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Results for “SLEEP DEPRIVATION”

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PubMed1983

The effect of sleep deprivation on sleep in rats with suprachiasmatic lesions.

The effect of 24-h sleep deprivation on sleep was investigated in rats whose circadian rest-activity rhythms were extensively disrupted by bilateral lesions of the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN). Sleep deprivation caused an increase in total sleep, REM sleep and the slow wave sleep fraction of non-REM sleep. It is concluded that the homeostatic component of sleep regulation is morphologically and functionally distinct from the circadian component.

Animals↗

PubMed1981

Diurnal rhythm of axillary temperature in long and short sleepers: effects of sleep deprivation and sleep displacement.

Six habitual long (greater than or equal to 9 hr) sleepers (LS) and 6 habitual short (less than or equal to 6.5 hr) sleepers (SS) measured their diurnal axillary temperature (T) every 4 hr from awakening time to bedtime. For the control span of 10 days, temperature peak time was similar in both groups but occurred later in SS than in LS when measured from midsleep. Bedtime was closer to temperature peak time in LS than in SS. While experiencing the same sleep deprivations (SD 24 hr with morning sleep recovery and SD 36 hr with nocturnal sleep recovery). SS maintained a more stable body temperature curve than LS. After the nights of sleep deprivation, morning temperature increased in LS but not in SS. In both experimental conditions LS tended to advance their temperature peaks. This shift resulted in a statistically significant difference between the groups' T peaks for the 36-hour sleep deprivation. These results suggest that coupling between sleep/activity rhythm and temperature rhythm probably is different in LS and in SS, being stronger in LS.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

[Sleep deprivation and subsequent sleep phase advance stabilizes the positive effect of sleep deprivation in depressive episodes].

Approximately 60% of patients with major depression disorder show a beneficial response to total sleep deprivation (TSD), but the positive effect of TSD is short, and naps or the following night's sleep destroy it. Various methods have been tried to stabilize the positive sleep-deprivation effect. A consecutive 1-week advance in the sleep phase stabilized mood in more than 50% of the sleep-deprivation responders. We examined 40 male patients with major depression who in addition to medical treatment took part in a phase advance study to prove possible synergistic effects. About 60% of the patients showed positive mood stabilization after 1-week of treatment when the patients were sleep-deprivation responders. These results support data from other groups.

Adult↗

PubMed1990

[Repeating antidepressive sleep deprivation therapy (partial sleep deprivation)].

UNLABELLED: Repeated partial sleep deprivation (in the second half of the night) is investigated in respect of therapeutic effectivity as part of antidepressive treatment. 31 inpatients suffering from endogenous depression were subjected to walking therapy three times at intervals of one week. RESULTS: The antidepressive efficacy of sleep deprivation is individually (both interindividually and intraindividually) very different. Regular response is rare, but so is repeated non-response. Even if one or several waking therapies remain ineffective, further attempts can eventually result in marked antidepressive effects. Hence a repetition of this antidepressive measure is indicated, the more so since it is easy to carry out and does not produce side effects.

Adult↗

PubMed1994

Should sleep EEG record always be performed after sleep deprivation?

Sleep deprivation (SD) is a known activator of epileptiform EEG activity in patients with epilepsy. In the workup of these patients, EEG recordings are performed following SD both in the awake state and during sleep. The latter significantly increases the duration and the cost of the examination; the specific yield of sleep tracing in single-session wake-sleep record after SD has not been evaluated in adult patients. Our study tried to answer this question, analyzing consecutive recordings of 76 adult patients who had an epileptiform abnormality in the SD record. Thirty-five of the patients were treated with antiepileptic drugs at the time of the study. After SD of 24-26 h, 1000-1500 mg of chloral hydrate were administered; an 18-channel standard awake EEG was performed, followed by 30 min sleep recording. Epileptiform activity was recorded in the wake part only in 7 (9%, 3 focal, 4 generalized); in 39 (51%) the activity was seen in both awake and sleep parts (21 focal, 5 focal with secondary generalization and 13 generalized); and in 30 (40%) it was found in the sleep part only (23 focal, 1 focal with secondary generalization and 6 generalized). Whenever epileptiform activity was apparent in both parts of the recording, its configuration and localization were identical in the sleep and the wake EEGs. This phenomenon was observed in both treated and untreated patients. In combined wake-sleep recording following SD in adults, sleep tracing may reveal epileptiform activity not demonstrated during the preceding wake EEG. However, if epileptiform activity appears already in the wake recording, subsequent sleep tracing may be redundant.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1987

Sleep and EEG spectra in the Syrian hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) under baseline conditions and following sleep deprivation.

Sleep was studied by continuous 24-h recordings in adult male Syrian hamsters, chronically implanted with EEG and EMG electrodes. Three vigilance states were determined using visual scoring and EEG power spectra (0.25-25 Hz) computed for 4-s episodes. The effects of two methods of total sleep deprivation (SD) were examined on vigilance states and the EEG power spectrum. The animals were subjected to 24 h SD by: (1) forced locomotion in a slowly rotating drum, (2) gentle handling whenever the hamsters attempted a sleeping posture. In addition, the hamsters were subjected to SD by handling during the first 3 h of the L period. Sleep predominated in the L period (78.2% of 12 h) and the D period (51.2%). The power spectra of the 3 vigilance states were similar during the L and D period. In NREM sleep, power density values in the low frequency range (0.25-6.0 Hz) exceeded those of REM sleep and W by a maximum factor of 8.3 and 2.8, respectively. At frequencies above 16 Hz, NREM and REM sleep power density values were significantly lower than during W. A progressive decrease in power density for low EEG frequencies (0.25-7 Hz) during NREM sleep was seen in the course of the L period. Power density values of higher frequencies (8-25 Hz) increased at the end of the L period and remained high during the first hours of the D period. The effect of prolonged SD on vigilance states and EEG spectra was similar by both methods and strikingly small compared to similar results in rats. In contrast, 3 h SD induced a large and more prolonged effect. The similarities and differences of sleep and sleep regulation are summarized for the hamster, rat and man.

Animals↗

PubMed1994

Sleep EEG after daily torpor in the Djungarian hamster: similarity to the effect of sleep deprivation.

Sleep, daily torpor and hibernation are considered to be homologous processes. However, during periodic arousals from hibernation, ground squirrels spent most of the euthermic period in non-REM sleep. Therefore, it has been proposed that animals arouse regularly from hibernation to recover from a sleep deprivation (SD) incurred during hibernation. We demonstrate in the Djungarian hamster that EEG slow-wave activity (EEG power density in the 0.75-4-Hz range), which is increased after SD, is enhanced in a similar way after an episode of daily torpor. The results support the hypothesis that daily torpor is incompatible with the restorative function of sleep.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

The effects of total sleep deprivation, selective sleep interruption and sleep recovery on pain tolerance thresholds in healthy subjects.

The aim of this study was to compare the effects of total sleep deprivation (TSD), rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and slow wave sleep (SWS) interruption and sleep recovery on mechanical and thermal pain sensitivity in healthy adults. Nine healthy male volunteers (age 26--43 years) were randomly assigned in this double blind and crossover study to undergo either REM sleep or SWS interruption. Periods of 6 consecutive laboratory nights separated by at least 2 weeks were designed as follows: N1 Adaptation night; N2 Baseline night; N3 Total sleep deprivation (40 h); N4 and N5 SWS or REM sleep interruption; N6 Recovery. Sleep was recorded and scored using standard methods. Tolerance thresholds to mechanical and thermal pain were assessed using an electronic pressure dolorimeter and a thermode operating on a Peltier principle. Relative to baseline levels, TSD decreased significantly mechanical pain thresholds (-8%). Both REM sleep and SWS interruption tended to decrease mechanical pain thresholds. Recovery sleep, after SWS interruption produced a significant increase in mechanical pain thresholds (+ 15%). Recovery sleep after REM sleep interruption did not significantly increase mechanical pain thresholds. No significant differences in thermal pain thresholds were detected between and within periods. In conclusion this experimental study in healthy adult volunteers has demonstrated an hyperalgesic effect related to 40 h TSD and an analgesic effect related to SWS recovery. The analgesic effect of SWS recovery is apparently greater than the analgesia induced by level I (World Health Organization) analgesic compounds in mechanical pain experiments in healthy volunteers.

Adult↗

PubMed1990

Effect of partial sleep deprivation on sleep stages and EEG power spectra: evidence for non-REM and REM sleep homeostasis.

The effect of repeated partial sleep deprivation on sleep stages and sleep EEG parameters was investigated in young subjects. After 2 baseline nights (B1, B2) of 7.5 h, sleep was restricted for 2 nights (D1, D2) to the first 4 h of the habitual bedtime period. Two recovery nights (R1, R2) with 7.5 h sleep followed. During the deprivation nights, stages 1 and 2 and REM sleep were reduced, while slow wave sleep (SWS; stages 3 and 4) was not significantly affected. However, the time integral of EEG power density in the range of 0.75-4.5 Hz (slow wave energy) was reduced. In the recovery period, SWS showed an enhancement in R1, and REM sleep showed a rebound in R1 and R2. An increase of REM sleep in the early part of the sleep period was evident in R1. Sleep latency was reduced in D2, R1 and R2. In accordance with the 2-process model of sleep regulation, EEG power density in non-REM sleep in the range of 0.75-4.5 Hz (slow wave activity) was only slightly higher in D2 and R1 than in baseline. An enhancement of slow wave activity in REM sleep was present in D2. Power density in the frequency range of 13-16 Hz was reduced in non-REM sleep (R1), SWS (R2) and stage 2 (R1). The results show (1) that the moderate reduction of slow wave energy in the deprivation nights induces only a minor enhancement of slow wave activity during recovery sleep; and (2) that a REM sleep deficit gives rise to an immediate rebound when 'slow wave pressure' is low.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗

PubMed1984

Effect of sleep deprivation on sleep and EEG power spectra in the rat.

EEG power spectra of the rat were computed for consecutive 4-s epochs of the daily light period and matched with the scores of the vigilance states. Sleep was characterized by a progressive decline of low frequency spectral values (i.e. slow wave activity) in non-rapid eye movement (non-REM) sleep, and a progressive increase in the amount of REM sleep. During recovery from 24-h total sleep deprivation (TSD) the following changes were observed: an increase of slow wave activity in non REM sleep with a persisting declining trend; an enhancement of theta activity (7.25-10.0 Hz) both in REM sleep and waking; a decrease of non-REM sleep and an increase of REM sleep. In addition, a slow wave EEG pattern prevailed in the awake and behaving animal during the initial recovery period. In selective sleep deprivation paradigms, either REM sleep or slow wave activity in non-REM sleep was prevented during a 2-h period following upon 24-h TSD. During both procedures, non-REM sleep spectra in the lowest frequency band showed no increase. There was no evidence for a further enhancement of slow wave activity after its selective deprivation. The results indicate that: (1) slow wave activity in non-REM sleep and theta activity in REM sleep may reflect sleep intensity; and (2) REM sleep and active waking, the two states with dominant theta activity, may be functionally related.

Animals↗

PubMed1990

Molecular Cloning of Forebrain mRNAs which are Modulated by Sleep Deprivation.

Sleep deprivation (SD) experiments have suggested that specific endogenous substances mediate the control of sleep and waking. However, such 'sleep substances' have not yet been unambiguously identified. The isolation of specific molecular markers would make it possible to obtain new insights into the regulatory mechanism underlying sleep and waking. For this purpose, we have used a molecular genetical approach based on subtractive cDNA cloning. Using these techniques, we were able to detect and isolate in rat forebrain four cDNA clones whose corresponding transcripts are expressed at a lower level after 24 h of SD, and six cDNA clones whose corresponding transcripts are expressed at a higher level. For two of the former transcripts, the level showed a significant reduction of approximately 50% after 24 h of SD and a non-significant reduction after 12 h of SD. A significant reduction was also observed after 12 h of cold exposure. A regional analysis of their level under baseline conditions revealed variation during the 24-h cycle. The highest levels tended to occur at the onset of darkness, the beginning of the rat's activity period. Our results are compatible with the hypothesis that the cloned transcripts are associated with the regulation of the sleep-waking cycle. Analysis of their primary structure indicated that these mRNAs have not yet been characterized. The in vivo distribution of these transcripts in the forebrain shows some correspondence to that of receptors of excitatory amino acids, suggesting an association between the functional role of the cloned sequences and this neurotransmission system.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1999

Prolonged effects of 24-h total sleep deprivation on sleep and sleep EEG in the rat.

Long-term effects of 24-h sleep deprivation (SD) on sleep and sleep EEG were analyzed in male rats during 4 recovery days (Rec). An increase of total sleep time and non-rapid eye-movement (NREM) sleep was present during Rec 1-4, and of REM sleep in Rec 1 and in the dark periods of Rec 2 and 3. After the initial increase of slow-wave activity (SWA, mean EEG power density in the 0.75-4.0 Hz range) in NREM sleep, SWA declined below baseline until Rec 3. Sleep continuity was increased in Rec 1. The persistent effects of SD which are probably due to homeostatic and circadian facets of sleep regulation, must be taken into account in the design of SD studies.

Animals↗

PubMed1995

[Treatment of depression with sleep deprivation and sleep phase advancement].

Total sleep deprivation (TSD) exerts beneficial but only transient effects on mood in approximately 60% of the patients with a major depressive disorder (MDD). The positive effect of TSD is generally reversed after the next night of sleep. A pilot study of our group indicated that a consecutive one week phase advance of the sleep phase stabilized mood in more than half of the patients who responded to TSD. However, the majority of patients in our pilot study had been treated concomitantly with antidepressive medication. To exclude a possible synergistic effect of simultaneous antidepressive medication and the sleep-wake manipulation in the present study eleven medicated and sixteen drug-free depressed patients were investigated. In two thirds of the patients relapse into depression after successful TSD could be prevented. This effect seemed to be independent of adjunct antidepressant pharmacotherapy. Ten of these patients were studied polysomnographically prior to and during the treatment. Data analysis revealed that during the advance of the sleep phase no prolonged partial sleep deprivation took place. At the end of the study REM % had even increased and REM latency was still short in spite of clinical improvement, thus contradicting the assumption that REM sleep suppression is a necessary prerequisite for antidepressive therapy. The results support the hypothesis of a "critical phase" in the morning hours during which sleep can reinduce depressive mood and, vice versa, prevention of sleep during this time may act antidepressively.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

Periodicity of a noninvasive measure of cardiac vagal tone during non-rapid eye movement sleep in non-sleep deprived and sleep-deprived normal subjects.

Cyclic alternating pattern (CAP) of microarousals reported in EEG studies is now regarded as an integrating mechanism for the different parts of the central nervous system including the autonomic system. A recently developed continuous index of cardiac parasympathetic activity (CIPA) can be time locked to the EEG allowing the relationship between EEG and autonomic changes to be studied in sleep. Eleven normal subjects were studied for evidence of periodicity in CIPA in non-REM sleep, five of whom had been sleep deprived. Fast Fourier's transformation of the CIPA data confirmed its periodicity with four frequency peaks in the range of 0.015 to 0.3 Hz. The frequency peaks previously reported as caused by respiration, Mayer waves and vasomotor thermoregulatory activity, were within what we called the alpha and beta rhythms of CIPA. There was an additional very slow peak not previously described and we called it the gamma rhythm. It covered the frequency range below 0.03 Hz. The gamma rhythm was the largest of all peaks in CIPA rhythms and its magnitude increased further in sleep-deprived subjects, but it invariably decreased during stage 4 sleep in both groups. Bursts of alpha waves in the EEG recorded concomitantly with CIPA in stage 1 sleep were associated with both peaks and troughs of the gamma rhythm. These results support previous proposals that cyclic alternating pattern in the EEG may be an integrating mechanism associated with functions of the central nervous system, and we have shown here its relationship with CIPA. Because cyclic alternating pattern can also be measured in CIPA, clinical exploitation of this phenomenon could include monitoring of epilepsy, studies of the effects of drug therapy, and assessment of other sleep disorders. All these are known to affect cyclic patterns of sleep EEG.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Interleukine-6 serum levels correlate with response to antidepressant sleep deprivation and sleep phase advance.

Unstimulated production of interleukine-6 (IL-6) is known to be enhanced in patients affected by a major depressive episode. Recent studies supported a role for basal IL-6 levels in predicting response to antidepressant drug treatments. In a sample of 10 consecutively admitted drug-free bipolar depressed inpatients, we investigated the possible correlation between unstimulated pretreatment production of IL-6 and antidepressant response to a night of total sleep deprivation (TSD) followed by a night of sleep phase advance (SPA), a nonpharmacologic treatment which is known to rapidly improve depressive symptomatology. Changes in perceived mood during treatment were recorded with self-administered Visual Analogue Scales (VAS). We observed a significant inverse correlation between IL-6 serum levels and VAS scores after treatment, meaning that higher IL-6 values before treatment were associated with worse response. This finding is in agreement with previous studies about amitriptyline and lithium antidepressant treatments. Our preliminary finding confirms the clinical value of IL-6 baseline concentration as a predictor of response to antidepressant treatment.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Comparison of the effects of modafinil and sleep deprivation on sleep and cortical EEG spectra in mice.

Modafinil is a wakefulness-promoting substance whose profile differs from that of the classical psychostimulants. It is still unknown whether waking induced by modafinil and wakefulness induced by sleep deprivation differ in terms of their effect on subsequent sleep. To investigate this problem sleep was recorded in two groups of OF1 mice. One group received modafinil (200 mg/kg, i.p.) at light onset which induced a period of wakefulness of approx. 5 h, while animals of the subsequent control group were injected with vehicle and kept awake for an equivalent duration. The effect of the two treatments on sleep was similar. REM sleep was initially reduced and slow-wave activity (SWA; EEG power in the 0.75-4.0 Hz range) in nonREM sleep was enhanced for several hours. The SWA increase was more prominent over the frontal cortex than over the occipital cortex after both treatments. A minor difference was seen at the occipital site where the initial rise of power in the low-frequency range was larger after vehicle combined with enforced waking than after modafinil. The study shows that the homeostatic sleep response following the modafinil-induced wakefulness corresponds largely to the response following a non-pharmacologically induced extended waking episode.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed2005

Dissociation of cortical regions modulated by both working memory load and sleep deprivation and by sleep deprivation alone.

Working memory is an important mental capacity that is compromised following sleep deprivation (SD). To understand how working memory load interacts with state to influence brain activation in load-sensitive regions, and the extent to which SD-related changes are common across different loads, we used fMRI to study twelve healthy subjects following 24 h of SD using a verbal n-back task with three load levels. Performance decline was observed by way of reduced accuracy and slower response times following SD. The left prefrontal region and thalamus showed load dependent activity modulation that interacted with state. The right parietal and anterior medial frontal regions showed load dependent changes in activity as well as an effect of state. The anterior cingulate and occipital regions showed activation that displayed state effects that were independent of working memory load. These findings represent a step toward identifying how different brain regions exhibit varying vulnerability to the deleterious effects of SD on working memory.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Effect of REM sleep deprivation on sleep apneas in rats.

We studied the effects of 48 h of REM sleep deprivation on spontaneous and post-sigh central apneas in Sprague-Dawley rates by simultaneously monitoring sleep by the EEG and respiration for 6 h. During the recovery sleep following REM deprivation a decrease in post-sigh apneas occurred in total sleep. There was no change in spontaneous apneas. The results suggest the existence of partially distinct mechanisms for the two types of apneas.

Animals↗