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PubMed1983

Immunodiagnosis of Bancroftian filariasis by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay using Litomosoides carinii and Setaria cervi antigens.

An ELISA was developed using cross-reacting antigens of Litomosoides carinii and Setaria cervi to detect antibodies in filarial patients. The diagnostic potential of the test was investigated in 80 symptomatic cases of filariasis, 40 asymptomatic carriers and 50 normal subjects of an area around Lucknow endemic for Bancroftian filariasis. By the criteria laid down for ELISA positivity for filariasis, 86.2% of the symptomatic cases could be detected by this test. Only four of 40 asymptomatic carriers and one of 50 normal subjects gave a positive ELISA response. Purified antigenic fractions of S. cervi are also promising for detecting asymptomatic carriers.

Antibodies↗

PubMed1988

An egg surface antigen of Setaria digitata (filariae) shed on development to microfilariae.

Egg surface antigens of Setaria digitata were investigated by an immunoperoxidase staining technique. Certain antigens on the egg surface were shed when the eggs developed to microfilariae. Rabbit antisera to S. digitata eggs and to the soluble egg antigen reacted (as detected by immunoperoxidase staining) with the surface antigens of S. digitata eggs and immature microfilariae, and with mature microfilariae of Wuchereria bancrofti and Dirofilaria repens, but not with the surface antigens of mature microfilariae of S. digitata.

Animals↗

PubMed1989

Lactate dehydrogenase from adult Setaria digitata (Nematoda: Onchocercidae).

Lactate dehydrogenase of Setaria digitata exhibited an optimum pH of 7.0-8.0 and showed resistance to high temperature. The inhibition/activation of various anions differed in both the forward and backward directions. Filarin (a drug used in Siddha medicine) and diethylcarbamazine (DEC) inhibited pyruvate reduction rather than lactate oxidation. High pyruvate reduction:lactate oxidation at Vmax and Vmax/Km favoured pyruvate reduction in vivo. The enzyme exists as isozymes (four in the female and three in the male) and their separation depended on the percentage of gel and on pH. The mobility of the 700 X g supernatant fraction in the gel was less than that of the 10,000 X g supernatant.

Animals↗

PubMed1990

Mitochondrial NADH oxidase activity of Setaria cervi.

The bovine filarial parasite, Setaria cervi, has been found to contain NAD(P)H oxidase activity. The system was predominantly located in the mitochondrial membranes, with very little activity available in the soluble fraction of the organelle. The membrane preparation also exhibited the presence of a reduced pyridine nucleotide transhydrogenase which converted NADPH into NADH by transferring a hydride ion. The oxidase activity was inhibited by all the respiratory inhibitors examined, with the greatest sensitivity to rotenone, a site I-specific inhibitor. The system was also found to be susceptible to exposure to anthelmintics, amongst which levamisole proved the most effective.

Aerobiosis↗

PubMed1990

Some properties of beta-D-galactosidase from the adult filarial nematode Setaria digitata.

beta-D-galactosidase (beta-D-galactoside galactohydrolase, E.C. 3.2.1.23) activity was localised in the digestive tract of Setaria digitata. The enzyme extract shows maximum activity in the pH range between 3.5 and 5.0 and at 45 degrees C. The enzyme shows the Km value of 3.636 mM for the substrate 6-bromo-2-naphthyl beta-D-galactoside and Vmax of 28.57 nmol 6-bromo-2-naphthol liberated mg-1 protein min-1. Activation/inhibition of the enzyme by various ions, medicinal plants and drugs has been studied. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed that the enzyme exists as single form. The medicinal plants and the drug filarin effectively inhibit the enzyme. The significance of these results are discussed in relation to chemotherapy.

Animals↗

PubMed1990

Prevalence of microfilariae in cattle at slaughter in Zaria, Nigeria.

Skin snips and blood taken from 372 randomly selected slaughtered cattle in Zaria, Nigeria were examined for microfilariae. A total of 293 (78.8%) skin snips and 218 (58.6%) blood samples were positive for microfilariae. Two types of microfilariae, identified as Onchocerca armillata, with a percentage prevalence of 64%, and O. gutturosa with a prevalence of 40% were isolated from the skin. The blood microfilariae were identified as those of Setaria labiatopapillosa.

Animals↗

PubMed1992

Antioxidant system of Litomosoides carinii and Setaria cervi: effect of a macrofilaricidal agent.

Filarial parasites, Litomosoides carinii and Setaria cervi, showed great susceptibility to the oxidants generated in vitro by the xanthine/xanthine-oxidase system. In order to counteract such injurious effects, both the filariids possessed an active antioxidant enzymes system. Superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase were detected in appreciable amounts but glutathione reductase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in very low quantities. The former three enzymes were also found to be released by the parasites into the ambient medium. The released enzymes may be responsible for scavenging the host-generated oxidants present in the immediate surroundings of the parasites and thereby enabling them to live comfortably in the host. This Institute-based antifilarial agent namely Compound 82/437 which is 2,2'-dicarbomethoxylamino-5,5'-dibenzimidazolylketone, markedly inhibited catalase and glutathione peroxidase of both L. carinii and S. cervi. The compound, therefore, appears to render the filariids prone to H2O2 toxicity leading to penultimate damage.

Animals↗

PubMed1995

Prenatal infection with Setaria marshalli (Boulenger 1921) in cattle.

A full year's epidemiological study was conducted in Japan on prenatal infection with Setaria marshalli in cattle. A total of 65 bovine fetuses of abattoir origin, both male and female of 2-9 months of age, were examined postmortem. Results showed that S. marshalli adult worms were detected in the peritoneal cavity of six bovine fetuses of 7-9 months of age during the months of October-December, but not in fetuses of any age during the months of January-September. Infection was not detected in any fetuses under the age of 7 months at any given month of the year. This is the first observation to demonstrate prenatal S. marshalli infection in fetuses. Since S. marshalli has not been detected in cattle older than 2 years, it is speculated that prenatal infection is the common type, while postnatal infection is rather uncommon. Considering fetal age and the seasonal factor, a fetus of age 4-5 months would most frequently develop prenatal infection in the June-August period, when mosquitoes are active as vectors. It is concluded, therefore, that S. marshalli prenatal infection develops during the middle stage of fetal life in summer.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Setaria digitata secreted filarial lipids modulate IL-12 signaling through JAK-STAT pathway leading to the development of Th1 response.

Filariasis is a debilitating parasitic disease in many tropical countries. Despite the highly evolved immune system, the filarial parasites successfully evade host immunity to persist for a sustained period of time. Earlier studies have shown that the filarial parasites achieve this long-term survival through release of immunosuppressive materials in the host. In this study, we show that the secreted filarial lipids (SFL) isolated from Setaria digitata suppress Th1 immune response. While immunization with myelin antigen induces Th1 response in mice, in vitro treatment with SFL resulted in a dose-dependent decrease in myelin antigen-induced proliferation and secretion of IL-12 and IFNgamma. The SFL also inhibited IL-12-induced T cell proliferation and Th1 differentiation in vitro. The inhibition of T cell responses by SFL associates with the blockade of IL-12-induced activation of JAK-STAT signaling pathway in T cells. These findings suggest that the SFL modulates Th1 immune response by blocking IL-12 signaling in T cells and thus play a role in host immune evasion of filarial parasites.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Antifilarial activity of Azadirachta indica on cattle filarial parasite Setaria cervi.

Alcohol and aqueous extracts of flowers of Azadirachta indica were tested in vitro for their potential antifilarial activity against whole worm, nerve muscle (n.m.) preparation and microfilariae of Setaria cervi. The effects of alcohol and aqueous extracts were similar in nature on the spontaneous movements of whole worm and nerve muscle preparation. On the whole worm, the response was characterized by initial increase in tone, rate and amplitude of contractions followed by reversible paralysis. The initial stimulant effect is likely to be due to irritant effect on the cuticle. Nerve muscle preparation responded to both extracts by inhibition of spontaneous movements followed by reversible paralysis; initial stimulation phase was absent. The inhibition was concentration related. Alcohol and aqueous extracts had almost similar lethal effect on the microfilariae of S. cervi, the LC50 being 15 and 18 ng/ml, respectively.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Demonstration of vector competence of Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae) for Setaria digitata.

In Taiwan, Setaria digitata infection causes a lumber paralysis in increasing number of cattle. Culex quinquefasciatus is one of the predominant mosquitoes, and it has been suspected that C. quinquefasciatus acts as a vector to Setaria nematodes prevalence but this was not confirmed. C. quinquefasciatus, Aedes albopictus and A. aegypti of various strains were investigated using an artificial infection system to evaluate their vector competence. After blood feeding at day 14, the number of larvae (stage III) per infected mosquito in A. aegypti (Liverpool strain), A. aegypti (Kaohsiung strain), A. aegypti (Tungan strain), C. quinquefasciatus (Taichung strain) and A. albopictus (Taichung strain) was 1.3 +/- 0.1, 1.3 +/- 0.1, 1.4 +/- 0.1, 1.0 +/- 0.0 and 0 +/- 0.0 (mean +/- S.E.M), respectively. The vector efficiency index of A. aegypti (Liverpool) was the highest among mosquitoes whereas A. albopictus showed a complete refractoriness to the infection. In conclusion, C. quinquefasciatus demonstrates its potential competence for serving as a transmission vector of S. digitata. This mosquito might therefore be responsible, at least in part, for the prevalence of cattle lumbar paralysis in Taiwan. This is the first report of C. quinquefasciatu demonstrating its vector competence for S. digitata.

Aedes↗

PubMed1996

Development of a diagnostic DNA probe to detect Setaria digitata: the causative parasite of cerebrospinal nematodiasis in goats, sheep and horses.

Two repetitive sequences (IpSdM and IpSdS) have been cloned and sequenced from the genome of Setaria digitata. When IpSdM (214 bp) and IpSdS (201 bp) were aligned, a high degree of homology (85%) was observed, indicating that they belong to the same family of repeats. IpSdM represents a complete repeating element while IpSdS consists of two partial repeating elements arranged in tandem. The elements are present in about 10 000 copies comprising 2.8% of the S. digitata genome. As a diagnostic probe IpSdM detects as little as 100 pg DNA of both S. digitata and S. labiato-papillosa. It can also detect a single microfilaria and a L3 larva making it a valuable tool to monitor cattle and mosquito vector populations in the prevention of cerebrospinal nematodiasis.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

Mosquitoes as vectors of Setaria labiatopapillosa.

An infected bovine-baited trap was utilised in summer 1994 to catch possible intermediate hosts of S. labiatopapillosa in northeastern Italy. Collections were made for 21 nights from 8.00 p.m. to 6.00 a.m. every 2 h and, after 12 September, every 30 min. Among the 16,159 mosquitoes sampled, 11,052 were freshly blood-fed. Most of the unfed females and a representative sample of those which had fed were identified as follows: Culex pipiens, Aedes caspius, A. vexans, Culiseta annulata, Anopheles maculipennis s.l., A. claviger and Coquillettidia richiardii. In spite of having the highest relative density, C. pipiens is the species which fed the least frequently and showed lower susceptibility and efficiency. The 2 Aedes species appear to act as vectors, particularly A. caspius, which proved to be the most efficient vector (K.I. = 0.8). A. claviger and A. maculipennis contribute to S. labiatopapillosa transmission, but their scarce presence reduces their epidemiological relevance. The other species identified showed a complete refractoriness to the infection. The risks for veterinary and medical health are discussed.

Aedes↗

PubMed2003

Molecular assay for the identification of Setaria tundra.

We report the molecular characterization of the amplification products obtained by specific PCR experiments aimed to identify the 5S ribosomal spacer of Setaria tundra specimens isolated from roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) in north Italy, which represent the first record of the parasite in this country. Three different fragments of approximately 400, 800, and 1200 bp (base pairs) are produced. Sequence analyses showed that all three fragments share a very high level of similarity to 5S spacer sequences of some Setaria species and other filariae present in genebank. Based on these sequences, we were able to design species-specific PCR primers for the precise identification of S. tundra.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

A sensitive polymerase chain reaction based assay for the detection of Setaria digitata: the causative organism of cerebrospinal nematodiasis in goats, sheep and horses.

A sensitive PCR assay for the detection of Setaria digitata has been developed. Two oligonucleotide primers (17 nt) were designed from a previously cloned and characterized tandemly arranged repetitive sequence of Setaria digitata. Using these primers, it was possible to amplify small quantities (100 fg) of S. digitata genomic DNA. A simple procedure, using proteinase K and non-ionic detergent NP 40, was followed to process the host blood samples and mosquitoes harbouring L3 larvae. The sensitivity of the polymerase chain reaction based assay surpasses the microscopic detection and the previously reported oligonucleotide based chemiluminescent detection of microfilariae in infected host blood samples and L3 larvae in mosquitoes.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Patent infection with Setaria digitata in goats in Saudi Arabia.

A survey was carried out on Saudi sheep and goats during 1995, at the Veterinary Diagnostic laboratory, Jeddah, to study Setaria infection in small ruminants in Saudi Arabia. Setaria digitata worms were detected in the abdominal cavity of 5 out of 48 goats (10.4%). Sheep were not found to be infected. All infected goats were adults of 2-4 years of age and originating from the Jeddah, Mecca and Al-Leith areas. Four cases were recorded during January-March and one during August. No lesions due to S. digitata were found in the visceral organs and brains of the infected goats. This is the first record of patent infection with S. digitata in goats.

Abdomen↗

PubMed2003

Differentiation of Setaria digitata and Setaria labiatopapillosa using molecular markers.

5S rRNA intergenic regions of Setaria digitata and Setaria labiatopapillosa were PCR amplified with primers designed from the 5S rRNA gene of Brugia malayi. The ladder-like banding patterns obtained for the amplifications were distinctly different for the two species. Four amplified products were cloned into the pBS vector and completely sequenced. DNA clones from two individual samples of S. digitata, Sd4 and Sd6, showed 97% sequence homology to each other. All sequenced clones showed the presence of the spliced leader (SL) RNA gene with a 22 nucleotide spliced leader sequence. The phylogenetic tree constructed using these data and the 5S rRNA intergenic regions of several other filarial nematodes showed the Setaria species sharing a branch with Dirofilaria. RAPD-PCR analyses identified 107 bands of which 86 were polymorphic (80%). A dendrogram constructed for S. digitata and S. labiatopapillosa separated the two species into two distinct clusters. The polymorphic loci identified by the RAPD-PCR analyses can be studied further to develop species-specific probes/PCR primers for the identification of each species.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Setaria digitata infections in cattle: parasite load, microfilaraemia status and relationship to immune response.

A total of 110 cattle were examined in an area endemic for Bancroftian filariasis for the prevalence of infection of the bovine filarial parasite Setaria digitata. About 12.5% of cattle were found to harbour both adult worms in the peritoneum and microfilariae (mf) in circulation; 70% of the cattle were amicrofilaraemic but with an adult worm infection. A third group of cattle (16.5%) was free of detectable mf and adult worms. The presence of adult worms and/or mf did not influence the antibody levels to any of the four antigen preparations of S. digitata. However, there was a significant inverse relationship between the presence of antibodies to microfilarial sheaths and the absence of circulating mf as shown by the immunoperoxidase assay. Cattle immunoglobulin containing high titres of anti-sheath antibodies cleared circulating microfilariae very effectively in Mastomys coucha thus demonstrating the protective nature of anti-sheath antibodies in eliminating circulating microfilariae in vivo.

Animals↗