for the majority of coronary heart disease subjects and probably similarly for a considerable number of coronary-prone subjects, many of whom have "silent" coronary disease.

Adaptation, Physiological↗