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PubMed2005

[Epidemiologic profile of salivary gland neoplasms: analysis of 245 cases].

AIM: The aim of the present study is to establish the relative frequency and distribution of benign and malignant epithelial neoplasms of salivary glands in the Pathology and Cytology Laboratory, STUDY DESIGN: Historic cohort. MATERIAL AND METHOD: in the state of Sergipe, during the period 1980-1999. The neoplasms were individualized by gender, age, race of the patients, anatomic localization of the lesions and histopathological diagnosis. RESULTS: Out of 162,312 registered cases, 245 were salivary gland epithelial neoplasms and 187 (76.33%) were benign and 58 (23.67%) were malignant. Pleomorphic adenoma was the most frequent benign neoplasm (89.94%) and adenoid cystic carcinoma represented the most prevalent malignant neoplasm (22.41%). The benign neoplasms occurred mainly between the second and third decades of life and showed preference for female, while malignant neoplasms were diagnosed between the sixth and seventh decades of life and in women. CONCLUSION: The data demonstrate that epidemiology profile of studied neoplasms corroborated the majority researched literature.

Adenoma, Pleomorphic↗
PubMed2004

Gene expression screening of salivary gland neoplasms: molecular markers of potential histogenetic and clinical significance.

Salivary gland neoplasms comprise phenotypically and biologically diverse lesions of uncertain histogenesis. The molecular events associated with their development and clinicopathological heterogeneity remain unknown. To reveal these events, we performed microarray expression analysis using a nylon-filter membrane platform on 18 primary lesions representing the most common benign and malignant types. Our study identified a small set of genes that are differentially altered between normal salivary gland tissues and benign and malignant tumors. Of the 5000 genes arrayed, 136 genes were differentially expressed by normal tissue, benign tumors, and various malignant neoplasms. Hierarchical clustering analysis differentiated between adenoid cystic carcinomas (ACCs) and other malignant subtypes. Non-ACC specimens manifested overlapping patterns of gene expression within and between tumors. Most of the differentially expressed genes share functional similarities with members of the adhesion, proliferation, and signal transduction pathways. Our study identified: 1) a set of genes that differentiate normal tissue from tumor specimens, 2) genes that differentiate pleomorphic adenoma and ACCs from other malignant salivary gland neoplasms, and 3) different patterns of expression between ACCs arising from major and minor salivary gland sites. The differentially expressed genes provide new information on potential genetic events of biological significance in future studies of salivary gland tumorigenesis.

Biomarkers, Tumor↗
PubMed2005

Intraoral minor salivary gland neoplasms: review of 213 cases.

PURPOSE: Minor salivary gland tumors (MSGTs) constitute a heterogeneous group of neoplasms with great histomorphologic variation. This study reviews a large series of benign and malignant salivary gland tumors of the oral region and determines the incidence and the correlation of the histopathologic features with the clinical characteristics. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two hundred thirteen cases of MSGT were retrospectively studied. Hematoxylin-eosin-stained slides were examined in all cases. Special stains and immunohistochemical stains were used in selected cases. Clinical characteristics of the neoplasms were also noted. RESULTS: One hundred nineteen tumors were benign (56%), and 94 tumors were malignant (44%). Pleomorphic adenoma was the most common benign tumor (93 of 119). Canalicular adenoma was the second most common benign MSGT in our series (25 of 119). Of the 94 malignant MSGTs, mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC) (45 of 94), adenoid cystic carcinoma (22 of 94), and polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinoma (18 of 94) were the most common. Most MECs (34 of 45) were low-grade lesions. Of 5 central MECs, 3 cases occurred in the maxilla and 2 cases arose in the mandible. CONCLUSIONS: Benign intraoral MSGTs are slightly more common than malignant MSGTs. Pleomorphic adenoma is the most common MSGT, and MEC is the most common malignant variety. The palate is the most common site for minor gland neoplasms. Benign labial salivary gland neoplasms are more common in the upper lip, and malignant labial tumors are more common in the lower lip.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1999

Absence of Epstein-Barr virus encoded RNA and latent membrane protein (LMP1) in salivary gland neoplasms.

A series of 55 (42 benign and 13 malignant) salivary gland tumours were investigated by immunohistochemistry, to detect Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) latent membrane protein (LMP1) and by in situ hybridization for EBV-encoded RNA. Non-neoplastic gland from all the patients with tumours and 15 control glands were also examined. All cases, both neoplastic and non-neoplastic were negative for LMP1 and failed to show any positive signal by in situ hybridization for EBV RNA. One undifferentiated carcinoma from a European patient was included in the group. These results confirm previous reports of an ethnic association between EBV and undifferentiated carcinomas of the salivary gland. They do not support an aetiological role for EBV in other salivary gland tumours.

Adenoma↗
PubMed2003

C-kit expression in the salivary gland neoplasms adenoid cystic carcinoma, polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinoma, and monomorphic adenoma.

OBJECTIVE: Differentiating between adenoid cystic carcinomas (ACCs), polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinomas (PLGAs), and the monomorphic adenomas (including canalicular adenomas, trabecular adenomas, and basal cell adenomas) can present a diagnostic challenge, especially when examining tissue obtained from small incisional or fragmented biopsies. Recent studies have revealed that overexpression of the tyrosine kinase receptor protein c-kit occurs in a narrow subset of malignant neoplasms, including gastrointestinal stromal tumors, myeloid leukemias, seminomas, and ACCs. C-kit reportedly is not expressed in PLGAs. We compared the expression of the c-kit antigen in the malignant salivary gland neoplasms ACC and PLGA with its expression in salivary gland monomorphic adenoma (including canalicular adenoma and basal cell adenoma). STUDY DESIGN: Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded sections of 49 salivary gland neoplasms (17 monomorphic adenomas, 17 PLGAs, and 15 ACCs) accessioned between 1989 and 2002 were retrieved from the files of the Department of Pathology, Long Island Jewish Medical Center, and were stained with an anti-c-kit polyclonal antibody. RESULTS: C-kit reactivity was uniformly positive in the cytoplasm of luminal neoplastic cells in ACCs (15/15, 100%). Positive reactivity was also identified in the majority of PLGAs (16/17, 94%), with at least 25% of the tumor cells being positive. Similar reactivity was seen in monomorphic adenomas (16/17, 94%). CONCLUSIONS: In contrast to previous reports, we find that c-kit expression was not restricted to ACC but was expressed in all 3 tumor types evaluated (ACC, PLGA, and monomorphic adenoma). Therefore, c-kit does not appear to be a useful marker for distinguishing between either ACC and PLGA in equivocal cases, or in benign and malignant salivary gland neoplasms.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1977

Histogenesis of salivary gland neoplasms.

In an attempt to explain the histogenesis of salivary gland tumors, a bicellular theory of origin has been presented. This theory is supported by indirect evidence from light and electron microscopy. Two cells, the excretory duct reserve cell and the intercalated duct reserve cell, are presented as the hypothetical cells of origin for salivary gland neoplasms. It is argued that the excretory duct reserve cell gives rise to squamous cell carcinomas and mucoepidermoid carcinomas, and that the intercalated duct reserve cell gives rise to all others. It It is also shown that myoepithelial cells are responsible in part for the wide histologic variation of these neoplasms.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1991

Intraoral salivary gland neoplasms: a retrospective study of seventy cases in an African population.

Intraoral salivary gland neoplasms diagnosed in the Department of Oral Pathology, Medical University of Southern Africa, Medunsa, were reassessed and revised with regard to histologic diagnosis. New entities and subclassifications that have been described in recent years were taken into account. Seventy cases were diagnosed during an 8-year period, and the sample consisted of black patients only. Benign mixed tumor was the most common entity and accounted for 48% of all tumors. Polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinoma comprised 15.7% of the sample and was the most frequent malignant tumor. The mean age of patients with benign and malignant tumors were 36.5 and 49.8 years, respectively (p less than 0.05), and the palate was the most common site involved. Geographic differences do exist in the pattern and pathology of intraoral salivary gland neoplasms when compared with findings in other studies.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1988

Preliminary experience with chemotherapy in advanced salivary gland neoplasms.

Eight patients with advanced incurable salivary gland carcinoma were treated with the combination of cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and cisplatin (CAP). There were three clinical complete responses and two excellent partial responses. One of the three nonresponders had symptomatic improvement without any response in the measurable disease sites. Side effects were acceptable. All patients had moderate nausea and some degree of vomiting, which were adequately controlled by antiemetics. These results are preliminary but when considered with other reported trials using the same combination suggest an active treatment program for advanced neoplasms of the salivary glands.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1995

c-erbB-2/neu oncogene and Ki-67 analysis in the assessment of palatal salivary gland neoplasms.

To evaluate the role of the Ki-67 proliferation antigen and c-erbB-2/neu oncogene expression in the clinical assessment of salivary gland tumors, we followed up 71 patients with minor salivary tumors of the palate. All benign neoplasms (n = 18) showed low Ki-67 scores (< 12%), whereas 26% (14 of 53) of malignant neoplasms manifested high Ki-67 scores (> 12%). A significant statistical difference between Ki-67 scores for benign and malignant neoplasms was observed (p < 0.001). Ki-67 index also correlated significantly with malignant tumor grade (p = 0.04) and patient survival (p = 0.02). Only 1 of the 18 benign tumors had c-erbB-2/neu oncogene overexpression. A significant difference between c-erbB-2/neu overexpression in benign and malignant tumors was observed (p = 0.01). Overexpression of c-erbB-2/neu oncogene was noted in 38% (16 of 42) of malignant tumors and was significantly associated with aggressive tumor behavior (p < 0.001). Multivariate analysis of significant factors revealed that gender, tumor stage, and c-erbB-2/neu oncogene overexpression were jointly predictive of survival. Our data indicate that although the Ki-67 proliferating antigen and c-erbB-2/neu oncogene expression may reflect certain intrinsic biologic properties of these neoplasms, only c-erbB-2/neu overexpression is significantly associated with their biologic aggression.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Salivary gland neoplasms in children.

We reviewed 20 children with salivary gland neoplasms treated at the National Cancer Center Hospital between 1964 and 1990. Retrospective analyses of pathological features and the clinical courses of these cases constituted the bases of the present study. The age of onset was late childhood in 19 cases, ranging from 9 to 20 years, but one patient was 1 year old. Approximately half (55%) the neoplasms were malignant. Histologically, all the benign neoplasms were pleomorphic adenomas (nine cases) and the most common malignant neoplasm was mucoepidermoid carcinoma (six cases, 55%), followed by adenocarcinoma (three cases, 27%), adenoid cystic carcinoma (one case, 9%) and malignant mixed tumor (one case, 9%). Recurrences of pleomorphic adenomas occurred only in the three patients initially treated with enucleation; meanwhile, five patients treated with superficial parotidectomy, and one with submandibular glandectomy, had no recurrence. Recurrences of malignant tumors occurred in all six patients initially treated with enucleation only and in one with superficial parotidectomy but not in two patients treated with total parotidectomy. In seven patients treated with prophylactic neck dissection, no metastasis was identified pathologically. The results support no enucleation of the tumor being applied at the first operation for curing both benign and malignant salivary gland tumors. The indication for radical neck dissection appears to be limited.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1990

Immunopathological study of neuropeptide expression in human salivary gland neoplasms.

The immunoreactivity of anti-neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and anti-Leu-7 on formalin-fixed sections of human salivary gland neoplasms was determined by the avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex method. In addition, neuropeptides, such as vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, somatostatin, and substance P, in human salivary gland neoplasms were expressed, whereas other polypeptides, including glucagon, cholecystokinin, leu-enkephalin and calcitonin, were absent. When 182 paraffin-embedded examples of human salivary gland tumors, including 112 benign and 70 malignant neoplasms, were examined immunohistochemically, positive immunoreactivity was observed in: 51 cases with NSE (59%) and 46 cases with Leu-7 (54%) of 86 pleomorphic adenomas; 11 cases with Leu-7 (61%) of 18 Warthin's tumors; 7 cases with Leu-7 (58%) of 12 acinic cell carcinomas; 5 cases with NSE (31%) of 16 adenoid cystic carcinomas; 5 cases with NSE (42%) and 4 cases with Leu-7 (33%) of 12 adenocarcinomas; 4 cases with NSE (25%) and 6 cases with Leu-7 (38%) of 16 undifferentiated carcinomas. The other tumors, such as oxyphilic adenomas, basal cell adenomas, epidermoid carcinomas, and mucoepidermoid carcinomas, were nonreactive. Neuropeptides were observed in the neoplastic epithelial cells of certain tumors such as Warthin's tumors, acinic cell carcinomas, adenocarcinomas and undifferentiated carcinomas. These findings suggest the possibility that cells of neuroendocrine origin, present in certain neoplastic salivary gland epithelia may play a significant role in the histogenesis of human salivary gland neoplasms.

Adenoma↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The US-CT contribution to the diagnosis of salivary gland neoplasms].

In this work, we describe a diagnostic iter in case of salivary gland neoplasia suspicion: 1) direct radiography, 2) ultrasound (US), 3) sialography, 4) computed tomography (CT), 5) cytodiagnosis, 6) scintigraphy. But we particularly speak about US and CT, because of their daily use in diagnostic radiology. Ultrasound is considered a first examination for its high resolution, low invasiveness, low costs and it is easy and smart. While CT is considered a second examination because it permits staging of the salivary neoplasia and a complete patient inquiry. We presented two clinical cases: a submandibular sarcoma and a parotid carcinoma, describing their US-CT diagnosis: we can confirm that these techniques are often sufficient for a correct localisation of neoplasia and for a therapy program.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Review of fine-needle aspiration cytology of salivary gland neoplasms, with emphasis on differential diagnosis.

The widespread use of fine-needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy of salivary gland lesions in many centers is testimony to its usefulness and acceptance as a diagnostic technique. Many pertinent questions concerning a mass arising in the salivary gland can be answered by evaluation of FNA cytologic material, and these include whether the mass is truly of salivary gland origin, whether the lesion is inflammatory or neoplastic, and if neoplastic, whether benign or malignant. On diagnosis of a neoplastic salivary gland lesion, the next important issue is to correctly classify the tumor, particularly if malignant. Specific cytologic diagnoses can be achieved in the majority of cases, thus enabling the clinician and patient to make appropriate informed decisions. The cytologic evaluation of salivary gland tumors, however, is limited by the wide range and heterogeneous nature of benign and malignant tumors arising in this area, many of which share similar or show overlapping cytologic features, making the diagnosis of rare tumors problematic. In this review, the cytologic features of the major salivary gland neoplasms, the differential diagnoses, and the salient points that, if examined carefully, help achieve a specific diagnosis are discussed.

Artifacts↗
PubMed2005

Differential expression of p63 isotypes (DeltaN and TA) in salivary gland neoplasms: biological and diagnostic implications.

To determine the association between the expression of p63 gene isoforms (TA and DeltaN) and salivary gland tumorigenesis, we performed reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis of these markers in 71 benign and malignant salivary gland neoplasms. The results were correlated with the expression of Notch ligand JAG1 gene and the clinicopathologic features and the full-length p63 protein expression by immunohistochemistry. Both p63 isoforms were either negative or weakly expressed in normal salivary gland tissues. TAp63 was highly expressed in most benign tumors and was either negative or weakly positive in most carcinomas. Conversely, DeltaNp63 was negative or faintly positive in most benign neoplasms and was highly expressed in adenoid cystic, mucoepidermoid, and myoepithelial carcinomas. Immunohistochemical analysis using anti-full-length p63 protein showed ubiquitous nuclear staining in basal and myoepithelial cells in both benign and malignant neoplasms. JAG1 was expressed in most benign and malignant tumors and did not correlate with p63 isoforms expression. We conclude that (1) p63 isoforms are differentially expressed in most benign and malignant tumors and may play distinct biological roles in certain salivary gland neoplasms; (2) p63 immunostaining do not correlate with the isoforms expression; and (3) isoform-specific antibodies are required for better cellular localization and biological correlations.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Salivary gland neoplasms: a 21year review of cases seen at University College Hospital, Ibadan.

The present study updates the experience of salivary gland tumours in Ibadan. All cases of benign and malignant salivary gland neoplasms histologically diagnosed between 1975 and 1995 in the Oral Pathology Department and Cancer Registry of the University College Hospital, Ibadan were reviewed. Salivary gland neoplasms accounted for 3.5% of head and neck neoplasms, the majority (46.5%) occurring in the parotid, followed by the submandibular (18.1%) and palatal glands (10.7%). The ratio of benign to malignant neoplasms was 1.1 to 1. Mucoepidermoid carcinoma and adenoid cystic carcinoma were the most common malignant neoplasms. There was a predilection of adenoid cystic carcinoma for the submandibular gland.

Adenoma↗