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At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources

PubMed1978

Spatially rearranged vision and REM sleep: a lack of effect.

An observation first made in our laboratory was responsible for focusing our attention upon an apparent increase in REM sleep in relation to altered visual experiences during the day. This finding was consistent with certain information-processing theories of REM sleep function and seemed to offer experimental support for them. Therefore, we proceeded to conduct a series of closely related experiments, designed to investigate further the possible REM-augmenting effects of spatially rearranged vision. Although our first two experiments seemed to support the original observation, subsequent, more carefully designed experiments, did not. The combined results from all of our experiments forced us to conclude that there is no consistent effect of distorted daytime vision on the amount or percentage of REM sleep. REM latency, or the number of rapid eye movements during REM periods. We suggest that future research on the topic employ experiments specifically designed to explore relationships between personality variables and a subject's REM sleep response to altered sensory input.

Adult↗

PubMed1975

Rapid eye movement (rem) sleep deprivation: effect on acid mucopolysaccharides in rat brain.

The effect of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep deprivation on the total content and proportion of different mucopolysaccharides (AMPS) containing uronic acid in rat brain was studied. REM sleep deprivation was induced by the water tank methods. Five experimental groups of animals were used: control, stressed, REM sleep deprived, post-stress sleeping and post-deprivation sleeping rats. No changes of AMPS were observed in any of the experimental groups when the whole brain was analysed. A significant increase of AMPS was found in the cerebral hemispheres of stressed and REM deprived rats. A significant decrease of AMPS was observed in the cerebellum and brain stem. A further increase of AMPS was found in the cerebral hemispheres after the rebound of REM sleep following its deprivation, and after the recovery sleep following the stress. A significant increase of AMPS was found in the brain stem of rats allowed to recuperate after REM deprivation or stress as compared with the stressed and REM deprived animals. Recovery sleep induced a significant increase of AMPS in the cerebellum in previously stressed rats, while previously REM deprived rats exhibited a further decrease of AMPS from control values. The possible functional meaning of these results is discussed in relation to the role of REM sleep in protein synthesis and learning and memory processes. Intriguing, well-controlled positive findings and the fact that no experimental design is known where stress is minimal while REM deprivation is 100 per cent, justify and encourage continued efforts in studying the biochemical state of the brain during sleep and/or its alterations.

Adrenal Glands↗

PubMed1975

Time trends and periodic cycles in REM sleep eye movements.

Eye movements during REM sleep episodes were tabulated in 16 young adults. REM episodes were then broken down into four ranges according to length in min: (1) 11.0-21.3; (2) 21.7-29.7; (3) 30.0-42.3; (4) 42.7 or longer. These data were then analyzed for linear and quadratic trends. Eight episodes had a significant linear trend, 10 had a significant quadratic trend, 7 had both linear and quadratic trends, while 12 had no trend. The residuals from the best-fitting polynomial curve were then subject to a spectral analysis. In addition, 2 long periods of pre-sleep wakefulness (approximately 2 h each) were also analyzed. In general, the spectral analysis revealed the dominant presence of a slow cycle (period of 10 min to about 30 min) the exact period of which varied according to the length of the REM episode. A binomial probability test indicated that the presence of slow cycles was significant in REM episodes except for those in the 21-30 min range. For the episodes of wakefulness, a dominant slow cycle was found in both cases. The results give the impression of similarity in the periodic organization of eye movements during REM sleep and waking. The data also indicated that an ultradian (70-150 min) cycle was present in eye movements during sleep and waking. Further, the finding of a decrease in eye movements before sleep onset, coupled with previous reports of an increase in eye movement after sleep onset, indicate the presence of a circadian cycle.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1975

Individual differences in compensatory rebound of REM sleep, with particular reference to their relationship to personality and behavioral characteristics.

In subjecting 14 healthy university students to partial differential rapid eye movement (REM) sleep deprivation (PDRD), the compensatory rebound of REM sleep during the next night was determined, and showed fairly substantial individual differences in the increased percentage of REM sleep time. This rate was approximately the same for the same individual for two sleep recordings. These individual differences had no positive correlation with the decreased rate of REM time in the PDRD nights or with the percentage of REM time in the baseline night. Therefore, the individual differences in the increased percentage of REM time can be presumed to reflect individual differences in need for deprived REM sleep. Next, we looked into the relationship between the individual subject's personality and behavior characteristics, and his increased percentage of REM time. This revealed that the individuals who were extrovertive, active, optimistic, showy, and who had many friends had significantly higher increases in the percentage of REM time than the individuals who were introvertive, neurotic, inactive, nervous, modest, and who had few friends. Also discussed was the neurophysiological and biochemical basis of the central nervous system as the background for the relationship between the personality and behavioral characteristics and the increased percentage of REM sleep time.

Adult↗

PubMed1976

Potentiation of ketamine effects on the spiking activity in the lateral geniculate nucleus by rapid eye movement (REM) sleep deprivation.

In cats prepared for chronic recording of sleep, an investigation was made on the effects of an anaesthetic agent, ketamine [cl-581, 2-(O-chlorophenyl)-2-methylaminocyclohexamine HCl] and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep deprivation on spiking activity recorded from lateral geniculate (LGN) nucleus. In normal cats most of the LGN spikes occurring during sleep are found in REM sleep. Follwoing injection of 10 mg/kg of ketamine a substantial increase of slow wave sleep (SWS) spikes occurred. While selective REM sleep deprivation had the same effects, combined influences of ketamine and REM-sleep deprivation led to a marked potentiation of their individual effects probably by simultaneous stimulation of the neurone system which determines the endogenous electrical activity of LGN cells.

Action Potentials↗

PubMed1976

REM sleep induction by physostigmine infusion during sleep.

Physostigmine (an anticholinesterase agent that increases acetylcholine at the synapse), in a dose of 0.5 milligram, was given intravenously to seven normal human volunteers. When injected during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, physostigmine woke the subjects, and when injected during non-REM sleep, it induced REM sleep. This result suggests that cholinergic mechanisms play a role in the induction of REM sleep and in modulating cortical arousal mechanisms.

Acetylcholine↗

PubMed1992

Continuous focal spikes during REM sleep in a case of acquired aphasia (Landau-Kleffner syndrome).

We report a girl 3 years and 6 months old with onset of aphasia at age 3 years and 3 months. There was no evidence of brain damage and there were no seizures. The neuropsychological evaluation showed that the girl tended to be right-handed, that aphasia was global and that other higher cortical functions seemed to be preserved. Isolated spikes and spikes-and-wave were recorded during wake over the right temporal region with rare independent contralateral abnormalities. During polysomnography (PSG), the physiological patterns of sleep were preserved and right temporal epileptiform discharges were significantly increased in all sleep stages. Maximal activation was obtained at sleep onset and during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep periods, when focal abnormalities became continuous and spread contralaterally. Repeat PSGs showed that the activation profile retained this particular trait, although subclinical discharges tended to increase during slow wave sleep (SWS). This pattern of subclinical temporal status epilepticus during REM sleep differs from the characteristic activation profile found in the syndrome of continuous spikes-and-waves during SWS. However, this profile was transient and all epileptiform changes disappeared during clinical recovery at 18 months of follow-up.

Anticonvulsants↗

PubMed1979

Individual variations in the effects of flurazepam, clorazepate, L-dopa and thyrotropin-releasing hormone on REM sleep in man.

The comporative effects of flurazepam, clorazepate, L-dopa, and thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) on REM sleep were investigated in normal, healthy adults. A single dose of each drug was given orally to the subjects 30 min before bedtime. A dose of 30 mg flurazepam significantly decreased REM sleep-time when compared to the mean baseline record. No change was noted in REM sleep-time on the clorazepate (15 mg) night, L-dopa (1000 mg) night, or TRH (2 mg) night, when compared to the mean baseline record. Because large individual variations were found in REM sleep time on each drug night, and in percentage increase in REM sleep following partial differential REM deprivation (PDRD), correlation was investigated between them. The percentage decrease in REM sleep during flurazepam was found to have a significant negative correlation with the percentage increase in REM sleep after PDRD in individual subjects. Although there was no significant change in REM sleep on TRH night when compared to the mean baseline record, a similar significant negative correlation was noted. On the L-dopa night, there was a tendency toward a negative correlation between them. No significant correlation was noted on the clorazepate night.

Adult↗

PubMed1975

REM sleep and the analytic process: a psychophysiologic bridge.

Recent research on the physiology of REM sleep has supported the hypothesis that it serves processes of psychologic adaptation. This study examines the relationship between physiologic parameters of REM sleep and evidence in analytic material of the need for adaptation. Significant correlations were found between defensive strain before sleep and REM latency, and between change in defensive strain from evening to morning and total REM time.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1978

Physostigmine alters onset but not duration of REM sleep in man.

Physostigmine (1.0mg) or placebo were administered intravenously over 1-h period to seven male normal volunteers beginning 35 min after sleep onset. The results indicate that physostigmine induced the onset of REM sleep but did not significantly alter the duration of individual REM sleep periods. Physostigmine significantly shortened the REM latency and the duration of the second nonREM period. After inducing the onset of the first REM period(s); physostigmine also appeared to advance succeeding REM-nonREM sleep cycles relative to sleep onset even when the duration of each cycle was unaffected.

Adult↗

PubMed1977

Selective deprivation of sleep in pycnoleptic children. Effects of deprivation of slow-wave and REM sleep on the frequency and duration of petit mal attacks.

1. Selective deprivation of slow-wave and paradoxical sleep was performed in 10 children with pycnoleptic attacks (8 of them before anticonvulsive treatment, 2 of them while under medication). The frequency and duration of petit mal attacks were intraindividually compared during night sleep and after waking for a 5-h period. 2. After deprivation of slow-wave sleep with reduction of EEG stages 3 and 4 to about one-third of the baseline but normal duration of sleep, petit mal attacks are more frequent and long-lasting than after normal sleep or selective deprivation of REM sleep. 3. Although total sleep time is significantly diminished after selective deprivation of paradoxical sleep the frequency of attacks during the waking state was lower than after normal sleep and deprivation of slow wave sleep. This observation shows a clear i nfluence of the quality of sleep on the frequency of epileptic attacks. 4. During sleep petit mal seizures were mainly found during stages 2 and paradoxical sleep. Single spike and irregular spike were discharges, however, occurred more frequently during slow-wave sleep. Their frequency was not significantly different in the deprivation conditions. 5. In contrast to experimental data in animals, REM deprivation is less provoking to epileptic attacks outside sleep than deprivation of stages 3 and 4 sleep. Therefore a sufficient amount of slow-wave should be preserved for pycnoleptic children.

Child↗

PubMed1977

Homovanillic acid and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in lumbar cerebrospinal fluid after total and REM sleep deprivation in humans.

Lumbar CSF HVA and 5-HIAA levels were assayed in 3 groups each of 10 subjects, which were respectively deprived of sleep for 30 h, deprived of REM sleep and disturbed with several awakenings during SW sleep for two consecutive nights. HVA levels after total sleep (39 +/- 20 ng/ml) or REM (35 +/- 11 ng/ml) deprivation as well as after SW sleep awakenings (32 +/- 26 ng/ml) were not different from controls (42 +/- 14 ng/ml). 5-HIAA levels after REM deprivation (32 +/- 15 ng/ml) appeared increased when compared with controls (21 +/- 7 ng/ml), total sleep-deprived subjects (21 +/- 10 ng/ml) or subjects with SW sleep awakenings (27 +/- 13 ng/ml). Possible increase in 5-HT turnover after REM deprivation and possible 5-HT role in REM sleep regulation in humans are discussed.

Adult↗

PubMed1979

REM sleep, stress and search activity. A short critical review and a new conception.

Basing themselves on an analysis of data cited by other researchers and the results of their own investigation, conducted on man and animals, the authors disclose that sleep changes are determined by the type of behavioural reaction to emotional stress: the behaviour that includes components of search activity directed at changing the situation is accompanied by a reduction of REM sleep time; renunciation of search, as in the cases of passive avoidance, neurotic anxiety and depression, is attended by an increase in REM sleep requirement. Presumably, the function of REM sleep is to compensate for renunciation of search in the waking period. The authors suggest a method of appraising the character of reaction to stress by sleep changes--calculation of the time ratio of REM sleep to delta-sleep in the first two cycles.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1975

Phase shift in the REM sleep rhythm.

The periodic alternation between REM and NREM sleep was analyzed. Usually, sleep records of consecutive nights of a subject are regarded to be independent events. However, it may be that consecutive nights are realizations of a continuously ongoing rhythm. This was tested in the present study. The temporal patterns of REM and NREM sleep in sequences of about 30 consecutive nights for 3 subjects were analyzed. The results show that only the onset of the first REM sleep phase during any one night may be predicted from the sleep onset time, whereas a systematic phase shift between consecutive nights was observed in the later REM sleep phases. Thus, the onset of later REM sleep phases is better predicted by assuming a rhythm with stable period length which controls the appearance of REM sleep phases in successive nights. Under the experimental conditions the phase shift was between 5 and 10 min per 24 hrs for the 3 subjects. The result is accordance with Kleitman's basic rest activity cycle (BRAC) hypothesis.

Adult↗

PubMed1979

REM sleep episodes during the Multple Sleep Latency Test in narcoleptic patients.

Forty narcoleptic patients were given the Multiple Sleep Latency Test, consisting of 20 min opportunities to sleep offered at 10.00, 12.00, 14.00, 16.00 and 18.00 o'clock. Eleven patients had 2 episodes of REM sleep, 5 had 3, 11 had 4, and 13 had 5 before they were awakened. Fourteen control subjects given similar opportunities to sleep (reported in a companion article (Richardson et al. 1978)) had no REM sleep episodes. For the 10.00-18.00 o'clock opportunities respectively, there were 32, 29, 30, 28 and 27 REM sleep episodes. We conclude that this procedure can provide physicians with data useful in the diagnosis of narcolepsy.

Adult↗

PubMed1975

REM sleep and contingent negative variation development.

Three subjects demonstrated the ability to respond in a contingent negative variation (CNV) paradigm during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. However, the CNV did not appear as it does in the waking state. This failure of the CNV to develop during REM sleep might be attributed to electrophysiological changes accompanying REM sleep.

Adult↗

PubMed1979

Rapid eye movements in REM sleep--more evidence for a periodic organization.

Density scores of horizontal eye movements during 70 REM sleep periods of normal young adults and combat neurotic patients were subjected to spectral analysis. The results showed that in 58% of all REM periods, spectral peaks occurred at either 0.1 c/min or 0.05 c/min. The percentages of spectral peaks at these frequencies were equal in both groups. Since the estimated variance at these frequencies was significantly higher than the estimated variance at the adjacent frequencies and the mean variance at the rest of the spectra, it was concluded that eye movements in REM sleep tend to cluster every 10-20 min. These results and findings on the neural control of REM ocular activity suggest that REMs in sleep are generated by at least 3 generators: a burst generator, an isolated eye movement generator, and a 10-20 min periodic generator.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Spontaneous behavior and sleep-wakefulness cycle in isolated and paired REM sleep deprived-marihuana treated rats.

The correlation between marihuana-induced aggressive behavior and changes in the sleep-wakefulness cycle was studied in chronically implanted rats. Marihuana injection in non-REM deprived rats did not induce aggressiveness irrespective of the animals being caged in isolation or paired. During this procedure quantization of the sleep-awake cycle revealed that wakefulness was increased while slow wave and REM sleep were decreased, mainly in the paired animals. REM deprived-marihuana injected animals recorded in isolation behaved like the control solution-injected rats. They showed a large rebound of REM and were not aggressive at the end of the 8 hr sessions. Conversely, when these animals were paired during the recording periods, they remained continuously awake and showed numerous episodes of aggressiveness. These results suggest that the aggressiveness inducing properties of marihuana are related to the REM deprivation and to the increased environmental stimulation achieved by pairing the animals.

Animals↗