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PubMed2003

Photosynthetic responses of the tropical spiny shrub Lycium nodosum (Solanaceae) to drought, soil salinity and saline spray.

Water relations and photosynthetic characteristics of plants of Lycium nodosum grown under increasing water deficit (WD), saline spray (SS) or saline irrigation (SI) were studied. Plants of this perennial, deciduous shrub growing in the coastal thorn scrubs of Venezuela show succulent leaves which persist for approx. 1 month after the beginning of the dry season; leaf succulence is higher in populations closer to the sea. These observations suggested that L. nodosum is tolerant both to WD and salinity. In the glasshouse, WD caused a marked decrease in the xylem water potential (psi), leaf osmotic potential (psi(s)) and relative water content (RWC) after 21 d; additionally, photosynthetic rate (A), carboxylation efficiency (CE) and stomatal conductance (gs) decreased by more than 90 %. In contrast, in plants treated for 21 d with a foliar spray with 35 per thousand NaCl or irrigation with a 10 % NaCl solution, psi and RWC remained nearly constant, while psi(s) decreased by 30 %, and A, CE and gs decreased by more than 80 %. An osmotic adjustment of 0.60 (SS) and 0.94 MPa (SI) was measured. Relative stomatal and mesophyll limitations to A increased with both WD and SS, but were not determined for SI-treated plants. No evidence of chronic photoinhibition due to any treatment was observed, since maximum quantum yield of PSII, Fv/Fm, did not change with either drought in the field or water or salinity stress in the glasshouse. Nevertheless, WD and SI treatments caused a decrease in the photochemical (qP) and an increase in the non-photochemical (qN) quenching coefficients relative to controls; qN was unaffected by the SS treatment. The occurrence of co-limitation of A by stomatal and non-stomatal factors in plants of L. nodosum may be associated with the extended leaf duration under water or saline stress. Additionally, osmotic adjustment may partly explain the relative maintenance of A and gs in the SS and SI treatments and the tolerance to salinity of plants of this species in coastal habitats.

Disasters↗

PubMed1995

Cold saline is more effective than room temperature saline in inducing paresthesia during axillary block.

Confirmation of the perivascular position of the needle by the injection of cold saline may be helpful to the perivascular technique, since the elicitation of a paresthesia indicates the correct positioning of the needle. In this prospective, randomized study of 48 patients, we found a 100% incidence of successful block with saline at 8-11 degrees C compared to 75% in a control group with saline at room temperature. The paresthesia induced by cold saline appears to be due to thermic stimulation and not to mechanical nerve compression by the saline entering the axillary space. A more frequent rate of correct positioning of the needle was found in the group with cold saline.

Axilla↗

PubMed2006

Effect of baseline serum albumin concentration on outcome of resuscitation with albumin or saline in patients in intensive care units: analysis of data from the saline versus albumin fluid evaluation (SAFE) study.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether outcomes of resuscitation with albumin or saline in the intensive care unit depend on patients' baseline serum albumin concentration. DESIGN: Analysis of data from a double blind, randomised controlled trial. SETTING: Intensive care units of 16 hospitals in Australia and New Zealand. PARTICIPANTS: 6045 participants in the saline versus albumin fluid evaluation (SAFE) study. INTERVENTIONS: Fluid resuscitation with 4% albumin or saline in patients with a baseline serum albumin concentration of 25 g/l or less or more than 25 g/l. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Primary outcome was all cause mortality at 28 days. Secondary outcomes were length of stay in the intensive care unit, length of stay in hospital, duration of renal replacement therapy, and duration of mechanical ventilation. MAIN RESULTS: The odds ratios for death for albumin compared with saline for patients with a baseline serum albumin concentration of 25 g/l or less and more than 25 g/l were 0.87 and 1.09, respectively (ratio of odds ratios 0.80, 95% confidence interval 0.63 to 1.02); P=0.08 for heterogeneity. No significant interaction was found between baseline serum albumin concentration as a continuous variable and the effect of albumin and saline on mortality. No consistent interaction was found between baseline serum albumin concentration and treatment effects on length of stay in the intensive care unit, length of hospital stay, duration of renal replacement therapy, or duration of mechanical ventilation. CONCLUSION: The outcomes of resuscitation with albumin and saline are similar irrespective of patients' baseline serum albumin concentration. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ISRCTN76588266.

Albumins↗

PubMed1992

Comparative study of midtrimester termination of pregnancy using hypertonic saline, ethacridine lactate, prostaglandin analogue and iodine-saline.

The study consisted of terminations of 200 cases of second trimester pregnancies ranging from 14 weeks to 20 weeks. Out of these 200 cases, in 50 cases intra-amniotic instillation of 20% hypertonic saline (200 ml) was done after withdrawing 35-200 ml of amniotic fluid. Ethacridine lactate was instilled in 50 cases extra-amniotically. Prostaglandin F2 alpha was injected intramuscularly at regular intervals in 50 cases. Fifty cases of pregnancies were terminated with extra-amniotic instillation of 5% povidone-iodine solution mixed with normal saline. Comparison was made among all the methods regarding instillation-abortion interval, completeness of abortion, failure of the procedure and postoperative complications. Solution of 5% povidone-iodine in normal saline was found to be comparable in all aspects to other methods and above all a much cheaper alternative for poor patients. Success rate was highest with iodine-saline solution (100%) followed by ethacridine lactate (98%), hypertonic saline (96%) and lowest with prostaglandin F2 alpha (90%).

Abortifacient Agents↗

PubMed2003

Resuscitation from hemorrhagic shock: experimental model comparing normal saline, dextran, and hypertonic saline solutions.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the effectiveness of normal saline, dextran, hypertonic, and hypertonic-hyperoncotic solutions in hemorrhagic shock. DESIGN: Laboratory investigation. SETTING: University hospital, Emergency Surgery and Intensive Care staff. SUBJECTS: Thirty-two large white female pigs. INTERVENTIONS: Routine care included: anesthesia and sedation (ketamine 10 mg/kg, droperidol 0.25 mg/kg, diazepam 0.7 mg/kg, fentanyl 0.006 mg/kg, 2% enflurane, 20% nitrous oxide, pancuronium bromide 0.13 mg/kg); volume-controlled ventilation (Paco(2) 35-40 torr; 4.7-5.4 kPa); cannulation of right carotid artery and pulmonary artery. Three flow probes (subdiaphragmatic aorta, superior mesenteric artery, right renal artery) and regional venous catheters (superior mesenteric vein, right renal vein) were positioned. Animals were bled to 45 mm Hg for 1 hr and resuscitated with four different fluids and blood to normal aortic blood flow and hemoglobin. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Mean arterial pressure and blood flow through abdominal aorta ([OV0312](aor)), mesenteric artery ([OV0312](mes)), and renal artery ([OV0312](ren)) were continuously monitored. Cardiac output, systemic and regional oxygen delivery ([U1E0A]o(2), [U1E0A]o(2mes), [U1E0A]o(2ren)), and consumption ([OV0312]o(2), [OV0312]o(2mes), [OV0312]o(2ren)) were recorded every 30 mins. Baseline [OV0312](aor) was restored with different amounts of fluids in the four groups: normal saline (91.35 +/- 22.18 mL/kg); dextran (16.24 +/- 4.42 mL/kg); hypertonic (13.70 +/- 1.44 mL/kg); and hypertonic-hyperoncotic (9.11 +/- 1.20 mL/kg). The amount of sodium load was less using dextran and hypertonic-hyperoncotic and sodium levels were only transiently increased after hypertonic infusion. Mean arterial pressure and cardiac output were normalized in all groups. Animals resuscitated with normal saline and dextran showed increased pulmonary artery pressures. [U1E0A]o(2) was significantly higher after hypertonic-hyperoncotic infusion, because of reduced hemodilution. Hypertonic and hypertonic-hyperoncotic normalized [OV0312](mes), [U1E0A]o(2mes), [OV0312]o(2mes), [OV0312](ren), and [U1E0A]o(2ren), whereas normal saline and dextran did not achieve this result. At the end of the experiment, hypertonic-hyperoncotic maintained mean arterial pressure, cardiac output, and [U1E0A]o(2) until the end of observation in contrast to normal saline, dextran, and hypertonic. CONCLUSIONS: Resuscitation with a small volume of hypertonic-hyperoncotic solution allows systemic and splanchnic hemodynamic and oxygen transport recovery, without an increase in pulmonary artery pressure. It only transiently increased sodium concentration.

Animals↗

PubMed1975

[Plasma aldosterone and plasma renin activity in patients with essential and renal hypertension under acute stimulation with saline depletion and acute suppression with saline infusion].

Plasma aldosterone, plasma renin activity, sodium and potassium in the plasma and the urine were determinated under acute stimulation with saline-depletion (furosemide) and under acute suppression with saline infusion in 40 patients with primary hypertension stage I, 19 patients with primary hypertension stages II and III, and 11 patients with renal hypertension (chronic glomerulonephritis and chronic pyelonephritis). The majority of the patients with primary hypertension stage I showed a good stimulation of the plasma aldosterone and the plasma renin activity under acute salt depletion. Three out of the 40 patients with primary hypertension stage I, and 13 of the 19 patients with primary hypertension stages II and III did not show any stimulation of the renin secretion ("low renin hypertension"). In all these patients the plasma aldosterone stimulation remained intact. With infusion of saline all the groups showed suppression of the plasma aldosterone and the plasma renin activity. A good stimulation of the plasma renin activity, demonstrates that in our experiments the renin-angiotensin system cannot be responsible for the increase in aldosterone secretion under salt depletion. Most likely the increase of the plasma aldosterone, in spite of the fixed renin activity, is stimulated by the sodium depletion due to diuretics. In all patients with primary hypertension we did not find an inadequate reaction of the aldosterone secretion under saline infusion. The patients with renal hypertension showed a minimal stimulation and suppression of the plasma renin activity. The plasma aldosterone secretion increased only slightly under sodium depletion and the decrease under saline infusion was statistically not significant. Thus we conclude that these patients show an inadequate reaction of the plasma aldosterone and renin secretion under salt infusion and depletion.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Osmo and ionic regulation of black tiger prawn (Penaeus monodon Fabricius 1798) juveniles exposed to K(+) deficient inland saline water at different salinities.

An 11-day trial was conducted to investigate the osmoregulatory capacity (OC) and regulation of K(+), Na(+), Ca(2+) and Mg(2+) of Penaeus monodon juveniles when exposed to K(+) deficient inland saline water (ISW) of four different salinities (5, 15, 25 and 35 ppt). The survival of juveniles showed a positive linear relationship (R(2) ranging from 0.72 to 0.98) with salinity. At the end of the trial, juveniles were able to survive only in 5 ppt of ISW and showed no changes in OC when transferred from ocean water (OW) to ISW. Further, the OC of juveniles in 5 ppt of ISW was significantly different (P<0.05) from the OC of juveniles exposed to 15, 25 and 35 ppt and exhibited strong serum K(+), Na(+), Ca(2+) and Mg(2+) regulation monitored over 16 h. In contrast, at 35 ppt, significant decrease (P<0.05) in serum K(+) and Mg(2+) concentrations and accumulation of serum Na(+) concentration occurred after 16 h of exposure to ISW. At higher salinity, an increase in serum Na(+) concentration leads to an increase in the serum osmolality of the juveniles, which in turn causes decrease in the OC of the juveniles. The results of this study suggest that K(+) deficiency in ISW has a negative effect on survival, OC and the ability of P. monodon juveniles to regulate serum Na(+), K(+), Ca(2+) and Mg(2+) concentrations. These effects are compounded as salinity increases.

Adaptation, Physiological↗

PubMed1967

Effects of hypotonic saline loading in hydrated dog: evidence for a saline-induced limit on distal tubular sodium transport.

We performed studies on dogs under hydrated conditions, utilizing the rate of free water formation (C(H2O)) as an index of the rate of distal tubular sodium transport. Since C(H2O) could be progressively increased with no evidence of a maximal rate during loading with hypotonic (2.5%) mannitol, it was concluded that there is no limit on distal tubular sodium transport during mannitol loading. In contrast, during hypotonic (0.45%) saline loading C(H2O) rose initially, but as urine flow (V) exceeded 25% of the filtered load C(H2O) attained maximal levels (up to 20% of the filtered load) and remained stable as V increased to 50% of the filtered load. It was concluded that saline loading progressively inhibits proximal sodium reabsorption. Initially, the distal tubule absorbes a large fraction of the proximal rejectate and sodium excretion rises slightly. Eventually, an alteration in distal sodium transport appears which culminates in a maximal rate or transport limit. This distal transport limit provoked by saline loading could not be characterized by a classical Tm as seen with glucose and does not seem to be consequent to high rates of flow through the distal tubule. Regardless of the precise nature of this limit, the major increment in sodium excretion develops during saline loading only after saline alters the capacity of the distal tubule to transport sodium.

Acetazolamide↗

PubMed2006

Copper toxicity across salinities from freshwater to seawater in the euryhaline fish Fundulus heteroclitus: is copper an ionoregulatory toxicant in high salinities?

Two waterborne Cu exposures were performed to investigate if Cu is an ionoregulatory toxicant at all salinities in the killifish, Fundulus heteroclitus. A 30-day flow through exposure in 0 (FW), 5, 11, 22, and 28 ppt (SW) and three [Cu]'s (nominal 0, 30, and 150 microg Cu L(-1)) revealed no apparent Cu induced mortality at the intermediate salinities and high mortality in FW and SW. Fish were sampled at 4, 12, and 30 days after the start of the exposure and both Na+/K+ adenosine triphosphatase (Na+/K+ ATPase) and carbonic anhydrase (CA) activity in the gill and intestine as well as whole body [Na+], and [Cl-] were measured. At the high [Cu] a reduction of whole body [Na+] after 4 days of exposure in FW was the only physiological parameter influenced. A second static 24h Cu exposure was performed in FW, 5, 13, and 29 ppt (SW) and two [Cu]'s (nominal 0 and 110 microg Cu L(-1)). In addition to the parameters listed above, ammonia flux was measured at all salinities and Na+ flux was measured in FW fish. Cu affected ionoregulation in FW where decreased Na+ uptake associated with inhibition of Na+/K+ ATPase led to decreased whole body [Na+] after 24h. The only affected parameter in SW was net ammonia excretion suggesting that Cu is not an ionoregulatory toxicant in SW at the concentrations employed. We propose that physiology rather than chemistry explain much of the variation in Cu toxicity seen across salinities.

Adenosine Triphosphatases↗

PubMed2005

Corrosion of dental aluminium bronze in neutral saline and saline lactic acid.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the corrosion behaviours of two aluminium bronze, dental casting alloys during a standard immersion test and for immersion in neutral saline. METHODS: Cast specimens of aluminium bronzes with 1.4 wt% Fe (G) and 4 wt% Fe (N) were subject to progressively longer periods (up to in total 7 days) immersed in 0.1 M saline, 0.1 M lactic acid solutions and examined by scanning electron microscopy with EDX analysis. Immersion in 0.1M neutral saline was for 7 days. RESULTS: In the acidic solution, exposed interdendritic volumes in alloy N corroded completely away in 7 days with dissolution of Ni-enriched precipitate species as well as the copper-rich matrix. Alloy G begins to corrode more slowly but by a similar mechanism. The number density of an Fe-enriched species is insufficient to maintain a continuous galvanic potential to the copper matrix, and dissolution becomes imperceptible. In neutral saline solution, galvanic action alone caused pit-etching, without the dissolution of either precipitate species. SIGNIFICANCE: The upper limit for the total dissolution of metallic ions in the standard immersion test can be set at 200 microg cm(-2). Aluminium bronze dental alloys can be expected to release both copper and nickel ions into an acidic oral environment.

Aluminum↗

PubMed2004

Evidence for 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene melanin in three halophilic black yeasts grown under saline and non-saline conditions.

The ascomycetous black yeasts Hortaea werneckii, Phaeotheca triangularis, and Trimmatostroma salinum are halophilic fungi that inhabit hypersaline water of solar salterns. They are characterized by slow, meristematic growth and very thick, darkly pigmented cell walls. The dark pigment, generally thought to be melanin, is consistently present in their cell walls when they grow under saline and non-saline conditions. We used the inhibitor tricyclazole to test the fungi in this study for the presence of 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene (DHN)-melanin biosynthesis, since fungal melanins reportedly are derived either from DHN, tyrosine via 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine, gamma-glutaminyl-3,4-dihydroxybenzene, or catechol. Tricyclazole-treated cultures of the fungi were reddish-brown in color and contained typical intermediates of the DHN-melanin pathway, as demonstrated by high-performance liquid chromatography. This investigation showed that the three fungi synthesized DHN-melanin under saline and non-saline growth conditions.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗

PubMed1987

Gene induction and repression by salt treatment in roots of the salinity-sensitive Chinese Spring wheat and the salinity-tolerant Chinese Spring x Elytrigia elongata amphiploid.

An artificial amphiploid from a cross between salinity-sensitive bread wheat cultivar Chinese Spring and highly tolerant Elytrigia elongata (Host) Nevski (= Agropyron elongatum Host) shows enhanced salinity tolerance relative to Chinese Spring. Poly(A)(+) RNA was isolated from roots, expanding leaves, and old leaves from amphiploid and Chinese Spring plants prior to and after acclimation to high levels of NaCl in solution cultures. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of the in vitro translation products was used to compare these mRNA populations. The amphiploid had 10 mRNA species induced or enhanced and 8 species repressed in root tissue during acclimation to saline growth conditions. These 18 transcripts affected by salt treatment were also detected in wheat roots, but only 4 of these were similarly regulated. In Chinese Spring the acclimation to saline stress resulted in a marked change in the level of expression of 34 transcripts in root tissue; of these, 26 were detected in the amphiploid and only 6 were regulated as in the amphiploid. No differences were seen in gene expression between salt-treated and control plants in leaves and meristematic crowns and unexpanded leaves of the amphiploid.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1991

Bacterial colonization of tunneled right atrial catheters in pediatric oncology: a comparison of sterile saline and bacteriostatic saline flush solutions.

In a double-blind, randomized controlled trial, children with malignant diseases had their tunneled right atrial catheters flushed with either sterile saline or bacteriostatic saline, once per week for 26 weeks. There was no significant difference in the rates of catheter colonization between the two groups, which did differ, however, in terms of the time from entry into the study to the first infective event (64 +/- 34 days vs. 146 +/- 27 days; p less than 0.001). This was strongly suggestive of a seasonal effect, as all of the colonizations in the bacteriostatic saline group were delayed until the summer months. We conclude that the use of a bacteriostatic saline flush solution for tunneled right atrial catheters is beneficial in efforts to prevent catheter colonization.

Bacterial Infections↗

PubMed2006

A comparison of 500 prefilled textured saline breast implants versus 500 standard textured saline breast implants: is there a difference in deflation rates?

BACKGROUND: This study provides the first large-volume (1000 implant) comparison of the deflation rates of Poly Implant Prosthesis prefilled textured saline breast implants versus a control group of Mentor Siltex textured saline implants. METHODS: A consecutive series of 500 Poly Implant Prosthesis prefilled textured saline breast implants was compared with a consecutive series of 500 Mentor Siltex breast implants. Each breast implant was evaluated for a 4-year period, and the annual deflation rate (number of deflations during a given year divided by the total number of implants) and cumulative deflation rate (cumulative total of deflations through a given year divided by the total number of implants) were recorded. Statistical significance was calculated using the Fisher's exact test at year 1 and the chi-square analysis at years 2 through 4. RESULTS: The cumulative deflation rates of the Poly Implant Prosthesis implants was as follows: year 1, 1.2 percent; year 2, 5.6 percent; year 3, 11.4 percent; and year 4, 15.4 percent. The cumulative deflation rates of the Mentor implants was: year 1, 0.2 percent; year 2, 0.6 percent; year 3, 1.6 percent; and year 4, 4.4 percent. At year 1, the difference between deflation rates was not statistically significant (Fisher's exact test, p > 0.05). However, at year 2 (chi-square, 13.29; p < 0.001), year 3 (chi-square, 37.91; p < 0.001), and year 4 (chi-square, 32.69; p < 0.001), the difference was statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: There was a statistically significant difference between the overall deflation rates of Poly Implant Prosthesis prefilled textured saline breast implants and Mentor Siltex breast implants at year 2, year 3, and year 4. After 4 years, the 15.56 percent cumulative deflation rate of Poly Implant Prosthesis implants was over 3.5 times higher than the 4.31 percent deflation rate of the Mentor Siltex implants. There may be several factors contributing to the higher deflation rate seen in Poly Implant Prosthesis implants, including possible in vitro deflation before implantation and silicone shell curing technique. Nevertheless, this statistically significant deflation difference must be taken into account when balancing the risks and benefits of Poly Implant Prosthesis breast implants.

Breast Implantation↗

PubMedDate not supplied

The management of lower-extremity ulcers with zinc-saline wet dressings versus normal saline wet dressings.

Zinc-saline wet dressings were compared to normal-saline wet dressings for the management of lower extremity ulcers in a pilot study of 28 elderly patients. Although both study groups were comparable at baseline, the data suggest that the use of zinc-saline wet dressings creates a wound environment that is associated with trends toward faster healing and enhanced rates of epithelialization, as well as significantly more efficient wound management than the normal-saline controls. These data are presented in light of the requirement for maintaining a moist, acidic environment within a wound in order to permit the best possible healing and remodeling.

Aged↗

PubMed2004

Response of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) to salinity in the early growth stages for agricultural cultivation in saline environments.

Salinity is a serious environmental problem. Growing of plants like tomato can be solution for coping with soil salinity. For this purpose, response of tomato to salinity has been tested in the early growth stages. Characteristics of germination (percentage and period; length and fresh-dry weight of radicle and hypcotyl) and seedling (length and fresh-dry weight of root, shoot and whole plant; leaf number and area based on Relative Growth Rate); Na+ and K+ content of leaf; K+/Na+ rate of leaf has been studied at the 0, 50, 100 and 150 mM NaCl levels. Thus, it determined that tomato can be indicator for agricultural cultivation at the salinity environments at the early growth stages.

Agriculture↗

PubMed2000

The comparison of hypertonic saline (7.5%) and normal saline (0.9%) for initial fluid administration before spinal anesthesia.

Hypertonic saline can be used for initial fluid administration before spinal anesthesia. It is effective in small-volume fluid resuscitation. This randomized double-blinded study compared the effects of 7.5% hypertonic saline (HS) and 0.9% normal saline (NS) in doses containing 2 mmol/kg of sodium in 40 ASA physical status I-II patients undergoing arthroscopy or other lower limb surgery under spinal anesthesia. We infused 1.6 mL/kg of HS or 13 mL/kg of NS for initial fluid administration before spinal anesthesia induced with a 10-mg dose of 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine. Etilefrine was administered to maintain mean arterial pressure at > or =80% of its control value. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, and cardiac index did not differ between the groups, and the amount of etilefrine administered was similar in the treatment groups. In all our patients, the plasma sodium concentrations were within the normal range after surgery and serum osmolality was within the normal range after spinal anesthesia. The time and the volume of the first micturition were similar in both groups, despite the much smaller amount of infused free water in the HS group. We conclude that 7.5% HS was as good as NS for the initial fluid administration before spinal anesthesia when the amount of sodium was kept unchanged.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1992

"Scoop and run" or stabilize hemorrhagic shock with normal saline or small-volume hypertonic saline?

The controversy over a policy of "scoop and run" or stabilizing hemorrhagic shock when evacuation time is short has not yet been settled. Small volumes of hypertonic saline have been suggested as effective therapy when the scoop-and-run policy is adopted. In the present study small-volume hypertonic saline treatment and normal saline treatment of "uncontrolled" hemorrhagic shock (UCHS) in rats were compared with no treatment, which best simulates the scoop-and-run policy. The rats were randomly assigned to three groups. Uncontrolled hemorrhagic shock was induced by 12% resection of the terminal portion of the rats' tails. In group I (n = 13) the animals were untreated. In group II (n = 6) UCHS was treated by administering 41.5 mL/kg 0.9% NaCl (NS). In group III (n = 6) UCHS was treated by administering 5 mL/kg 7.5% NaCl (HTS). Resection of the rats' tails in group I was followed by bleeding of 3.3 +/- 0.3 mL in 15 minutes with a fall in mean arterial pressure (MAP) from 100.9 +/- 7 to 63.5 +/- 5 mm Hg (p less than 0.001). The early bleeding and hemodynamic responses were similar in all three groups. Further blood loss in the first hour in group I was 0.5 +/- 0.2 mL, and MAP rose spontaneously to 73.2 +/- 6 mm Hg (p less than 0.05). The NS infusion in group II was followed by further bleeding of 4.1 +/- 0.9 mL (p less than 0.01) and a further fall in MAP to 53.8 +/- 7 mm Hg (p less than 0.01) after 60 minutes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗