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PubMed1979

Levels of exfoliatin antitoxin in pooled human serum globulin.

The potential value of human serum globulin for treatment of patients with the staphylococcal scalded-skin syndrome was determined by measuring the exfoliatin antitoxin content of globulin pools. Of 16 lots tested, only four had detectable antitoxin activity, and in these the levels were minimal. These findings suggest that pooled serum globulin is not a practical source of exfoliatin antitoxin.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Removal of anticomplementary activity from human immune serum globulins by treatment with purified human plasmin.

Human immune serum globulin preparations were treated with highly purified human plasmin to remove their anticomplementary activity. The extent of anticomplementary activity removed and the amount of fragmentation obtained from immune serum globulin preparation depended upon the amount of plasmin added and the length of incubation time. The enzymatic reaction was stopped by removing plasmin with bentonite adsorption. Two types of plasmin-treated immune serum globulin that may be used for intravenous injection were obtained. One was a more fragmented product (35 to 45%) with lower anticomplementary activity, the other was a less degraded product (15 to 20%) with slightly higher anticomplementary activity. Antibody content of the former preparation was somewhat reduced while that of the latter preparation was virtually unchanged from the untreated immune serum globulin.

Complement System Proteins↗
PubMed1980

[A new immune serum globulin preparation for intravenous administration (author's transl)].

A new immune serum globulin preparation has been developed which is suitable for i.v. administration. This product was prepared from Cohn fraction II by selective reduction with dithiothreitol of one or more of the interchain disulfide bonds between the heavy chains and subsequent alkylation of the formed sulfhydryls (about 8--10 per 160 000 daltons) with iodoacetamide. The of these chemical reactions has been termed MISG (modified immune serum globulin). It is free of anticomplement activity, contains essentially all of the antibody potency of immune serum globulin, sediments as essentially a single entity with a sedimentation coefficient of about 7 S, has been freed of all reactants, is non-toxic, and in rabbits is antigenically with normal human immune serum globulin. MISG with its Fc fragment portion intact maintains its complement mediated function as evidenced by its opsonic activity against bacteria. MISG had been tested extensively in vitro, in animals, and in humans. Half-life measurements in humans averaged 22.4 days (range 15.5--28.7 days) and efficacy was demonstrated in a 2-year crossover clinical study in which MISG was compared with normal immune serum globulin administered i.m.

Chemical Phenomena↗
PubMed1984

Comparison of varicella zoster antibody titers in patients given intravenous immune serum globulin or varicella zoster immune globulin.

We compared the VZV IgG antibody titers after administration of varicella zoster immune globulin and serum immune globulin intravenously (IGIV) in VZV seronegative pediatric patients with cancer. Four patients received VZIG at standard doses; four received IGIV at 4 ml/kg every 4 weeks for four doses; and five received IGIV at 6 ml/kg every 6 weeks for two to four doses. VZV antibody titers were measured by radiommunoassay (RIA), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), indirect fluorescent antibody assay (IFA), and neutralizing antibody assay. The mean peak and trough VZV titers by RIA were comparable in all three groups: 1:724 at 4 weeks after VZIG, 1:2048 at 4 weeks after 4 ml/kg IGIV, and 1:776 at 6 weeks after 6 ml/kg IGIV. The titers measured by ELISA, IFA, and neutralizing antibody were comparable after VZIG or IGIV. The VZV titers by RIA were maintained at greater than or equal to 1:1024 after subsequent doses of 4 ml/kg IGIV, and at greater than or equal to 1:256 after subsequent doses of 6 ml/kg IGIV. Adverse effects were rare. The VZV antibody titers assessed 4 to 6 weeks after IGIV administration were equivalent to the titers measured 4 weeks after administration of VZIG.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Presence of HTLV-III antibodies in immune serum globulin preparations.

The authors tested 15 immune serum globulin pharmaceutical preparations for antibody reactivity to human T cell lymphotrophic virus type III (HTLV-III) by the Abbott immunoenzymometric assay (IEMA). Although no evidence of HTLV-III infectivity has appeared after injection of similar preparations into humans, the authors found all samples IEMA reactive. Upon dilution, the authors demonstrated parallel decreases of antibody reactivity among two samples of gamma globulin, the Abbott-positive control, and a markedly reactive patient specimen. Gamma globulin isolated from sera of six animal species was nonreactive in the Abbott assay. All samples were nonreactive with the H-9 cell line antigen. Antibody reactivity to HTLV-III was confirmed in 13 of 15 gamma globulin samples when tested by the Electro-Nucleonics IEMA, and 14 samples contained at least the p24 band on Western blot analysis. Although false positivity occurs in IEMA assays possibly because of elevated protein concentrations and nonspecific binding, the authors, results show that in most circumstances immune serum globulin preparations tested do contain true reactivity to HTLV-III.

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMed1997

Sexual transmission of the hepatitis C virus and efficacy of prophylaxis with intramuscular immune serum globulin. A randomized controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the risk of sexual transmission of hepatitis C and to assess the value of prophylaxis with periodic intramuscular immune serum globulin administration. METHODS: Of 1102 steady heterosexual partners of patients with antibodies to the hepatitis C virus (HCV), 899 were enrolled in a single-blind, randomized, controlled trial. All the partners tested negative for antibodies to HCV and had normal baseline serum aminotransferase concentrations. The partners were assigned to receive 4 mL of 16% polyvalent immune serum globulin prepared from unscreened donors every 2 months (n = 450) or a placebo (n = 449). Tests for HCV infection were performed every 4 months. RESULTS: Eight hundred eighty-four partners completed the study. Seven partners became infected with HCV: 6 in the control group (incidence density, 12.00 per 1000 person-years; 95% confidence interval, 3.0 21.61) and 1 in the immune serum globulin group (incidence density, 1.98 per 1000 person-years; 95% confidence interval, 0-5.86). The risk of infection was significantly higher for partners in the control group (P = .03): for each year approximately 1% of the partners became infected. Sequence homology studies strongly suggest the sexual transmission of HCV. All immune serum globulin lots used had high enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay titers of neutralizing antibodies to HCV envelope glycoproteins and high neutralization titers in the neutralization of binding assay. CONCLUSIONS: Hepatitis C can be sexually transmitted. Immune serum globulin prepared from unscreened donors significantly reduced the risk. The treatment was safe and well tolerated. Because only immune serum globulin from unscreened donors (and not from those screened for HCV) contain anti-HCV neutralizing antibodies, hyperimmune anti-HCV immune serum globulin should be prepared from blood testing positive for antibodies to HCV, which is currently discarded.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Complement interaction with immune serum globulin and immune globulin intravenous.

Three complement assays, C1q binding activity, C3 activation in normal human serum, and enhancement of alternative pathway activity, have been used to evaluate the in vitro anticomplementary activity of untreated and heat-aggregated (63 degrees C, 10 minutes) immune serum globulin and immune globulin intravenous prepared by partial reduction and alkylation. Unheated immune globulin intravenous marginally activated endogenous C3 in normal serum, had a fivefold lower affinity for 125I C1q but was very similar to immune serum globulin in enhancing complement alternative pathway activity. Heat-aggregated immune globulin intravenous was about twofold less effective than heat-aggregated immune serum globulin in the activation of C3 in normal serum and had approximately a threefold lower affinity for 125I C1q. The ability of immune globulin intravenous to retain specific complement receptor activity suggests that it would also retain in vivo efficacy in complement-mediated amplification of host defense reactions but that it is safe for intravenous use due to a lower capacity to initiate nonspecific complement activation.

Complement Activating Enzymes↗
PubMed1984

Immunoprophylaxis of hepatitis A of the children by immune serum globulin.

An outbreak of hepatitis A occurred in Kyoto. Immune serum globulin was administered prophylactically to children who had not yet developed the disease. However 52 children in succession contracted hepatitis A. Late injections of immune serum globulin had no effect on the clinical course. Middle injections suppressed only jaundice. Early or preexposure injection suppressed the disease remarkably. All who had overt hepatitis A seroconverted to positive antibody to hepatitis A virus. In inapparent infection, those who had slight elevation of transaminase developed passive active immunization irrespective of pre or postexposure administration of immune serum globulin. Three children who might block hepatitis A virus completely had no change of transaminase and failed to establish passive active immunization.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

The utilization of an index for serum globulin compensation in diseases associated with decreased serum albumin.

The albumin globulin ratio (A/G ratio) is meant to represent the ratio of alterations in serum proteins, since, in liver disease, globulins (G) rise following serum albumin (SA) decrease. pathophysiological value, its' use has been limited. Alternatively, we have developed an index, the globulin compensation index (GCI) to measure the changes in serum globulins when albumin is decreased. The index is calculated as follows: G - 25 / 35 - SA. The GCI has been tested using retrospective patients' data from the Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia. Analysis of the data shows that the GCI may be of potential value in showing the actual serum protein status, especially in cases where globulins are decreased along with albumin. Furthermore, globulin rise in cases with reduced albumin was found in 72.3% of cases of hepatic diseases, whereas this finding occurred in up to 32.3% of cases of non-hepatic, systemic diseases.

Humans↗
PubMed1998

[Serum globulin levels and activities of daily living in centenarians].

Serum globulin levels in 101 centenarians (77 women, 24 men) were analyzed by zonal electrophoresis and immunoglobulin assays. Six subjects showed an M band in electrophoretograms. Five M bands were immunoglobulin G (IgG) type and one was IgA. One subject was suspected to suffer from IgG-type multiple myeloma, and the others were thought to have essential (benign) monoclonal gammopathy. The relationship between serum globulin levels and activities of daily living (ADL) was studied in remaining 95 subjects. There were 21 rank-J (free-living), 25 rank-A (unable to go outside without help), 23 rank-B (bedridden but able to sit on the bed), and 26 rank-C (completely bedridden) centenarians. The mean serum alpha 1-, alpha 2-, and beta-globulin level in the rank-J centenarians was at the upper limit of the normal adult range. The mean alpha 1-globulin levels in rank-B (3.3 +/- 0.4%) and C (3.4 +/- 0.5%) subjects were significantly higher than those in rank-J (2.9 +/- 0.3%) centenarians. The mean serum gamma-globulin level of rank-J centenarians (16.9 +/- 3.7%) was within the normal range. The mean gamma-globulin levels in rank-B (21.0 +/- 2.7%) and C (22.8 +/- 4.9%) subjects were significantly higher than that in rank-J centenarians. The mean immunoglobulin G concentrations in rank-B (1.620 +/- 304 mg/dl) and C (1.720 +/- 392 mg/dl) subjects were significantly higher than those in rank-J centenarians (1.320 +/- 361 mg/dl) and in normal adults (1.150 +/- 235 mg/dl). IgA concentrations in all centenarians were higher than in normal controls. There was no significant difference in IgA or IgM concentration between rank-J subjects and those in other ranks. Serum globulin levels measured with electrophoresis, and the immunoglobulin concentrations, can be valuable indicators of the ability to perform activities of daily living, and may be useful predictors of subclinical diseases or morbidity in centenarians.

Activities of Daily Living↗