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At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1987

No dynamic effector responses to fast changes of core temperature at constant skin temperature.

Experiments in conscious goats were done to see whether heat production and respiratory evaporative heat loss show dynamic responses to changing core temperature at constant skin temperature. Core temperature was altered by external heat exchangers acting on blood temperature, while skin temperature was maintained constant by immersing the animals up to the neck in a rapidly circulating water bath. Core temperature was altered at various rates up to 0.9 degrees C/min. Step deviations of core temperature from control values were always followed by a positive time derivative of effector response, but never by a negative time derivative during sustained displacement of core temperature. Ramp experiments showed that the slopes at which heat production or heat loss rose with core temperature deviating from its control level grew smaller at higher rates of change of core temperature. It is concluded that neither heat production nor respiratory evaporative heat loss respond to the rate of change of core temperature. At constant skin temperature, thermoregulatory effector responses appear to be proportional to the degree to which core temperature deviates from its set level.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Equations for predicting diver regional skin temperatures as a function of mean skin temperature.

A series of linear algebraic equations have been derived from those of Kerslake (Flying Personnel Research Committee Memo 213, R.A.F. Institute of Aviation Medicine, 1964) for predicting the regional skin temperatures of a quasi-euthermic diver having pronounced vasoconstriction. The equations were developed by numerically analyzing twelve regional skin temperatures recorded from five resting subjects exposed to a hyperbaric chamber environment of 20 degrees C, 95% helium, and 5% oxygen pressurized to the equivalent of 200 msw (650 fsw). The independent variable of the basic correlation is an arbitrarily defined mean skin temperature; the empirical equations were developed for the purpose of assisting a designer in estimating regional supplementary heating requirements for a diver wearing a thermal protection garment of known composition. The developed equations were authenticated by comparing the predicted normalized regional temperature with the respective experimental normalized temperature obtained from several set of physiological data collected during the evaluation of the Naval Coastal System Center's diver thermal protecting garment (DTP). The results of these comparisons of nondimensionalized temperatures indicated that the derived correlations should accurately predict the skin temperature of the principal regions as a function of mean skin temperature with a normal error of no more than 15%.

Atmospheric Pressure↗
PubMed1996

Bilateral skin temperature, handedness, and the biofeedback control of skin temperature.

There are differences in physiological variables when they are recorded from the left and right side of the body simultaneously. In some cases, handedness has been found to have a significant relationship to bilateral differences. The present study examined the relationship between handedness and baseline heart rate and skin temperature, as well as bilateral differences in skin temperature during visual and auditory biofeedback. Subjects were 32 college females, 24 right-handed and 8 left-handed. Recordings of heart rate and skin temperature from both the dominant and the nondominant hand were made during baseline and during the 10-min experimental session while subjects attempted to warm their dominant hand. Both groups showed significantly increased skin temperature during the experimental session. No prominent bilateral differences in skin temperature were found. These results do not support bilateral differences as a generalizable construct.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Response latencies in the tail-flick test depend on tail skin temperature.

Tail skin temperatures and tail-flick latencies were simultaneously recorded in male Sprague-Dawley rats exposed to various ambient temperatures (22-30 degrees C). There was a positive correlation between tail skin temperature and ambient temperature and a negative correlation between tail-flick latency and ambient temperature. Importantly, a highly significant negative correlation was present between tail-flick latency and skin temperature, even at constant ambient temperature (22.1 or 23.3 degrees C). Thus, the results of tail-flick testing are highly affected by skin temperature and factors altering the skin temperature must be considered when tail-flick latencies are interpreted in terms of nociception.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Are infrared and thermistor thermometers interchangeable for measuring localized skin temperature?

Localized skin temperature must be measured by accurate and reliable thermometers to effectively evaluate treatment outcomes, monitor changes, and predict potential complications. This study compared localized skin temperature measurements with a contact thermistor thermometer used as a reference standard and a noncontact infrared (IR) skin thermometer to determine their interchangeability with calculated Bland-Altman limits of agreement. Fifty-five adults ages 50 to 89 participated in the study in which data were collected in a climate-controlled room over 3 measurement periods, 1 week apart. The thermistor and IR thermometers were interchangeable with a limit of agreement of +/- 1.5 degrees C. This limit of agreement is acceptable as a reference standard for IR thermometers to measure localized skin temperature in clinical settings.

Aged↗
PubMed1983

[Testing the effect of acupuncture in accident patients using skin temperature measurements].

Skin temperature was studied on a group of 54 patients suffering from accident traumas and 20 healthy probands during and after treatment. In all patients there was a very significant rise in skin temperature in the area of the lesion which persisted beyond the treatment period, and in some cases even increased. This effect was also observed to a lesser extent on the contralateral, untreated extremity. No change in skin temperature was observed in the healthy probands who were treated in the same manner. This leads to the conclusion that needle stimuli in the area of lesions have not only a local, hyperemic effect, but also demonstrate superregional actions; this is, however, dependent on the integrity of the organism.

Acupuncture Therapy↗
PubMed2002

Using skin temperature gradients or skin heat flux measurements to determine thresholds of vasoconstriction and vasodilatation.

Forearm-fingertip skin temperature differentials (T(sk-diff)) are used to indicate vasomotor tone, vasoconstriction defined as having occurred when T(sk-diff)> or =4 degrees C (Sessler et al. 1987, 1988a, b). This study was conducted to determine whether T(sk-diff) or finger pad heat flux (HF) can be used to predict when vasoconstriction and vasodilatation occur. Seven subjects (one female) sat in water at [mean (SD)] 40.7 (0.8) degrees C until their core temperature (T(c)) increased by 1 degrees C, ensuring vasodilatation. The water was then cooled [at a rate of 0.6 (0.1) degrees C x min(-1)] until T(c) fell to 0.5 degrees C below pretesting values, causing vasoconstriction. Subjects were then rewarmed in water [41.2 (1.0) degrees C]. Skin blood flow (SkBF) was measured using laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) on the left second finger pad [immersed in water at 10.4 (1.4) degrees C as part of another experiment], and infrared plethysmography on the third finger pad of both hands. T(sk-diff) and HF were measured on the right upper limb, which remained in air. When vasodilated, the subjects had a stable T(sk-diff) and HF. During cooling, rapid-onset vasoconstriction occurred coincidental with large gradient changes in HF and T(sk-diff) (inflection points). In two subjects the original vasoconstriction definition (T(sk-diff)> or =4 degrees C) was not attained, in the other five this was achieved 31-51 min after vasoconstriction. During rewarming, the T(sk-diff) and HF inflection points less accurately reflected the onset of vasodilatation, although with one exception they were within 5 min of the LDF changes. We conclude that T(sk-diff) and HF inflection points predict vasoconstriction accurately, and better than T(sk-diff)> or =4 degrees C.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Servo-control for maintaining abdominal skin temperature at 36C in low birth weight infants.

BACKGROUND: Randomized trials have shown that the neonatal mortality rate of low birth-weight babies can be reduced by keeping them warm. For low birth-weight babies nursed in incubators, warm conditions may be achieved either by heating the air to a desired temperature, or by servo-controlling the baby's body temperature at a desired set-point. OBJECTIVES: In low birth weight infants, to determine the effect on death and other important clinical outcomes of targeting body temperature rather than air temperature as the end-point of control of incubator heating. SEARCH STRATEGY: Standard search strategy of the Cochrane Neonatal Collaborative Review Group. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomized or quasi-randomized trials which test the effects of having the heat output of the incubator servo-controlled from body temperature compared with setting a constant incubator air temperature. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Trial methodologic quality was systematically assessed. Outcome measures included death, timing of death, cause of death, and other clinical outcomes. Categorical outcomes were analyzed using relative risk and risk difference. Meta-analysis assumed a fixed effect model. MAIN RESULTS: Compared to setting a constant incubator air temperature of 31.8C, servo-control of abdominal skin temperature at 36C reduces the neonatal death rate among low birth weight infants: relative risk 0.72 (95% CI 0.54, 0.97); risk difference -12.7% (95% CI -1.6, -23.9). This effect is even greater among VLBW infants. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: During at least the first week after birth, low birth weight babies should be provided with a carefully regulated thermal environment that is near the thermoneutral point. For LBW babies in incubators, this can be achieved by adjusting incubator temperature to maintain an anterior abdominal skin temperature of at least 36C, using either servo-control or frequent manual adjustment of incubator air temperature.

Body Temperature Regulation↗
PubMed1993

Influence of air flow on skin temperature.

The skin temperature is fundamental to heat exchange between the human body and the environment. The convective and evaporative heat exchanges depend on the temperature gradient and the extent of air flow over the skin surface. An attempt was made to study the topographical differences in skin temperature (Tsk) under varied levels of air flow and to examine the possible body temperature regulatory mechanism. Five volunteers were examined in a climatic chamber at 30 and 36 degrees C DB at 55-60% RH (ambient vapour pressure of 2.58 and 3.53 kPa and air flow of 0.6, 1.4, 1.9, 2.1 m/s). The deep body temperature (Tc) and local Tsk were recorded at 5-min intervals during 10 min pre-exposure, 30 min exposure to heat and 15 min recovery period after air flow was withdrawn. The time taken to attain at the lowest Tsk in different air speeds varied from 30 to 45 min. The highest drop in Tsk (2.4 degrees C) was recorded for forehead at 30 degrees C DB and significant skin cooling was achieved at an air flow of 0.6 m/s for most body regions. The overall drop in local Tsk was more greater at a higher ambient temperature (36 degrees C) and the changes were significantly different (p < 0.05) to those recorded at the preexposure level. There was a consistent drop in Tsk with time, while no definite pattern of drop was noted with the magnitude of air flow. The Tc increased significantly with the continued air flow and following withdrawal of air flow the Tc tended to drop, suggesting heat gain by the body with a consequent increase in Tc.

Adult↗