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At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed2003

Submandibular gland I: an anatomic evaluation and surgical approach to submandibular gland resection for facial rejuvenation.

Submandibular gland resection for aesthetic reasons has been hotly debated. Detractors maintain that the procedure is dangerous because it puts too many important structures at risk, notably motor nerves. The present study was undertaken to elucidate the neurovascular and soft-tissue anatomy of the digastric triangle via cadaver dissections so that a surgical approach to achieve safe aesthetic submandibular resection could be performed. Fifteen digastric triangles dissections were performed in fixed and fresh cadaver specimens. The dissection focus was to understand the submandibular neurovascular relationships, capsule as well as fascial layers, and measurements to known structures. The marginal mandibular nerve is located external to the submandibular capsule, approximately 3.7 cm cephalad to the inferior margin of the gland. The hypoglossal nerve is posterior to the digastric sling in a position that is protected deep within the visceral layer of the neck. The lingual nerve is located underneath the mandibular border, crossing anterior to the submandibular duct. The vascular supply is variant, but with an average of one and a half vessels entering medially to the superficial lobe of the gland, one intermediate vessel entering medially to supply the superficial and deep lobes, and one deep perforator that runs from the central portion of the deep lobe to the superficial lobe. Appreciation of this anatomy is critical in the submental approach for partial resection. Although it can be technically challenging, the anatomy is straightforward and partial submandibular gland resection can be executed via a consistent, safe approach to optimize facial rejuvenation in certain patients.

Cadaver↗
PubMed2000

Transduction of TAT-HA-beta-galactosidase fusion protein into salivary gland-derived cells and organ cultures of the developing gland, and into rat submandibular gland in vivo.

We have studied the transduction of TAT-HA-beta-galactosidase fusion protein into two cell lines of rat salivary gland origin, A5 and C6-21, into cells of fetal mouse submandibular glands in organ culture, and into rat submandibular gland after retrograde duct injection, using a histochemical method to demonstrate beta-galactosidase activity. Transduction of the fusion protein into A5 and C6-21 cells was concentration- and time-dependent. Therefore, the intensity of the beta-galactosidase staining, which was cytoplasmic, was less after 1 hr of exposure compared to exposures up to 24 hr. However, the fusion protein was transduced into 100% of both types of cultured cells. When explants of mouse fetuses at 13 days of gestation were exposed to the fusion proteins, both epithelial and mesenchymal cells were stained for the enzyme, with a conspicuous accumulation of the reaction product at perinuclear cytoplasmic regions. The histochemical staining of the mesenchymal cells was more intense compared to that seen in epithelial cells. TAT-HA-beta-galactosidase fusion protein was also delivered to rat submandibular glands by retrograde duct injection. Histochemical staining for beta-galactosidase activity of cryostat sections prepared from the injected glands revealed that the transduction of the fusion protein was also time- and dose-dependent. In the glands of rats sacrificed from 10 min to 1 hr after the retrograde injection, essentially all acinar and duct cells showed cytoplasmic staining. The intensity of the staining then declined, and was not seen in the glands of rats killed 24 hr after the injection of the fusion proteins. These results indicate that a full-length, active TAT fusion protein can be targeted to salivary gland cells both in vitro and in vivo to analyze physiological, developmental, and pathophysiological processes.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Direct angiotensin II formation by rat submandibular gland kallikrein.

Submandibular gland kallikrein [EC 3.4.21.8] of male Sprague-Dawley rats was purified by chromatography on soybean trypsin inhibitor (SBTI)-CH-Sepharose 4B, DEAE-Sephadex A-50, aprotinin-CH-Sepharose 4B and Sephadex G-100 columns and preparative isoelectrofocusing. The molecular weight of the kallikrein was estimated to be 30,000 by Sephadex G-100 gel filtration and 29,000 by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Isoelectric points ranged from pH 3.55 to 4.30. The kinin formed at pH 8 by this kallikrein from bovine low molecular weight (LMW) kininogen showed the same behavior as lysyl-bradykinin on HPLC in a solution of ammonium biphosphate containing acetonitrile. At physiological pH, this kallikrein also generated angiotensin II, a potent vasopressor, from human plasma protein. Rat submandibular gland kallikrein differs from tonin in the isoelectric point, the optimal pH for angiotensin II formation and the type of kinin formed. The tissue kallikrein might play a role in the regulation of local blood flow in view of its ability to form both vasoconstrictive and vasodilatory peptides.

Angiotensin II↗
PubMed1985

Characterization of nontransformed and transformed androgen receptor from rat submandibular gland.

Rat submandibular gland cytosol contained androgen receptor which had a single class of specific binding and an apparent dissociation constant of (1.1-1.2) X 10(-9) M. The process of transformation was investigated by a slightly modified minicolumn method in which the transformed receptor complexes were separated from the nontransformed receptor and meroreceptor. 10 mM ATP or pyrophosphate at 0 degrees C induced transformation of androgen receptor as did heat or salt treatment. 20 mM of sodium molybdate completely inhibited transformation that resulted from ATP, heat or salt treatment. The nontransformed androgen receptor complexes sedimented at 8 S and eluted at 250-260 mM KCl from DEAE-Sephacel, and its molecular weight was found to be 220 000 on Sephacryl S300 gel chromatography. On the other hand, the transformed androgen receptor complexes sedimented at 4.1-4.3 S (ATP or KCl treatment) or 3.5-3.8 S (heat treatment) and eluted at 60-80 mM KCl from DEAE-Sephacel. The molecular weight of the transformed androgen receptor complexes was 80 000-85 000 (ATP or KCl treatment) or 70 000-80 000 (heat treatment). These results suggest that the transformation of androgen-receptor complexes from rat submandibular gland was induced by the subunit dissociation and that salt bridges may be involved in the subunit interaction.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗
PubMed1994

Increase in mast cells and hyaluronic acid correlates to radiation-induced damage and loss of serous acinar cells in salivary glands: the parotid and submandibular glands differ in radiation sensitivity.

The detailed mechanisms which can explain the inherent radiosensitivity of salivary glands remain to be elucidated. Although DNA is the most plausible critical target for the lethal effects of irradiation, interactions with other constituents, such as cell membrane and neuropeptides, have been suggested to cause important physiological changes. Moreover, mast cells seem to be closely linked to radiation-induced pneumonitis. Therefore, in the present study the effects of fractionated irradiation on salivary glands have been assessed with special regard to the appearance of mast cells and its correlation with damage to gland parenchyma. Sprague-Dawley strain rats were unilaterally irradiated to the head and neck with the salivary glands within the radiation field. The irradiation was delivered once daily for 5 days to a total dose of 20, 35 and 45 Gy. The contralateral parotid and submandibular glands served as intra-animal controls and parallel analysis of glands was performed 2, 4, 10 or 180 days following the last radiation treatment. Morphological analysis revealed no obvious changes up to 10 days after the irradiation. At 180 days a radiation dose-dependent loss of gland parenchyma was seen, especially with regard to serious acinar cells in parotid gland and acinar cells and serous CGT (convoluted granular tubule) cells in the submandibular gland. These changes displayed a close correlation with a concomitant dose-dependent enhanced density of mast cells and staining for hyaluronic acid. This cell population seems to conform with the features of the connective tissue mast cell type. The parotid seems to be more sensitive to irradiation than the submandibular gland. Thus, the present results further strengthen the role of and the potential interaction of mast cells with radiation-induced tissue injury and alterations in normal tissue integrity.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Dynamics of parenchymal cell division, differentiation, and apoptosis in the young adult female mouse submandibular gland.

The submandibular salivary gland of the young adult female mouse has two secretory cell types, acinar and granular duct, which are separated by intercalated ducts. Based on the occurrence of autologous cell division in these cells, they have been traditionally classified as expanding populations. However, differentiation from stem or progenitor cells in the intercalated ducts, usually associated with renewing populations, has also been detected. The question of renewing or expanding populations is resolved by quantitating and integrating the rates of autologous cell division, differentiation, and apoptosis for each cell type. The integrated data shows that both acinar and granular duct cell populations exhibit a substantial positive growth index, whereas the growth index for the intercalated duct cells is moderately negative. On balance, it suggests that the submandibular gland of the young adult female mouse is still growing. Comparison of young female mice with older females suggests that, although overall parenchymal growth slows with age, there is no longer a net loss of intercalated duct cells. Comparison with young adult male submandibular glands indicates that gender differences exist in the rates and mechanisms used for maintaining the different cell populations. The acinar and granular duct cell populations in young adult female mouse submandibular glands are expanding at the expense of the intercalated duct cell population, which appears to be contracting.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1983

The effects of an incisal bite plane on rat submandibular glands.

The submandibular glands of rats subjected to application of an incisal bite plane became slightly, but not significantly, enlarged. However, in comparison with control animals, they secreted additional proteins identical with those secreted by glands enlarged by periodic incisor amputation or chronic isoproterenol treatment.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Effects of autonomic nerve stimulation on the secretory products of the dog submandibular gland.

Dog submandibular gland cells store mucins and secretory protein in their secretory granules for the purpose of export. The secretion of these products is under the influence of autonomic innervation to the gland. Acinar cell products are influenced by the parasympathetic division whereas the duct cell secretory proteins are influenced by the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system. Demilune cell secretory products are influenced by both divisions of the autonomic nervous system.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Ultrastructure of mink submandibular gland.

The submandibular gland of the North American mink, a strict carnivore, was studied by light and electron microscopy. The gland is mixed in nature, consisting of mucous tubules capped by mucous demilunes. Mucous droplets in the tubule cells are structureless, but those in the demilune cells contain a dense spherule. Intercalated ducts are extremely short. Striated duct cells contain numerous crystalloids, often rhomboidal, in their apical cytoplasm. These crystalloids are equally abundant in males and females. The presence of these structures lends credence to the supposition that in addition to their role in electrolyte transport, striated ducts may be actively engaged in secretion of organic products.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

A histological study of the effects of different alpha-adrenergic and cholinergic agonists on the rat submandibular gland.

Rat submandibular glands were exposed to various sialagogues, including carbachol, clonidine, noradrenaline and cyclocytidine. The effects of these drugs were morphologically compared. Clonidine, which is an alpha-2-agonist, caused no depletion of granules in the serous cells examined. Noradrenaline and cyclocytidine, which are alpha-1-agonists, showed remarkable depletion of secretory granules in the serous cells. Carbachol caused visible and abundant salivation in the animals, but was found to produce only partial granular depletion of both serous and mucous cells. To induce experimentally a complete depletion of granular serous cells, cyclocytidine was found to be an excellent choice as a sialagogue with no side-effects on the cardiac and respiratory system.

Adrenergic alpha-Agonists↗
PubMed1988

The amino-acid sequence of the double-headed proteinase inhibitor from fox (Vulpes vulpes) submandibular glands.

Fox submandibular glands contain a double-headed secretory proteinase inhibitor. Its amino acid sequence was determined. Extensive homologies were found between this inhibitor and the corresponding inhibitors of cat, lion and dog in both domains. As in dog inhibitor the trypsin-inhibiting domain of fox inhibitor contains an Arg residue in the reactive site in contrast to a Lys residue in the inhibitors of cat and lion. Domains I and II of fox inhibitor are structurally related both to the sequenced inhibitors of cat, lion and dog and to the sequenced monovalent secretory pancreatic trypsin inhibitors. In comparison to cat and lion inhibitors the N-terminally extended sequences of fox and dog inhibitors seem to be characteristic for the inhibitor of Canidae.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1980

The secretory response in dissociated acini from the rat submandibular gland.

Rat submandibular gland was dissociated by enzymatic digestion with collagenase and hyaluronidase, followed by mild mechanical shearing and filtration through a nylon mesh. The dissociated cell populations contained predominantly groups of acinar cells which maintained their acinar arrangement. The morphological and functional viability of the cells was confirmed by electron microscopic examination and a normal secretory response to beta-adrenergic or cholinergic stimulation was observed. Both isoproterenol (IPR) and carbachol caused the fusion of secretory granules into large vacuoles which were also continuous with the lumen, and into which the secretory product was released. Secretion was assessed quantitatively from the incorporation of 14C-glucosamine into the acinar cells and its subsequent release into the culture medium as labelled glycoprotein. IPR stimulated secretion to 125% of untreated controls in the concentration range t x 10(-5) to 5x 10(-7) M and to 110% of controls at 5 x 10(-8) M, after 40 min incubation. Carbachol stimulated secretion to 131% of controls at 5 x 10(-5) M and to 115% at 5 x 10(-6) M but had no effect at 5 x 10(-7) or 5 x 10(-8) M. The secretory response was blocked by the respective beta-adrenergic and cholinergic antagonists, propranolol and atropine. These findings show that dissociated rat submandibular acinar cells provide a useful in vitro model for the study of mucus synthesis and secretion.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Morphologic and histochemical studies on the differing radiosensitivity of ductular and acinar cells of the rat submandibular gland.

The submandibular glands of male rats were exposed to 50 Gy X-irradiation as a single dose, with or without pre-treatment with either alpha-adrenergic agonists (noradrenaline, phenylephrine) or a cholinergic antagonist (atropine). The effects were analyzed by morphometric, cytochemical and biophysical methods. When X-irradiated without drug pre-treatment, many serous epithelial cells of the intralobular convoluted ducts displayed morphologic evidence of irreversible radiation damage, in contrast to neighbouring mucous and other cells which were unaffected. The effect was maximal 96 h after irradiation. Serous cells from animals irradiated after pre-treatment with atropine showed much more wide-spread injury than those of animals exposed to X-irradiation only. In contrast , serous cells suffered considerably less damage if their secretory granules had been depleted 1 or 2 h before irradiation with either noradrenaline or phenylephrine. Other epithelial cells showed no modulation of their slight radioresponsiveness by these drugs. The observations were substantiated by morphometry of three cell types: (a) mucous cells, (b) non-granulated serous and intralobular striated duct cells, and (c) granulated serous cells. The findings suggest that the striking radiosensitivity of salivary gland serous epithelial cells is linked to their content of secretory granules. These granules are rich in heavy metals, as demonstrated cytochemically with the sulphide silver method (SSM). Using particle-induced X-ray emission ( PIXE ) spectroscopy, the principal metals were shown to be Zn, Mn and Fe. It is conceivable that membranes which enclose organelles rich in metals with the ability to form redox systems (e.g. Fe2+ in equilibrium Fe3+) show enhanced sensitivity to radiation damage due to the metal-catalyzed induction of lipid peroxidation by ionizing radiation. Disruption of secretory granules would be expected to release lytic enzymes into the cell sap, resulting in autolysis. This hypothesis is supported by the findings that atropine--which increases the number of granulated serous cells--enhances radiosensitivity, while noradrenaline and phenylephrine--which cause degranulation of serous cells--decrease radiosensitivity.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

The amino-acid sequence of the double-headed proteinase inhibitor from badger (Meles meles) submandibular glands.

Badger submandibular glands contain a double-headed secretory proteinase inhibitor. Its amino acid sequence was determined. Extensive homologies were found between this inhibitor and the corresponding inhibitors of fox, dog, lion and cat in both domains. As in fox and dog inhibitor, the trypsin-inhibiting domain of badger inhibitor contains an Arg residue in the reactive site in contrast to a Lys residue in the inhibitors of lion and cat. Domains I and II of badger inhibitor are structurally related both to the sequenced inhibitors of fox, dog, lion and cat and to the sequenced monovalent secretory pancreatic trypsin inhibitors. The sequence of the badger inhibitor is N-terminally extended by four amino acids in comparison to fox and dog inhibitors and extended by eight amino acids in comparison to lion and cat inhibitors. Furthermore, the badger inhibitor is C-terminally extended by two amino acids in comparison to the lion inhibitor and by three amino acids in comparison to all other sequenced inhibitors.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1981

Characterization of neuronal and vascular histamine receptors mediating the salivary and vasodilator responses to histamine of the dog submandibular gland.

The submandibular gland in situ was perfused with blood through the glandular artery at constant pressure in anesthetized dogs, and all drugs were administered intra-arterially. During infusion of metiamide, histamine and 2-(2-pyridyl)ethylamine (PEA) produced salivary and vasodilator responses consisting of an early and a late component. The dose-response curves for respective components of the salivary and vasodilator responses to PEA were parallel with the corresponding curves for histamine and in producing these responses PEA was about 40 times less potent than histamine on a molar basis. During infusion of mepyramine, histamine and dimaprit produced only the early vasodilator response. The dose-vasodilator response curves to histamine and dimaprit were parallel, and dimaprit was about 750 times less potent than histamine on a molar basis. The present results support the conclusion obtained in a previous study that neuronal histamine receptors mediating the whole salivary and the late vasodilator response are exclusively of the H1-type and vascular histamine receptors mediating the early vasodilator response consist of both H1-and H2-type although the former is predominant.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Interaction between thapsigargin and ATP4- in the regulation of the intracellular calcium in rat submandibular glands.

Rat submandibular glands were digested with crude collagenase, and the intracellular calcium concentration of the cellular suspension was measured using fura-2. In the absence of extracellular magnesium and calcium ([Ca2+]o), ATP had no effect; the response to ATP peaked at 1-2.5 mM [Ca2+]o and was inhibited at 5 mM. One millimolar (mM) extracellular ATP did not increase the leak of LDH or fura-2; 10 microM Coomassie brilliant blue G specifically inhibited the effect of ATP on [Ca2+]in. Depleting intracellular calcium pools with thapsigargin did not affect the response to ATP. Using a Ca(2+)-free/Ca2+ reintroduction protocol, it was shown that ATP and thapsigargin increase the uptake of extracellular calcium. The effect of the two agonists was synergistic. Removal of extracellular sodium inhibited the effect of carbachol on [Ca2+]in and the calcium uptake but potentiated the response to ATP. These results suggest that, after binding to purinergic receptors, extracellular ATP4- increases [Ca2+]in. ATP4- does not mobilize thapsigargin-sensitive intracellular calcium pools (among which is the IP3-sensitive calcium pool) but stimulates the uptake of extracellular calcium by a mechanism inhibited by extracellular sodium, probably by opening a nonselective cation channel.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗
PubMed1975

Short term culture of dissociated rat submandibular gland cells.

Submandibular glands of 4-week-old rats were dissociated by a procedure involving digestions with collagenase and hyaluronidase, chelation with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, and mechanical force. The isolated cells were purified by centrifugation in a Ficoli solution and were maintained in culture for 36 hours. On the basis of trypan blue exclusions, about 70 per cent of the dissociated cells were viable. Electron microscopic observations indicated that the isolated acinar cells and intercalated and striated duct cells retained their essential in situ ultrastructural characteristics. During a 36-hour culture period the number of viable cells declined to about 40 per cent, and the various cell types formed mixed aggregates. The ultrastructural features of the intercalated and duct cells changed relatively little, but the acinar cells revealed several structural alterations. These included a decrease in the number of the secretory granules, fusions of the secretory granules, and an increase in the rough surfaced endoplasmic reticulum. In general, the polarity of acinar cells became less distinct. The endogenous peroxidase activity in the acinar cells gradually diminished during the culture. Isoproterenol when added to the cultured cells failed to stimulate the incorporation of radioactive thymidine or the discharge of the secretory material from the acinar cells.

Animals↗