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PubMed1992

Ultrasonic vocalization by rat pups during recovery from deep hypothermia.

Vocalization in the ultrasonic range (USV) has been reported to occur in young rodents in response to isolation, novelty, handling, and cold. Heretofore these calls have been known to occur only in alert, attentive, or emotionally aroused animals. These studies describe the emission of USV by comatose 9- to 10-day-old rat pups during recovery from deep hypothermia. Calling began at 15-18 degrees C core temperature while pups were virtually unresponsive to stimulation. Experimental results describe the patterns of call production in relation to respiration, cardiac function, colonic temperature, and brown adipose tissue thermogenesis. These vocalizations were 32-42 kHz in frequency, reached peak rates of 50/min at 23 degrees C, and were eliminated by laryngeal denervation, thus resembling isolation-induced vocalizations. However, contact with their dams failed to reduce call rates until pups had warmed above 25 degrees C. Newborn and weanling pups also emitted USV in deep hypothermia, but no USV were observed in pups recovering from general anesthesia. The possible functions and evolution of this behavior are discussed.

Adipose Tissue, Brown↗
PubMed1991

Relationship between electrical and vibratory output of muscle during voluntary contraction and fatigue.

Measurements were done on the biceps muscles of 6 healthy volunteers to record simultaneously the surface electromyogram (EMG) and vibromyogram (VMG) by means of a piezoelectric device (accelerometer). The VMG is generated by mechanical waves due to the contraction mechanism and often measured as sound. The frequency spectrum and integrated value (IEMG and IVMG) of both signals were calculated. Both IEMG and IVMG showed a clear linear correlation with force, although at high forces, the variability of the VMG became rather high. Two series of experiments were performed to study the EMG and VMG changes in relation to changes induced by fatigue: (1) during constant force at 50% of the maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) and recovery; (2) for one 1 minute during declining force at MVC. The main finding was that the IVMG was related to the absolute force, irrespective of the fatigue state of the muscle. In contrast, the IEMG showed the well-known changes during fatigue, such as an increase during endurance. The spectral changes of the two measurements also showed a divergence. The spectra of the EMG shifted to lower frequencies in both fatigue protocols. In contrast, the spectra of the vibratory signal did not shift, except for several measurements at MVC. However, the shape did change to a somewhat flatter spectrum with less pronounced peaks. Possible explanations for this different behavior are discussed. It is concluded that the vibratory energy generated by the contraction mechanism is linearly related to force. Changes induced by fatigue do not alter this relationship: this contrasts with the behavior of the EMG.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Electromyography↗
PubMed1990

Electroglottogram waveform types of untrained speakers.

Electroglottography is a useful, non-invasive technique that can assist in the assessment of vocal fold dysfunction. However, if it is to become a useful clinical tool, there is a need for normative studies of the electroglottogram waveform types that characterize different groups of speakers. This report compares the electroglottogram waveform types characterizing one trained professional voice user phonating in 15 experimental sessions under various fundamental frequencies, intensities and voice qualities with those obtained from 52 untrained non-professional speakers.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Changes in voice characteristics after uvulopalatopharyngoplasty.

Previous reports have warned that tonsillectomy or uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP) may alter patients' speech by increasing the amount of nasal resonance as well as by changing voice timbre due to enlargement of the vocal tract. However, very few objective investigations, excluding nasality problems, have been carried out. We studied eight patients who underwent surgery for UPPP and recorded pre- and postoperative speech. The speech samples were then rated by seven experienced listeners, and acoustic spectra of two long vowels,/a/ and /e/, were analyzed using a computer program (MacSpeech Lab II). The listeners were unable to make a distinction between pre- and postoperative voice samples in the recordings studied. Acoustic analysis showed that the fundamental frequency as well as the first and second formants remained essentially unchanged. Present findings show that UPPP should not have a significant effect on voice characteristics as long as excessive nasality is not produced.

Female↗
PubMed1990

Frequency variation in spontaneous sound emissions from guinea pig and human ears.

Spontaneous acoustic emissions were recorded from 7 of 15 human ears at frequencies between 900 and 4000 Hz and just above 1000 Hz in a guinea pig. The constancy or changes in the frequency composition of these emissions is of particular interest in the light of current models which implicate outer hair cell activity in their generation. In our present study, most emissions underwent continuous fluctuations in frequency over a bandwidth of 0.5-10 Hz in humans and more than 20 Hz in a young guinea pig. Jumps in frequency of emission by as much as 20 Hz occurred during test sessions in some of the human ears. Changes in emission frequency were also observed during suppression by an externally delivered tone. The frequency of the emissions at successive test sessions also varied in some human ears and in the guinea pig between the ages of 6 and 9 weeks. The guinea pig emission also underwent an increase of 50 Hz in frequency and a reduction of 25 dB in level during recovery from anaesthesia. Neely's model for the role of hair cells in the generation of spontaneous emissions suggests that changes in hair cell conductance could influence the frequency of spontaneous oscillation. The small, but continuous changes in spontaneous emission frequency seen in all ears may reflect changes in conductance at the hair cell level due to synaptic and transducer channel activity.

Aging↗
PubMed1985

Frequency composition of spontaneous cochlear emissions.

Spontaneous cochlear emissions consist of one or more sinus tones. Oscillations and frequency shifts clearly widen averaged traces. Multiple peaks, if present, are spaced at intervals of 2-3% of the frequency, and increase with frequency. A frequency jump by the same amount was seen in one case. This appears to represent the distance between hair cells, and suggests that individual hair cells play a leading role in these oscillations.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Topographic representation of vocal frequency demonstrated by microstimulation of anterior cingulate cortex in the echolocating bat, Pteronotus parnelli parnelli.

1. A midline region of brain dorsal and anterior to the corpus callosum, presumably anterior cingulate cortex, has been explored for its role in the production of vocalization in the mustached bat, Pteronotus p. parnelli. 2. Vocalizations elicited by microstimulation were virtually indistinguishable from natural biosonar sounds. The spectral content, relative intensity of harmonic components, and durations of emitted pulses are comparable to spontaneous emissions. 3. The frequencies of elicited vocalizations were within the range typically used by the mustached bat during Doppler-shift compensation. The frequency of the second-harmonic constant-frequency component (CF2) covered the range from 57-62 kHz, but was most commonly emitted at frequencies of 59-61 kHz. 4. An increase in the frequency of vocalizations over a number of consecutive pulses towards a steady-state plateau is evident in both spontaneous vocalizations and emissions elicited by microstimulation just above threshold. Increasing the stimulus intensity caused the frequency of emissions to approach the steady state more rapidly. 5. The anterior cingulate cortex appears to be organized topographically for increasing frequency of elicited biosonar sounds along a rostrocaudal axis. The area from which biosonar emissions were elicited was overrepresented for a 2 kHz band of frequencies just below the bats' CF2 resting frequency. Audible vocalizations with a complex spectrum resembling social cries can also be elicited by microstimulation, but only in an area that is adjacent and posterior to the biosonar region. 6. Some examples of both elicited and spontaneous vocalizations contained a relative intensity pattern of the harmonic components which deviated from the typical pattern. This suggests that mustached bats are capable of actively altering the spectrum of their pulses to subserve different tasks in echolocation.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

The squirrel monkey as an experimental model in the study of cerebral organization of emotional vocal utterances.

The different human nonverbal emotional vocal utterances (e.g., laughing, shrieking, moaning) and emotional intonation patterns (e.g., scolding, lamenting, caressing) can be shown to have their acoustic and emotional counterparts in the vocal repertoire of the squirrel monkey. This makes the latter an attractive model for investigations on the neural control of human emotional vocal utterances. Neurophysiological investigations in the squirrel monkey suggest that the cerebral control of emotional vocal utterances is organized hierarchically (Fig. 3). The lowest level - above that of the motor neurons - is represented by the reticular formation of the lateral pons and medulla; here, the motor coordination of laryngeal, respiratory and articulatory movements takes place. The next level is represented by the periaqueductal grey and laterally bordering tegmentum of the caudal midbrain. This area serves to couple specific motivational states to their corresponding vocal expressions. It is a necessary relay station for all vocalization-inducing stimuli. The periaqueductal area receives its input partly from limbic motivation-controlling regions (amygdala, hypothalamus, midline thalamus), partly from sensory pathways (collaterals of spinothalamic tract, fibers from superior and inferior colliculus), and partly from the anterior cingulate cortex. The latter represents the highest level within the system and seems to be responsible for the volitional control of emotional vocal utterances.

Amygdala↗
PubMed1992

Surgical voice rehabilitation after laryngopharyngectomy. Functional results of tracheo-hypopharyngeal shunts by jejunal transplantation.

For surgical voice rehabilitation after pharyngolaryngectomy we use the technique of placing a siphonlike jejunal interposition in order to create a tracheohypopharyngeal shunt. In this paper we present the functional benefits of this method of voice rehabilitation. The best results achieved are compared with a normal voice using the following test parameters: electroacoustic sound analyses and voice status. The findings show that the siphon voice is adequate for everyday purposes and can achieve useful social verbal communication.

Anastomosis, Surgical↗
PubMed1990

Inheritance of male courtship sound characteristics in Drosophila littoralis.

Males of Drosophila littoralis vibrate their wings during courtship to deliver a "love song." This consists of 25- to 50-ms-long pulses with a basic frequency of about 250-400 Hz, separated by 250- to 500-ms pauses. When recording the sounds of flies from several localities in Europe, we found that males of one strain from northern Finland displayed courtship sounds with an unusually low wing beat frequency (below 250 Hz). In a genetic analysis utilizing marker stocks, the anomalous frequency was found to be caused by genes on all major autosomes, the strongest factors being on the second chromosome. Interaction between genes on chromosome 2 and on the fused chromosome 3-4 was non-additive. In low-frequency sounds, the number of cycles in the pulse (CN) was decreased, so that the length of the sound pulse (PL) remained more or less unchanged. We suggest that the genetically and physiologically most thoroughly controlled trait in the sound of Drosophila littoralis is the length of the pulse.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Drosophila courtship song cycles in normal and period mutant males revisited.

Courtship songs of normal males and those expressing short-period, long-period, and arrhythmic mutations at the period (per) locus of Drosophila melanogaster have been reanalyzed for rhythmic components, using spectral treatments of the fluctuating rates of tone pulse production that occur during courtship. It was concluded, as in previous studies, that such songs are strongly rhythmic, except for courtships performed by per01 males. Songs produced by males expressing this and other per alleles were compared to computer-generated "random" ones. Interpulse interval variations influenced by per01 and songs stimulated to be arrhythmic both were found to be associated with cryptic rhythmicities; several such period values, extracted by the spectral analyses, defined very short cycle durations. We discuss the implications of these findings and of some recently reported results that have challenged the existence of rhythmicity in Drosophila songs.

Animal Communication↗
PubMed1989

Spectral analysis of courtship songs in behavioral mutants of Drosophila melanogaster.

Spectral analyses were applied to the courtship songs of the mutants cacophony (cac), dissonance (diss), fruitless (fru), and period (per), as well as to the double mutant cac diss. Aberrant intervals between song pulses were observed in diss, cac, cac diss, and fru songs. diss males displayed a defect in song hums manifested by an irregular sine wave, although the fundamental frequencies were normal. Sine song frequencies and intrapulse frequencies were aberrant in cac diss males. Two per mutant alleles (pero1 and pers) were associated with normal song [corrected] pulses and hums. These findings are discussed with regard to the mechanisms of song production and the role of these sounds in Drosophila reproduction.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Behavioral coupling in tettigoniid hybrids (Orthoptera).

Studies of the mating behavior of male and female F1 hybrids between closely related taxa can provide information concerning the genetic control of characters that play a major role in speciation. Orthoptera have been used previously for such studies. Hybrid crickets show behaviors which are broadly intermediate to the parentals but hybrid grasshoppers may retain parental behavior patterns. This study examines the behavior of hybrid Ephippiger ephippiger bushcrickets, the third major orthopteran group. The differences in male song and female preference are probably both mainly additive and male song differences not sex linked. Thus, given a choice, hybrid females would prefer to mate with hybrid males, an example of "behavioral coupling." The evolutionary inferences which can be drawn from studies of F1 hybrids between closely related taxa are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

The development of procedures for the measurement of vocal loudness behaviors.

Vocal loudness productions of five similar groups of speakers were analyzed. The groups differed significantly in "comfortable" loudness, in multiples (2x, 4x, and 0.5x) of comfortable loudness, and in ranges (4x -0.5x) of comfortable loudness. Interclass reliabilities for sets of measures were high and highly significant. Implications for the specification of vocal loudness behaviors are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

The inheritance of microstructure variation in the song of four generations of Roller canaries.

The microstructure of the calls and songs of four generations of Roller canaries was analyzed and compared. Many of the characteristics of the internal structure of the syllable show distributions in the progeny that suggest quantitative inheritance. The presence or absence of an underharmonic and the presence of a "block" underharmonic show a qualitative type of inheritance.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Clinical application of spectral analysis of bowel sounds in intestinal obstruction.

The bowel sounds of 21 patients with mechanical obstruction of the intestine were studied. A computer analysis of bowel sounds was performed using a signal processor. Bowel sounds of patients were classified into 3 types (Types I, II, and III) based on the histograms, although these were not distinguishable on auscultation. The lower, peak, and upper frequencies were 173 +/- 25 Hz, 273 +/- 64 Hz, and 667 +/- 58 Hz, respectively, in Type I; 309 +/- 121 Hz, 632 +/- 94 Hz, and 878 +/- 116 Hz, respectively, in Type II; and 330 +/- 120 Hz, 612 +/- 86 Hz, and 766 +/- 82 Hz, respectively, in Type III. High frequency sounds above 900 Hz were recorded in Types I and II but not in Type III. The ratio of the operated patients was 0, 23, and 100 percent in Types I, II, and III, respectively. The intervals between the times of admission and operation were 4.3 days and 1.2 days in Types II and III, respectively. Thus, it appears that the methods described by the authors could provide a very objective assessment of the severity and help determine the treatment (conservative or operative) of each patient.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Sounds of swallowing following total laryngectomy.

Accelerometer transduced sounds of swallowing in total laryngectomees did not show acoustical differences for liquid vs paste swallows, as are found in normals. Compared with normal swallows, tongue propulsion of the bolus in laryngectomee swallows occurred closer in time to a distinctive spectral change associated with bolus flow into the esophagus. Interpretation stressed the lack of mechanical traction from laryngeal elevation contributing to pharyngoesophageal sphincter opening, and the increased role of tongue propulsion in laryngectomee swallows.

Adult↗