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At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

Sequestration of amitriptyline by liposomes.

We study the uptake of amitriptyline, which is a common cause of overdose-related fatalities, in aqueous solutions by 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DMPC) liposomes and liposomes composed of a mixture of DMPC and 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-[phospho-rac(1-glycerol)] (DOPG) lipids. The effect of drug concentration, liposomal charge, pH, salt, and protein presence on the drug uptake is investigated using two different methodologies, a precipitation and a centrifugation method. Furthermore, the time scale of the drug uptake is studied through qualitative observations at high pH and through conductivity measurements at neutral pH and found to be <5 s. The results of the quantitative studies show that the fractional drug uptake decreases with increasing drug concentration, and for a given concentration it increases with the pH and decreases in the presence of salt. We find that a larger amount of drug is sequestered by negatively charged liposomes (those containing DOPG) than liposomes with no net charge (DMPC). We speculate that the mechanism of drug uptake is due to both electrostatic interactions as well as hydrophobic effects. The fractional uptake by DMPC:DOPG in a 70:30 ratio is as high as 95% in water and about 90% in physiological buffer. The fractional uptake is also measured in presence of 2% (w/w) bovine serum albumin (BSA), which is approximately the protein concentration in the intercellular fluid. In presence of protein the fractional uptakes by 70:30 DMPC:DOPG liposomes and 50:50 DMPC:DOPG liposomes are 82 and 90%, respectively, at 125 muM drug amitriptyline. In the absence of liposomes, 67% of the drug is taken up by the protein in a 2% (w/w) BSA, 125 muM amitriptyline solution. Thus, addition of 50:50 DMPC:DOPG liposomes reduces the free drug concentration by a factor of about 3.5, making them attractive candidates for drug detoxification.

Amitriptyline↗
PubMed1993

[Gunshot wound sepsis].

The authors emphasize that the origin of gunshot sepsis has specific features which are due to the peculiar effect of modern gunshot injury on the organism, the development of primary and secondary polyorganic deficiency, immunodeficiency among others. According to the authors, gunshot sepsis is encountered in 3.6% of cases among various infectious-purulent complications of gunshot wounds, usually in injuries to the lower extremities and pelvis, with 52.3% lethality. Improvement of the outcomes of gunshot sepsis is connected with refined organization of medical aid to the injured on the stages of medical evacuation, monitoring operative control over the course of the wound process, the use of medicinal agents which raise the viability of the damaged tissues and the organism's immunoresistance, improvement of the methods of surgical debridement of gunshot wounds and detoxification of the organism.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1990

[Myoglobinopathy as a cause of acute interstitial nephritis].

The course of the acute renal failure (ARF) was studied in 3 patients with rhabdomyolysis (1 with the position compression syndrome, 1 with march myoglobinuria, and 1 with chronic recurrent rhabdomyolysis). The ARF syndromes were revealed in 2 patients 5-7 days after onset of the disease; in 1 patient (chronic recurrent rhabdomyolysis), ARF recurred. This suggests that the patients developed acute interstitial nephritis (AIN) Prolonged myolytic conditions due to ill-timed initiation of treatment led to the fact that AIN was complicated by ARF in 2 patients, and 1 patient with chronic myopathy had an "immune readiness" for myoglobin to affect the kidneys, which also resulted in ARF. It was stressed that the methods of extracorporeal detoxification (hemodialysis, hemosorption) were highly effective in treating AIN and ARF.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2002

Characterization of cadmium- and lead-phytochelatin complexes formed in a marine microalga in response to metal exposure.

Phytochelatins (PCn) are thiol-containing peptides with general structure (gamma-Glu-Cys)n-Gly enzymatically synthesized by plants and algae in response to metal exposure. They are involved in the cellular detoxification mechanism for their capability to form stable metal-phytochelatin complexes. The speciation of Cd and Pb complexes with phytochelatins has been studied in laboratory cultures of the marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum. An approach based on size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) with off-line detection of phytochelatins, by reverse-phase HPLC, and metal ion, by atomic absorption spectrometry, has been used. The formation of Cd- and Pb-PCn complexes with n-value from 3 to 6 was demonstrated. The metal-PCn complexes formed with Cd appear to be different from those formed with Pb for the number of molecules of peptide involved in the complex and for the amount of the metal ion bound. The chromatographic behaviour of metal-PCn complexes is consistent with Pb-PCn complexes in which only a molecule of peptide binds the metal ion, and with Cd-PCn complexes containing two or more molecules of peptide. The metal/peptide molar ratio in Cd-PCn complexes was higher that in Pb-PCn complexes. The formation of Cd- or Pb-PC2 complexes was not demonstrated, probably for a dissociation during the cellular extract preparation. The effectiveness of phytochelatins in the detoxification of these two metal ions in this alga is discussed.

Cadmium↗
PubMed2005

Bilirubin removal from albumin-containing solution by adsorption on polymer resin.

Adsorption equilibrium of bilirubin onto polymeric resins is studied. Solutions containing albumin are used in order to simulate the behavior of systems for removal of albumin-bound substances from blood, serum or dialysis fluids. The effect of albumin pre-loading on the resin is also analysed. Results are explained by a chemically based model that accounts for binding reaction between albumin and bilirubin in the liquid phase. Thermodynamic equilibria and physical models are essential tools for designing adsorption columns aimed at detoxification treatments.

Adsorption↗
PubMed1997

Continuous plasma resin perfusion for detoxification of methotrexate.

UNLABELLED: Acute renal failure is a rare but very severe side-effect of methotrexate (MTX) treatment requiring extracorporeal detoxification. A new detoxification regime, consisting of a haemodiafiltration (HDF) and continuous plasma resin perfusion (PRP) over anion exchange resin column with high affinity for MTX, was used for treatment of MTX-induced acute renal failure in a 2-year-old boy with medulloblastoma. More than 99% of MTX was removed from plasma by perfusion over the resin column resulting in a marked decrease of MTX plasma half-life. No haematological complications occurred. CONCLUSION: The use of PRP alone or in combination with HDF is a new and effective treatment strategy for extracorporeal detoxification of MTX.

Acute Kidney Injury↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Medical technological equipment for correction of impaired homeostasis in humans].

The paper considers how to correct impaired human homeostasis and to maintain it at an adequate level, describes some correction methods, such as an original method of intracorporeal detoxification and technical means for the use of these methods, including a perfusion roller pump that has better operating characteristics.

Blood Transfusion↗
PubMed1993

[Temporary perfusion substitution of liver and spleen functions in patients with peritonitis].

Thirty-one patients with generalized purulent peritonitis of various etiology were examined; a new perfusion method with the use of isolated live hepatocytes and xenospleen fragments was applied in the intensive therapy complex in the early period after a cavitary operation in 16 patients. It is shown that the suggested method has significant advantages over the traditional methods in that it causes effective detoxification, improves microcirculation, and reduces the indicators of the cytologic syndrome. Application of the hybrid system of detoxification in patients with peritonitis made it possible to reduce the lethality among the most serious patients with infectious-toxic shock and polyorganic insufficiency.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

[Comparative assessment of methods of extracorporeal detoxication in obstructive jaundice].

Comparative analysis of the methods of extracorporeal detoxification in 168 patients was conducted. Endoscopic and surgical methods of treatment were applied in 40 patients without extracorporeal detoxification. Various types of extracorporeal detoxification were used along with endoscopic and operative methods in 168 patients: plasmapheresis (PP) in 72, thoracic duct (TD) drainage in 45, and hemosorption in 41 patients. In another 10 patients various types of detoxification were combined. TD drainage is indicated in prolonged obstructive jaundice, particularly when attended with cholangitis. TD drainage or PP is advisable in concomitant renal failure, PP and hemosorption have a good effect in obstructive jaundice as methods of emergency detoxification. Their efficacy increases if they are applied after endoscopic detoxification of the biliary tract.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Detoxification and mineral supplementation as functions of geophagy.

Clays employed historically in the consumption of astringent acorns plus seven edible clays from Africa were examined in relation to the functional significance of human geophagy. On the basis of sorptive maxima for tannic acid ranging from 5.6 to 23.7 mg/g, we conclude that adsorption of tannic acid in traditional acorn preparation methods in California and Sardinia helped make these nuts palatable. Calcium available in solution at pH 2.0 and 0.1 mol NaCl/L was 2.10 and 0.71 mg/g for the Sardinian and Californian clays, respectively. The African clays released calcium, copper, iron, magnesium, manganese, or zinc in amounts of nutritional significance from some clays but not from others. A clay recovered from an archaeological site occupied by Homo erectus and early H. sapiens was indistinguishable mineralogically, in detoxification capacity and in available minerals, from clays used in Africa today. We suggest that the physiological significance of geophagy made it important in the evolution of human dietary behavior.

Cooking↗
PubMed2005

Detection of fluorescently labeled microparticles in blood.

BACKGROUND: A microsphere-based detoxification system is an adsorption system, whereby microadsorbent particles having diameters of 1-20 microm circulate in an extracorporeal filtrate circle. A thin-wall hollow-fiber membrane filter separates the microparticle-plasma suspension from the bloodstream. For patient safety, it is necessary to have a means to detect membrane ruptures that could lead to a release of microparticles into the patient's bloodstream. METHODS: An optical detection system was developed to monitor the venous bloodstream for the presence of microparticles from the filtrate circuit. For detection purposes, cellulose microspheres, both ferromagnetic and fluorescence labeled, were included with the microsphere adsorbant particles. In the case of a membrane rupture, the labeled particles would also be released into the bloodstream. By illuminating a small volume of blood with an excitation wavelength (590 nm) of the fluorescence marker, the particles can be detected by their emission light at 620 nm. The detector sensitivity is increased by collecting the ferromagnetic and fluorescently labeled microparticles using a magnetic trap. The efficiency of magnetic trap arrangements was tested by adjusting the magnet placements. RESULTS: In vitro experiments were performed by pumping whole blood and labeled microparticles through the fluorescence detector. The efficiency of a magnetic trap arrangement was determined. With an optimal trap setup, 5-10 microl of labeled microparticles can be clearly detected in streaming whole blood. CONCLUSION: An easy to handle microparticle detector was developed, ready for use in particle based blood detoxification systems. The microparticle detection system fulfills the medical and technical requirements to bring the MDS into clinical tests.

Blood Chemical Analysis↗