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Results for “STIGMATIZATION”

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PubMed2003

Fungicide sprays can injure the stigmatic surface during receptivity in almond flowers.

Fungicides can be detrimental to flower development, pollen function and fruit set in a number of crops. Almond is a self-incompatible nut crop that has a fruit set of only approx. 30 % of the total number of flowers. Thus, interference of pollination and fertilization by fungicide sprays is of concern, and identification of chemicals having the least detrimental effects would be desirable. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of fungicide sprays on stigma morphology in almond using a laboratory spray apparatus that simulated field applications. Four fungicides (azoxystrobin, myclobutanil, iprodione and cyprodinil) were applied, and fresh, unfixed stigmatic surfaces were observed using a scanning electron microscope at 4 and 24 h after spraying. Increased exudate accumulation was induced by azoxystrobin at both time periods, and localized damage and collapse of stigmatic cells were observed after 24 h. Damaged stigmatic papillae exhibited wrinkling, surface distortion or collapse. Likewise, myclobutanil caused significant damage to and collapse of papillae; these were more extensive at later observations. Iprodione had no effect on exudate accumulation but caused marked and severe collapse of stigmatic papillae which was pronounced at 24 h. Cyprodinil promoted a copious increase in exudate secretion and caused the most severe collapse of stigmatic cells of all the fungicides evaluated. Damage was somewhat localized at 4 h but more global at 24 h. This study has verified that certain fungicide sprays have direct detrimental effects on stigma morphology and enhance exudate production in almond flowers.

Flowers↗

PubMed2006

Social stigmatization and hepatitis C virus infection.

GOAL: Our aim was to assess stigmatization by evaluating the impact of hepatitis C virus (HCV) on social interactions, feelings of rejection, internalized shame, and financial insecurity, and behavior. BACKGROUND: HCV patients suffer from slowly progressive disease. Although much research has improved the long-term prognosis of chronic HCV, quality of life may be affected by perceived social stigmatization. STUDY: In a cross-sectional study, HCV patients without cirrhosis or significant comorbidities were recruited from the University of North Carolina viral hepatitis clinic. Subjects completed a questionnaire administered by a trained interviewer that assessed changes in sexual behavior, personal hygiene habits, social function, and interactions. Additionally, subjects completed validated, standardized questionnaires, the Health Status Questionnaire, and the SCL-90-R. Frequencies were calculated for the prevalence of stigmatization and altered social interaction. Correlations between education and behavior changes were assessed. A series of multivariate analyses controlling for age, sex, and education were performed to assess the association between HCV acquisition risk and stigmatization. RESULTS: One hundred seventy-five of 217 potential subjects (81%) participated in the survey. The average age was 45.2+/-7.7 years. Fifty-five percent were men and 53% were single. Twenty-nine percent had some college education. Risk factors for HCV acquisition included transfusion (21%) and injection drug use (29%), whereas 32% had an unknown mode of infection. Among common activities, 47% were less likely to share drinking glasses, 14% were less likely to prepare food, and one-third of subjects were less likely to share a towel. Thirty-five percent of respondents reported changes in their sexual practices. Decreased frequency of kissing and sexual intercourse was reported in 20% and 27% of individuals, respectively. Almost half of the single subjects reported increased use of condoms compared with only 20% among married couples. The majority of subjects perceived financial insecurity, internalized shame, and social rejection. Only 39% reported health impairment. Education level did not influence behavior change. CONCLUSION: The majority of HCV subjects alter common behaviors and report financial insecurity, internalized shame, and social rejection, regardless of the method of HCV acquisition or socioeconomic status. These findings indicate that all HCV individuals be counseled and encouraged to participate in educational programs at the time of diagnosis to reduce unnecessary behavioral changes and stigmatization perceptions to improve quality of life.

Cross-Sectional Studies↗

PubMed1975

XYY syndrome, stigmatization, social class, and aggression: study of 15 cases.

This is a paper about the relationship of stigmatization to social class in XYY individuals, and of this relationship to manifestations of agressive behavior. The sample comprised 15 men and youths with the XYY syndrome; 8 were identified in a survey of institutions for males with behavior disorders and 7 were privately referred. All had been stigmatized by physique and appearance and/or behavior. The most frequent stigmatizing features were excessive height for age, excessive impulsiveness in behavior, and excessive temper tantrums in childhood; these were present in all cases. Antisocial or law-breaking behavior was present in 13 cases. Stigmatization did not correlate with socioeconomic class, rated according to the Shevky and Bell scale as modified to suit the study. However, the consequences of stigmatization were class related in that the lower the class, the greater the chance that the XYY individual would spend time in the penal as well as the medical system of society.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

Factors associated with stigmatization of persons with mental illness.

Stigmatization of individuals with mental illnesses is widespread and serves as a major barrier to treatment. In a survey of 116 undergraduates, the authors examined the impact of diagnosis, attitudes about treatment, and psychiatric terminology on stigma associated with mental illness. Stigmatization of schizophrenia was significantly higher than stigmatization of depression. More positive attitudes toward treatment were associated with significantly less stigma. However, psychiatric terminology had no impact on attitudes toward mental illness. Significantly less stigmatization of mental illness was found among females than among males. Reducing the stigmatization of mental illness continues to be an important goal for mental health professionals.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Evaluation of stigmatizing language and medical errors in neurology coverage by US newspapers.

OBJECTIVES: To analyze US newspaper coverage of neurologic diseases to determine whether stigmatizing language is used in describing patients and examine its sources where found and to examine stories for medical errors. METHODS: A content analysis of newspaper articles was performed for 2003 using the Lexis-Nexis database. Keyword searches for 11 common neurologic conditions were performed for The New York Times and 8 regional newspapers with circulation greater than 200,000. RESULTS: A total of 1203 stories focusing on 11 neurologic conditions were recovered. Newspaper coverage did not reflect disease prevalence (rank correlation, p=-0.009; P=.98). The topics most covered were Alzheimer disease and other dementias (400 stories, 33% of total), which were eventually combined Into 1 category for purposes of data analysis. Conditions with the highest prevalence were among the least covered topics, including migraine (34 stories, 3% of total) and head trauma (19 stories, 2% of total). Stigmatizing language was found in 15% of all stories. Excluding wire stories, the average among locally produced newspaper stories was higher (21%). Stories on epilepsy (30%) and migraine (29%) contained the highest frequency of stigmatizing language. Sources of stigma within a story included reporters (55%), patients (26%), family (17%), and physicians (16%). In an accuracy analysis, 20% of sampled stories contained medical errors or exaggerations, with half of these concerning neurodegenerative conditions. CONCLUSION: A total of 21% of all stories (excluding wire stories) contained language judged stigmatizing, with reporters as the most common source of the stigmatizing language. A total of 20% of analyzed stories had medical errors or exaggerations, the latter most often overstating treatment effectiveness.

Attitude to Health↗

PubMed2006

Gene expression profiles in Ciona intestinalis stigmatal cells: insight into formation of the ascidian branchial fissures.

Gill slits, a series of openings in the pharyngeal epithelium, are characteristic features of the hemichordate and chordate body plans. In ascidians, these openings, called stigmata, are formed in the branchial sac during juvenile development. Multiple whole-mount in situ hybridization analyses based on approximately 1,500 genes expressed in Ciona intestinalis juveniles, identified 28 genes expressed predominantly in the stigmatal cells. Expression patterns of these stigmatal genes were classified into four different categories. On the basis of these findings, we have been able to show that the peripheral region of a stigma consists of at least three different regions. The expression of a Dlk1-like gene was detected in nonciliated cells during the stigma perforation and division and was maintained in the basal region of the elliptical stigma. Expression of meichroacidin, tektin A1, and tektin B1 orthologs during the differentiation of the ciliated stigmatal cells suggests that some of the molecular mechanisms involved in sperm differentiation might be recruited for the stigma development, or vice versa. Components of the cilia such as alpha-tubulin and rootletin were also expressed in the stigmatal cells. These genes might facilitate further analyses regarding the evolution of the branchial fissures and the development of the ascidian stigmata.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed2006

HIV/STD stigmatization fears as health-seeking barriers in China.

Internationally, stigma prohibits effective HIV/STD identification, prevention, and care. Interviews with 106 persons in an urban center in Eastern China, some known to have engaged in stigmatized risk acts (sex workers, STD clinic patients) and some vulnerable for stigmatization fears to influence health-seeking behaviors (market employees, rural-to-urban migrants). Interviews focused on community norms, values, beliefs, and emotional and behavioral reactions to HIV/STD stigmatization related events. Attributions for infection were found to mark individual's failure to adhere to sexuality norms; define a condition warranting the avoidance of infected persons and dismissal by medical professionals; and promote anticipation of negative emotions (i.e., shame, fear, and embarrassment) and devalued social roles and status. Strategies reported to avoid stigmatization include avoiding HIV/STD knowledge; avoiding health care professionals, particularly in public settings; and conforming to community norms of shunning those suspected of risky behaviors. Results have direct implications for community marketing campaigns in China.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Understanding weight stigmatization: a focus group study.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this research was to investigate, in a nonclinical sample of adults, thoughts on and experiences with weight stigmatization. DESIGN: Focus groups were used to collect information. Participants were recruited through a newspaper advertisement and flyers posted in public places in Minneapolis and St. Paul. During the focus groups, participants were led in a discussion about their thoughts on weight stigmatization and personal experiences of being treated differently or poorly because of their weight. SUBJECTS: Six gender-specific focus groups consisted of 31 adult volunteers (17 women and 14 men). VARIABLES MEASURED: Perceptions of weight-based stereotypes and weight stigmatization and personal reports of having been treated differently or poorly owing to weight were measured. RESULTS: Participants reported a variety of experiences of being treated differently or poorly because of their weight. These included teasing, harassment, slurs and insults, negative judgments and assumptions, and perceived discrimination. Participants reported that such experiences occurred at home, among friends and strangers, at work, and in health care settings. Women reported a greater number and a greater variety of negative experiences than men. IMPLICATIONS: The results indicated that participants experienced weight-based stigmatization in many aspects of their lives. Awareness of these experiences may assist in the development of treatments for overweight individuals.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Striving for success in outgroup settings: effects of contextually emphasizing ingroup dimensions on stigmatized group members' social identity and performance styles.

For members of stigmatized groups, being confronted with highstatus outgroup members threatens social identity and undermines performance on status-relevant dimensions. Two experiments examined whether the negative effects of outgroup contexts are alleviated when value is expressed for a dimension on which the stigmatized ingroup excels. Specifically, the authors assessed whether ingroup versus outgroup context and contextual value for ingroup dimensions affects group members' reactions to failure on status-relevant dimensions and subsequent performance. Experiment 1 showed that in comparison to ingroup contexts, outgroup contexts induce stigmatized group members to protect social identity and to feel more agitated following negative performance feedback. Experiment 2 showed that when others in the context emphasize the importance of a dimension on which the ingroup excels, the negative effects of outgroup contexts are alleviated, stigmatized group members feel more cheerful concerning an upcoming task, and task performance is characterized by a focus on success.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Stigmatization of newly emerging infectious diseases: AIDS and SARS.

OBJECTIVES: We assessed relationships between sociodemographic characteristics and mental health status and knowledge of, being worried about, and stigmatization of 2 emerging infectious diseases: AIDS and SARS. METHODS: We conducted a random-digit-dialed survey of 928 residents of the New York City metropolitan area as part of a study of the effects of the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks. Questions added for this study concerned respondents' knowledge of, worry about, and support of stigmatizing actions to control AIDS and SARS. RESULTS: In general, respondents with greater personal resources (income, education, social support) and better mental health status had more knowledge, were less worried, and were less likely to stigmatize. This pattern held for both AIDS and SARS. CONCLUSIONS: Personal resources and mental health factors are likely to influence the public's ability to learn about, rationally appraise the threat of, and minimize stigmatization of emerging infectious diseases such as AIDS and SARS.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗

PubMed2005

Stigmatization of people with mental illnesses: a follow-up study within the Changing Minds campaign of the Royal College of Psychiatrists.

A population survey before the start of the Changing Minds campaign showed that negative opinions about people with mental illnesses were widely held, and that opinions about different disorders differed in important ways. We repeated the survey 5 years later, when the campaign had ended. Interviews were again conducted with a representative population sample (1725 interviews; response rate 65%), enquiring about demographic variables, about eight opinions concerning seven common mental disorders, and whether the respondents knew anyone with one of these mental disorders. The pattern of response in this second survey resembled that in the first. However, there were significant changes. Though often small, apart from reported opinions concerning treatment and outcome, they were all reductions in the percentages of stigmatizing opinions. Seventy seven percent of respondents reported knowing someone with one of the seven disorders. Those who did so in respect of severe depression or panic and phobias were less likely to have stigmatizing opinions about people with the corresponding disorder, but the same did not apply to the other disorders. The greatest proportion of negative opinions was in the 16-19 year age group, and respondents with higher education were less likely than the rest to express such views. We conclude that stigmatizing opinions are frequent in the community but the various disorders are not stigmatized in the same way. Campaigns to reduce stigma should take account of these differences, and of the need to address young people.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2006

[Stigmatization of language impaired children from the parents' perspective].

Stigmatization can strongly affect the social integration of children and adolescents with developmental and behavioral disorders. The goal of the study was to investigate negative and positive labeling of speech-language impaired children as perceived by their parents. We analyzed 386 parental questionnaires on stigmatization by and support from other children, family members and other adults. Half of the parents reported stigmatization of their child. They perceived negative labeling and exclusion most frequently in the child's peer group, but also among family members. Support was more common than negative labeling, however. There was a strong positive relationship between negative labeling and behavioral problems. Parents of children with developmental and behavioral disorders often perceive stigmatization of their child. Therefore, in counseling such families child and adolescent psychiatrists should address this issue adequately and recommend appropriate coping strategies.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1985

Psychosocial correlates of depression in mentally retarded adults: I. Minimal social support and stigmatization.

Two hypotheses were tested in a study with 28 mildly mentally retarded, emotionally disturbed adults and 17 mildly mentally retarded adults for whom an emotional disorder had not been diagnosed: depression is associated with (a) low levels of social support and (b) high levels of perceived stigmatization. Self-report and informant measures of depression, social support, and perceived stigmatization were collected. The self-report and informant measures of the same construct were significantly correlated. Results revealed negative correlations between depression and social support ranging between -.25 and -.76 and positive correlations between depression and perceived stigmatization ranging from .11 to .44. After additional analyses comparing depressed subjects, disturbed/nondepressed subjects, and nondisturbed/nondepressed subjects, the results were interpreted as showing a powerful association between low levels of social support and depression. Convincing evidence of an association between perceived stigmatization and depression was not found.

Depressive Disorder↗

PubMed2006

Social stigmatization in patients with cranial and cervical dystonia.

Patients with cranial and cervical dystonia (CCD) suffer from visible involuntary facial, head, and neck movements. Therefore, the social appearance of patients with CCD may be seriously affected and self-perceived stigma can be a major source of disability. The present study investigated enacted social stigmatization of patients with CCD. In a pilot study, a semantic differential scale for assessment of stigma was constructed and validated. The final scale contained eight items representing personality traits to be rated on a seven-point scale (-3 negative extreme to 3 positive extreme). Short video sequences (15 seconds) of patients with various types of CCD and age- and sex-matched healthy controls were presented to a sample of 80 biology students (mean age, 19.8 +/- 2.3 years). Immediately after presentation of each video sequence, the students were asked to perform stigma ratings. Significant differences between CCD patients and controls were found on all eight items (P < 0.001 for each). CCD patients were rated as less accountable for their actions, less likeable, less trustworthy, less attractive, less self-confident, more odd and different, more reserved, and more piteous than controls. CCD patients are subject to serious prejudice and enacted stigmatization. There is a need for informing the public about the nature and symptoms of this disorder and a need to support patients to cope with stigmatization.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

Effects of religiosity and racial socialization on subjective stigmatization in African-American adolescents.

The direct effects of religiosity and racial socialization on subjective stigmatization among 50 African-American adolescents were investigated. A stigma is a characteristic about which others hold negative attitudes and stereotypes. Subjective stigmatization measures the degree to which an individual internalizes such negative attitudes and stereotypes toward a social group of which he or she is a member. Participants who showed strong commitment to the church were more destigmatized than were participants who did not. Further, participants who received racial socialization messages stemming from a single "primary" category were more destigmatized than those who did not. Unexpectedly, the more racial socialization messages participants received, the more self-stigmatized they were. The importance of religiosity and racial socialization in the lives of African-American adolescents are discussed.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2003

[Stigmatization and quality of life of patients with psoriasis and atopic dermatitis].

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Psoriasis and atopic dermatitis patients are often influenced by the psychosocial consequences of their skin diseases. In order to assess these experiences reliably, the stigmatization feeling and the quality of life of these patient groups were studied. PATIENTS/METHODS: The short form of the "Questionnaire on Experience with Skin Complaints" (QES) was validated in a sample of 463 in-patients with psoriasis and atopic dermatitis. In addition, the Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) was ascertained. RESULTS: The dimensions "impairment of self-esteem and withdrawal", "rejection experienced", "concealment", and "composure" of the QES could be confirmed by factor analysis. As expected, middle high correlations between the QES and the DLQI were found in both patient groups. However, the stigmatization experience and the quality of life were not significantly different in a subgroup of psoriasis and atopic dermatitis patients with comparable sociodemographic characteristics. CONCLUSIONS: The short form of the QES with 23 items is a valid instrument for the examination of social and psychic burdens of psoriasis and atopic dermatitis patients. The recording of the stigmatization feeling and of the quality of life determines different, supplementary aspects of the illness-related stress of patients with chronic skin diseases.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

[Stigmatization. Consideration from a theological-dermatologic perspective].

Stigmatization is associated with considerable psychosocial impairment. Patients with chronic skin disease are especially prone to stigmatization and reduced quality of life. In contrast, patients with self-produced cutaneous artifacts receive an emotional response from family members and doctors. Stigmatization of a religious nature is always difficult for non-participants to understand. We focus on the suffering of the patient, using the example of a historical person, Saint Rita of Cascia, who bore a stigma on her forehead. We discuss why suffering is presented in this manner, and how salvation can be the positive effect of suffering.

Christianity↗

PubMed1983

Health professionals as stigmatizers and destigmatizers of diseases: alcoholism and leprosy as examples.

Two disease entities are used for the analysis of stigmatization processes within the health care system. It is shown how overall cultural norms, specific professional role interpretations and certain characteristics of the disease are contributory factors. Cultural norms of devaluating persons with disabilities are considered. The relative power of the medical profession within the health care system is assessed in order to evaluate their potentially stigmatizing impact. Previously formulated theoretical concepts and findings of empirical studies provide the overall framework for the discussion. The conclusions include implications which might lead to the improvement of treatment and rehabilitation of currently stigmatizing diseases.

Alcoholism↗