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PubMed1982

Adenoid cystic carcinoma of the submaxillary gland.

A review of submaxillary gland neoplasms over a 21 year period revealed 15 malignancies and 7 benign tumors. All of the malignancies occurred in females, and 11 of these were adenoid cystic carcinoma. Two of the 11 were found to have infiltrating ductal carcinoma of the breast (1 pre and 1 postdiagnosis of the submaxillary carcinoma) and 3 had benign breast disease. While previous reports have suggested an association of parotid gland neoplasia and breast cancer, this is the first known report of an association between adenoid cystic carcinoma of the submaxillary gland and cancer of the breast. The discussion of adenoid cystic carcinoma of the submaxillary gland emphasizes the increased frequency of this disease in females, its association with breast disease, and also experimental submaxillary gland neoplasia.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Purification of kallikrein from cat submaxillary gland.

Cat submaxillary kallikrein was purified from the water extract of the gland by 50-75% acetone fractionation, DEAE-Sephadex A-50 chromatography, Sephadex G-75 gel filtration and Ampholine isoelectric focusing. The final preparation gave the activities of 1260 KU/mg in vasodilator assay, 24.5 and 11.6 units/mg on BAEE and TAME esterolytic assay, respectively. Trasylol gave only weak inhibitory effect on this kallikrein. The isoelectric points of the kallikrein were in the range pH 4.2-5.0, and this kallikrein seemed to consist of several multiple forms with different pI values, like some other glandular kallikreins. It gave a single protein band in disc electrophoresis, while it migrated in retard and formed a broad one. This may be ascribable to the rich carbohydrate content in the kallikrein.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

T-kinin release from T-kininogen by rat-submaxillary-gland endopeptidase K.

Submaxillary gland extracts have been fractionated to characterize the enzyme responsible for the T-kininogenase activity previously reported in this tissue [Damas, J. & Adam, A. (1985) Mol. Physiol 8, 307-316] and to know whether this activity could be of physiological relevance, since no enzyme reacting in catalytic amounts has been described so far to be able to release a vasoactive peptide from T-kininogen. The purified enzyme, provisionally called endopeptidase K, has an apparent Mr of 27,000 when not reduced prior to analysis but 21,000 after reduction and an acidic pI of 4.3 +/- 0.1. Antigenically, it is not related to tissue kallikrein. Upon incubation with purified T-kininogen it may induce a complete liberation of T-kinin from the precursor provided it is added in stoichiometric amounts. However, in parallel with the liberation of immunoreactive kinin, a proteolysis of T-kininogen is observed which is not restricted to the site of insertion of T-kinin as would be expected using a specific kininogenase. In agreement with these results, no change of the mean blood pressure was observed upon injection of endopeptidase K into the circulation of normal rats even if the amount of injected enzyme was up to ten times that required for tissue kallikrein to induce a significant fall in blood pressure. However, in spite of the large proteolysis induced by incubation with stoichiometric amounts of endopeptidase K, the total papain inhibiting capacity of T-kininogen as well as the value of the apparent inhibition constant, Ki, with this proteinase remained unchanged. Proteolytic fragments which retain cysteine-proteinase-inhibiting activity may therefore be released from T-kininogen by endopeptidase K more easily than immunoreactive kinin, thus emphasizing a prominent function of proteinase inhibitor or of proteinase inhibitor precursor for this molecule.

Amino Acids↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Submaxillary gland mucocele: presentation of a case.

The term mucocele is referred to two concepts: the extravasation cysts resulting from salivary glandular duct rupture, with mucin leakage into the surrounding peri-glandular soft tissue, and the retention cysts, caused by a glandular duct obstruction and resulting in a decrease or even an absence of glandular secretion. Mucocele can not be considered as a true cyst because its wall lacks an epithelial lining. These lesions are very common in the minor salivary glands (particularly in the labial glands), but are very infrequent in the major salivary glands--including the submaxillary glands. The present study describes a clinical case of a right submaxillary gland mucocele resolved by surgical treatment and reviews the differential diagnosis with other clinical entities.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Role of thyroid gland on the peroxidase and iodinating enzymes of submaxillary gland.

The peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.7) and iodinase (EC 1.11.1.8) activities of rat submaxillary gland were found to be increased after thyroidectomy. The enzyme activities were maximal on the seventh day after operation and then decreased slightly. However, the enzyme activities were still more than 100% even 28 days following operation. Administration of thyroxine (10mug/100 g body weight) prevented the increase. Puromycin, cycloheximide, and actinomycin D, the inhibitors of protein synthesis, as well as thiouracil partially abolished the increase of activities. These results suggest that thyroxine acts as a regulator of the iodinase and peroxidase enzyme(s) of submaxillary gland,

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Effect in vivo of beta-adrenergic stimulation, angiotensin II, dibutyryl cyclic AMP, and theophylline on tonin concentration in rat saliva and submaxillary gland.

Tonin (an enzyme present in rat submaxillary gland and saliva) has previously been shown to be able, unlike renin and reninlike substances, to release angiotensin II either directly by acting on an appropriate substrate or from angiotensin I. The administration of a beta-adrenergic drug, isoproterenol, produces a rise of tonin concentration in saliva without affecting its concentration in the submaxillary gland. Prior administration of a beta blocker, propranolol, partially prevents this effect. The administration of theophylline increases the tonin concentration in both saliva and the submaxillary gland, whereas dibutyryl cyclic AMP increases tonin concentration in the former. These results suggest that beta-adrenergic stimulation enhances both tonin release into the saliva and tonin synthesis in the submaxillary gland, and that these effects might be mediated by cyclic AMP. Infusion of angiotensin II blocked the stimulatory effect of isoproterenol on salivary tonin. 1Sar-8Ile-angiotensin II is both a weak antagonist of angiotensin II in this respect and a strong agonist in terms of blocking the effect of isoproterenol another role mirrored in other physiological mechanisms of derivatives of angiotensin II.

Angiotensin II↗
PubMed1982

Genetic regulation of thermostability of mouse submaxillary gland renin.

Renin activity in the mouse submaxillary gland is under complex hormonal and genetic control. Basal and induced renin levels are regulated by Rnr, a gene located on Chromosome 1. Mice homozygous for Rnrs or Rnrb alleles have high or low levels of submaxillary gland renin, respectively. We have utilized inbred strain-specific differences in renin stability at 60 degrees C to determine the relationship between Rnr and the renin structural gene. Renin from 13 strains carrying the Rnrb allele is more stable (mean t1/2 = 13.6 +/- S.E. 0.9 min) than that from 24 strains carrying the Rnrs allele (mean t1/2 = 2.1 +/- 24 strains carrying the Rnrs allele (mean t1/2 = 2.1 +/- S.E. 0.04 min). Thermostability was not affected by purification or dilution of the enzyme, or by mixing labile and stable renin prior to heating. Fifty-five informative recombinant inbred mouse strains were also examined, and inactivation of renin at 60 degrees C in each instance resembled one or the other progenitor strain. Furthermore, when the Rnrs alleles is transferred to the genetic background of an Rnrb type strain, renin activity from the congenic inbred strain is both high and thermolabile. Thus, there is complete concordance between thermolability and Rnrs. Alloantibody elicited by submaxillary gland renin from an Rnrs/Rnrs strain blocks the activity of Rnrs but not Rnrb type renin. These results indicate close linkage or identity between a gene that regulates renin activity in the mouse submaxillary gland and a gene that influences the structure of the renin molecule. Such a relationship is compatible with several models for the genetic control of renin activity in this tissue.

Alleles↗
PubMed1976

The glycosphingolipids of rat sublingual and submaxillary glands.

1. Glycosphingolipids have been isolated from rat sublingual and submaxillary glands by the procedure involving lipid extraction, column fractionation and thin-layer chromatography. 2. The major neutral glycosphingolipids in rat sublingual and submaxillary glands were monohexosylceramide, dihexosylceramide, tetrahexosylceramide and pentahexosylceramide. Both types of glands exhibited a low content of trihexosylceramide. The fucose-containing glycosphingolipids were not found. 3. The acidic glycosphingolipids in rat sublingual and submaxillary glands were composed of monohexose sulfatide, dihexose sulfatide and monosialo-and disialogangliosides of hematoside series. In addition, small quantities of gangliosides containing hexosamines were also present. 4. The distribution of acidic and neutral glycosphingolipids was similar in the sublingual and submaxillary glands, except for the tetrahexosylceramide and sultatides. Sublingual glands contained 1.5 and 3.0 times as much tetrahexosylceramide and sulfatides, respectively, as did submaxillary glands. 5. The glycosphingolipids of submaxillary and sublingual glands showed large similarity in fatty acid composition. The fatty acid composition of gangliosides resembled each other, but differed remarkably from those of sulfatides and neutral glycosphingolipids in the docosanoate content.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

[Tumors of the submaxillary gland].

The tumors of the submaxillary gland are rare. The authors are reviewing 23 cases gathered from three Departments over ten years. The tumors of the submaxillary gland are malignant in as many as 50% of all cases! When the lesion is benign, pleiomorphic adenoma is the most frequent possibility. The authors emphasize the necessity of early and complete surgical treatment, requiring at least total submaxillectomy in case of benign tumor. Cervical mode dissection will be considered if the tumor is malignant.

Adenoma, Pleomorphic↗
PubMed1975

Regulation of protein secretion and metabolism in rat salivary glands. Effects of norepinephrine and carbachol on the glycogenolysis in submaxillary glands.

Carbachol and norepinephrine induce glycogen breakdown in rat submaxillary glands incubated in vitro. These effects are suppressed by specific inhibitors of cholinergic receptors (atropine, a muscarinic blocker) and of adrenergic receptors (propranolol, a beta-blocker and phentolamine, an alpha-blocker). The beta-adrenergic effect seems to be mediated through the adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate system, whereas the alpha-adrenergic and cholinergic effects are dependent of Ca2+ influx into cell. In the two latter systems, it is suggested that a direct activation of phosphorylase b kinase by calcium takes place. These data clearly indicate that glycogenolysis in rat submaxillary glands in vitro can be independently affected by sympathetic and parasympathetic agents via specific receptors.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Identification of insulin binding sites in isolated cells from rat submaxillary gland.

Isolated cells from rat submaxillary gland bound 125I-labelled insulin in a time-dependent process that reached a maximum at 30-40 min at 25 degrees C. The radioactivity bound to cells could be dissociated by dilution of the binding site-hormone complex with the incubation buffer. The presence of unlabelled insulin in the incubation buffer inhibited 125I-labelled insulin degradation according to the amount of hormone added. After 10 min of incubation at at 25 degrees C, radioactivity associated to cells was almost exclusively identified as intact 125I-labelled insulin. With increasing times, a greater contribution of final products of degradation in total radioactivity bound to cells was observed; nevertheless, in the presence of unlabelled insulin the radioactivity associated to low molecular weight products markedly decreased. Equilibrium binding data analysis gave rise to a non-linear Scatchard plot, whose high affinity component showed a dissociation constant of 6.6 +/- 0.4 nM. These observations are consistent with the presence of insulin binding sites in rat submaxillary gland cells which are similar in their characteristics to those identified in other tissues.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Differences between the alpha 2-adrenoceptor in rat submaxillary gland and the alpha 2A-and alpha 2B-adrenoceptor subtypes.

1. The alpha 2-adrenoceptors of rat submaxillary gland, labelled with [3H]-rauwolscine, were characterized by use of a range of subtype selective ligands and were compared to rabbit spleen alpha 2A-adrenoceptors and rat kidney alpha 2B-adrenoceptors. 2. In rat submaxillary gland, [3H]-rauwolscine labelled an apparently homogeneous population of binding sites with relatively low affinity (Kd = 11.65 nM) compared to the affinity in rat kidney (Kd = 2.18 nM) and rabbit spleen (Kd = 4.64 nM). 3. In competition studies using 16 ligands the alpha 2-adrenoceptors in rat submaxillary gland appeared to differ from both the alpha 2A-adrenoceptor of rabbit spleen (r = 0.62) and also the alpha 2B-adrenoceptor of rat kidney (r = 0.28). 4. The affinity data obtained with benoxathian, imiloxan and WB 4101 indicated the presence of an alpha 2B-adrenoceptor in rat submaxillary gland. However, data for chlorpromaxine, oxymetazoline, spiroxatrine and xylometazoline indicated that submaxillary gland alpha 2-adrenoceptors were of the alpha 2A subtype. The affinity estimate for prazosin in rat submaxillary gland was intermediate between its affinity at the alpha 2A- and alpha 2B-adrenoceptors while affinity estimates for idazoxan and phentolamine in rat submaxillary gland were greater than those obtained at either the alpha 2A- or alpha 2B-adrenoceptor. 5. These data indicate that rat submaxillary gland alpha 2-adrenoceptors differ from the alpha 2A- and alpha 2B-adrenoceptors found in rabbit spleen and rat kidney, respectively.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Substance P in the superior cervical ganglion and the submaxillary gland of the rat.

Substance P has been detected in the superior cervical ganglion and submaxillary gland of the rat by radioimmunoassay. Decentralization, section of the carotid sinus nerve, or deefferentation does not affect the level of substance P in the rat superior cervical ganglion. Superior cervical ganglionectomy does not affect the amount of substance P in the submaxillary gland; however, section of the chorda tympani or duct ligation significantly reduces substance P in the submaxillary gland. It is concluded that substance P in the superior cervical ganglion is not located in the preganglionic sympathetic neurons, afferents from the glossopharyngeal nerve or post-ganglionic neurons projecting to the submaxillary gland or carotid body. Substance P does not appear to be associated with sympathetic innervation of the submaxillary gland, but it is anatomically and functionally related to the chorda tympani and possibly involved in the parasympathetic innervation of the gland. Substance P may also be present in gland cells of the submaxillary gland.

Animals↗