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PubMed1998

Sensory deprivation and chronic pain: a review of the literature.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: The aim of this paper is to explore the literature into the use of 'Snoezelen' (Sensory Stimulation) for the management of chronic pain. Within the literature there are a number of research studies which have investigated the concept of sensory deprivation and these are considered. The studies indicate the potential of sensory input as a field of research in particular relation to the care of patients within hospital settings where they are removed from their 'normal' level of sensory input and could subsequently experience sensory deprivation. The relationship between sensory restriction and chronic pain is emphasized. This links with investigations of sensory stimulation (Snoezelen) as a potential strategy for the management of chronic pain. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, it is suggested that sensory deprivation cannot exist and the term 'sensory restriction' would be more appropriate. It is proposed that there is a need to develop a tool to assist carers in identifying the existence of sensory restriction in their specific client groups to provide a basis for intervention.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Modulation of spike timing by sensory deprivation during induction of cortical map plasticity.

Deprivation-induced plasticity of sensory cortical maps involves long-term potentiation (LTP) and depression (LTD) of cortical synapses, but how sensory deprivation triggers LTP and LTD in vivo is unknown. Here we tested whether spike timing-dependent forms of LTP and LTD are involved in this process. We measured spike trains from neurons in layer 4 (L4) and layers 2 and 3 (L2/3) of rat somatosensory cortex before and after acute whisker deprivation, a manipulation that induces whisker map plasticity involving LTD at L4-to-L2/3 (L4-L2/3) synapses. Whisker deprivation caused an immediate reversal of firing order for most L4 and L2/3 neurons and a substantial decorrelation of spike trains, changes known to drive timing-dependent LTD at L4-L2/3 synapses in vitro. In contrast, spike rate changed only modestly. Thus, whisker deprivation is likely to drive map plasticity by spike timing-dependent mechanisms.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed1992

[The characteristics of the correlation of the functional activity, blood supply and structural organization in the sensory-deprived cerebral cortex in rats].

The feature of correlation between functional activity of the brain tissue and structural-functional characteristics of the vascular system after sensory deprivation by the removal of whiskers in newborn animals were studied in nembutal-anaesthetized rats in comparison to the animals under d-tubocurarine with local anesthesia. It has been shown that there are major changes of EP parameters and ECoG in the sensory-deprived brain area and diminution of brain cortex thickness. Changes in the vascular system are mainly structural, what are revealed as disorganization in angioarchitecture of radial arteries. At the same time, differences in the blood circulation intensity are found in d-tubocurarine animals only. The largest volume of the local blood circulation is observed in intact hemisphere of sensory-deprived animal. Thus, it can be concluded that sensory-deprived model is the alternative to the ischemia model. This model can be used in studies of physiology of brain blood circulation, and the "structure-function" correlation, in particular.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Effects of sensory deprivation on columnar organization of neuronal circuits in the rat barrel cortex.

We examined whether sensory deprivation during formation of the cortical circuitry influences the pattern of intracortical single-cell connections in rat barrel cortex. Excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) from layer 2/3 (L2/3) pyramidal neurons were recorded in vitro using patch-clamp techniques. In order to evoke EPSPs, presynaptic neurons were stimulated by photolytically applied glutamate, thus generating action potentials. Synaptic connections between the stimulated and the recorded neuron were identified by the occurrence of PSPs following photostimulation. Sensory deprivation changed the pattern of projections from L4 and L2/3 neurons to L2/3 pyramidal cells. In slices of non-deprived rats 86% of the total presynaptic neurons were located in the first and only 10% in the second barrel column. Deprivation changed these values to 67% and 26%, respectively. Therefore, the probability of presynaptic cells projecting to L2/3 neurons was shifted from adjacent to more remote barrel columns. These results indicate that deprivation of sensory input influences the pattern of intracortical connections.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

The effect of sensory deprivation in the reduction of pain in patients with chronic low-back pain.

Patients who suffer from persistent pain for prolonged periods of time (6 months or more) are often influenced to an increasing extent by psychological factors. Patients begin to focus on their pain as the problem rather than its physical origin. This study evaluated the effectiveness of sensory deprivation in reducing pain in patients with chronic low-back pain. Sixty patients were divided into two groups of 30 patients each: One group underwent 1 hour of sensory deprivation; the other received a lecture on relaxation skills. In the group receiving sensory deprivation, statistically significant decreases in pain and stiffness were noted. Sensory deprivation is an effective treatment to reduce pain and thus interrupt the pain cycle in patients with chronic low-back pain.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Sensory deprivation changes the pattern of synaptic connectivity in rat barrel cortex.

We examined whether sensory deprivation during formation of the cortical circuitry influences the pattern of intracortical single-cell connections in rat barrel cortex. Excitatory postsynaptic potentials from layer 5 pyramidal neurons were recorded in vitro using patch-clamp techniques. In order to evoke such postsynaptic potentials presumptive presynaptic neurons were stimulated by photolytically applied glutamate thus generating action potentials. Synaptic connections between the stimulated and the recorded neuron were identified by the occurrence of postsynaptic potentials following photostimulation. Sensory deprivation altered the projections from layer 2/3 neurons to layer 5 pyramidal cells (L2/3-->L5 projections). In slices of non-deprived rats the input probability of L2/3-->L5 projections showed a periodic pattern with more synaptic connections originating from the borders of the barrel columns, and less synaptic connections originating from the centres. After whisker clipping this periodic pattern disappeared completely and the input probability declined monotonically with increasing distance between stimulated and recorded neuron. These results indicate that sensory input is a prerequisite to establish a synaptic projection pattern which is correlated to the columnar organisation of the anatomical barrel structure.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Sensory deprivation as a consequence of severe head and neck lymphoedema.

We report a case of sensory deprivation that occurred as a consequence of progressive head and neck lymphoedema, following combined surgery and radiotherapy for squamous cell carcinoma. The management of head and neck lymphoedema is discussed and measures are suggested for improving the sensory deprivation experienced by the worst affected patients.

Carcinoma, Squamous Cell↗
PubMed1977

[Experimental examination on the development of altered states of consciousness by autogenic training in comparison to sensory deprivation].

In a sample of 32 trainees of autogenic training the alterations of the state of consciousness during the exercises were recorded by means of a questionnaire (APZ). To check the influence of acoustic stimulation the subjects were exposed to various sounds by headphone. The data were compared with the results of an experiment with sensory deprivation. A significant correspondence was found between the altered states of consciousness through sensory deprivation and autogenic training under usual low stimulus condition. According to these results autogenic training can be understood as a technique of self-induced sensory deprivation.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1977

Signs of sensory deprivation versus cerebral injury in post-hip-fracture patients.

Patients with a primary diagnosis of "postoperative hip fracture" often have a poor prognosis because of their inability to participate in rehabilitation programs. They tend to remain in a state of physical inactivity and sensory deprivation. The signs and symptoms of head injury associated with the hip fracture may be overlooked and attributed to sensory deprivation. Thirty-nine patients with fractured hip and 18 with multiple fractures were studied by means of electroencephalography, echoencephalography, and computer axial tomography. In 7, the findings indicated a cerebral lesion. At operation, a subdural hematoma was found in 5 patients and a tumor in 2; all but one made a dramatic recovery. Thus, after hip fracture, it is important that the patient be tested appropriately so that signs and symptoms of sensory deprivation may not be confused with those of an occult head injury. When indicated, surgical intervention may be a life-saving process.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1977

Satiation and sensory deprivation combined in smoking therapy: some case studies and unexpected side-effects.

Two promising techniques for smoking reduction, sensory deprivation and stimulus satiation, were applied in combination to five smokers. All were successful initially in achieving abstinence and four ultimately in maintaning abstinence. The issue of possible side-effects is worth considering. Quitting per se and both satiation and sensory deprivation may be stressful and as a result may potentially produce negative side effects. The observation of positive side-effects in these cases balances this possibility to some extent.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

Interviewer's role-playing and responses to sensory deprivation: a clinical demonstration.

10 Ss with a history of intransigent hypochondriacal personality disorder were subjected to 2-1/2 hr. of sensory deprivation preceded and followed by planned interviewing procedures. Each interview was designed to prestructure the interpersonal meaning of the experience of sensory deprivation and selectively reinforce social roles antithetical to S's characteristic, maladaptive interpersonal behavior. As predicted, Ss showed a significant (p smaller than .01) shift from passively hostile to an actively warm social role. The changes in social role were also reflected in a significant (p smaller than .01) reduction in number of medical clinic visits. These effects were still operative 30 days following the procedure, whereas an equated baseline group of 10 Ss showed no significant change in behavior over the same period of time.

Adult↗
PubMed1958

Pain sensitivity, sensory deprivation and susceptibility to satiation.

The results reported bear out the hypotheses that (i) pain tolerance is positively related to satiability; (ii) sensory deprivation tolerance is negatively related to satiability. It is inferred that satiability may prove to be in part the mechanism of tolerance and intolerance, and that pain tolerance is inversely related to sensory deprivation tolerance.

Behavior↗
PubMed1988

Determinants of short-term blood pressure variability. Effects of bed rest and sensory deprivation in essential hypertension.

In 38 hospitalized patients with uncomplicated essential hypertension intra-arterial pressure was recorded continuously for 24 hours with the Oxford technique. On the basis of beat by beat analysis, hourly and 24-hour means of mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were obtained. The standard deviations and variation coefficients of the hourly means were used as a measure of absolute and relative blood pressure variability respectively. By randomization patients were ambulant during the day (group A; n = 19) or they were restricted to bed (group B). The patients of group B were sensory deprived during the first 4 hours of the blood pressure recording. During the night MAP, HR, and their respective variabilities were similar for both groups. During bed rest MAP was reduced as compared to ambulant values (P less than 0.05), but bed rest had no effect on HR, or on the variability of HR and MAP. During concomitant sensory deprivation HR and the variability of MAP and HR all declined to nightly values, though MAP did not change. In group B, HR-variability (absolute and relative) was inversely correlated to age, but no relationship between these two parameters was observed in group A. During concomitant sensory deprivation, but not during bed rest alone or during night rest, relative MAP-variability was also inversely correlated to age. It is concluded that sensory stimuli have an important effect on HR and on the variability of MAP and HR, but not on MAP itself, indicating that to some extent blood pressure and its variability are regulated independently.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Sensory deprivation and the ophthalmic patient.

1. Ophthalmic patients with reduced visual acuity and mobility restrictions are potentially at risk for developing cognitive, sensory and behavioral disturbances with sensory deprivation. 2. Each individual has an optimum level of stimulation that varies with circumstances such as age, time of day, amount of recent stimulation, anxiety, fatigue, pain, or illness. The body strives to maintain a homeostatic balance of stimulation. 3. Sensory stimuli must be meaningful, varied, and of sufficient quantity and intensity to maintain arousal. 4. Nursing care of ophthalmic patients should include individual assessment of the appropriateness of environmental stimuli, and plans to prevent sensory deprivation experiences or alleviate symptoms if they occur.

Aged↗
PubMed2000

Differentiation of physiological states under sensory deprivation.

We attempt to differentiate the physiological state during sensory deprivation (SD) from normal sleep and wakefulness in terms of electroencephalogram (EEG) and heart rate variability (HRV) dynamics. Kullback-Leibler (K-L) divergence is employed to quantify differences between their state-dependent dynamics. As a result, the dynamics of EEG and HRV during SD are found to be far distant from any representative dynamics of natural states of sleep and wakefulness. However, relatively speaking, the findings in SD can be categorized into two patterns. (a) The dynamics of HRV during SD is similar to that of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, and the dynamics of EEG during SD is similar to that of wakefulness. (b) The dynamics of both HRV and EEG during SD are similar to that of REM. Such dissociation between states classified by EEG and HRV dynamics frequently takes place during SD. These findings suggest the peculiarity of the physiological state during the SD distinct from sleep and wakefulness.

Adult↗