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PubMed1977

[Change in the mental contents in the paradoxical stage and in stage 2 under the effects of a benzodiazepine, flunitrazepam].

In some insomniacs under flunitrazepam treatment is noted on one hand a global increase of dream memories, and on the other hand an increase of dreams with unpleasant or anxious contents. The present investigation is intended first to test the hypothesis of a possible increase of mental contents in sleep outside the paradoxical phases, to account for the increase of dream memories without concomitant increase of paradoxical stage. Second it intends to investigate if the increase of unpleasant dreams may be found in the normal subject in laboratory.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Immunodiffusion studies on Schistosoma mansoni and its host stage specific antigens. 1. Immunoelectrophoresis cross-reactions between S. mansoni adults and larval stages antigens.

IMMUNOELECTROPHORESIS was applied to evaluate the immunologic relationship between the different stages in the life cycle of Schistosoma mansoni (S.m.). The preparation of antigens and antisera was described. Separated female and male adult worms tested seem to be identical. Eggs, miracidia and cercariae from Biomphalaria glabrata and Biomphalaria alexandrina showed varying degree of cross-reactions. The maximal number of pricipitin arcs was observed, when anti-miracidia-serum was checked against all other S.m. antigens.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

1. The effect of dietary fat on the host-parasite relations in cotton rat filariasis. 2. Host-parasite relations in the progeny of cotton rats fed protein deficient diets and infected with filariasis-a preliminary report. 3. Immunoglobulin levels in the early stages of infection with filariasis in cotton rats with and without dietary protein deficiency. 4. Action of aliphatic alcohols on aquatic stages of mosquitoes.

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Alcohols↗
PubMed1977

Stages in the post-hatching development of Aplysia californica.

In order to study the development of the nervous system of the marine mollusc, Aplysia californica, it is necessary objectively to assess the maturity of individual specimens. This can be done by defining stages in the life cycle. The post-hatching development can be divided into four phases: planktonic, metamorphic, juvenile, and adult. These phases can be further subdivided into 13 stages on the basis of behavioral and morphological characteristics visible in living specimens: Stage 1, newly hatched; Stage 2, eyes develop; Stage 3, the larval heart beats; Stage 4, maximum shell size is reached; Stage 5, the propodium develops; Stage 6, red spots appear; Stage 7, the velum is shed; Stage 8, eyebrows appear; Stage 9, pink color develops; Stage 10, white spots appear; Stage 11, rhinophores grow; Stage 12, the genital groove forms; Stage 13, egg laying begins. Reconstructions from serial sections taken from specimens fixed at each of these stages reveal the sequence of formation of the major organ systems. The nervous system develops gradually. The cerebral and pedal ganglia are present at Stage 1, the optic ganglia develop at Stage 2, the abdominal, pleural, and osphradial ganglia at Stage 3, the buccal ganglia at Stage 5, and the genital ganglion at Stage 13. Because Aplysia develops gradually, it is possible to analyze the contribution which gastropod torsion makes to the different phases of the life cycle. The Aplysia embryo undergoes 120 degrees torsion prior to Stage 1. The major visceral organs, the digestive system, heart, gill, and visceral nervous system, develop sybsequently in their post-torsional positions. After metamorphosis, there is a partial de-torsion which involves only the digestive system. Torsion of the digestive system may therefore be beneficial only to the pre-metamorphic larva, and not to the postmetamorphic juvenile.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Kinetics of the enzymatic pattern in the testis. I. Stage dependence of enzymatic activity and its relation to cellular interactions in the testis of the Wistar rat.

The "morphology" of the enzymatic activities of thiamine pyrophosphatase (TPPase), acid phosphatases (ACPases), adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) and steroid-3 beta-ol dehydrogenase (St-3 beta-ol DH) has been described using as a basis the classification of the seminiferous epithelium of the rat into 14 stages as proposed by Leblond and Clermont (1952a, b). It was demonstrated (Figs. 1, 2) that 1. the kinetics of the enzymatic pattern is correlated with the developmental stages during spermatocyto- and spermiogenesis, and that therefore the chemocytostructure, especially of the germ cells, shows characteristic changes. 2. the enzymatic pattern yields information on the chemohistostructure of the testis, and thus indicates interactions between the germ cells and the coordinated somatic cells. This is valid especially for the behaviour of the "marker enzymes" TPPase and ACPases. Initially the activity of both enzymes is distributed in the cytoplasm: TPPase appears in stage VII in the preleptotene spermatocytes, and ACPases appear in stage VII in the pachytene spermatocytes. In the following stages the activity of TPPase and ACPases increases and becomes more and more concentrated, i.e. from stage IX to XIV and thereafter from stage I to XIII in the case of TPPase, and from stage I to XIII in the case of ACPases. Finally the enzymatic activity of both TPPase and ACPases is arranged in spherical bodies near the nucleus of the spermatocytes. Thus the late pachytene and diplotene spermatocytes, as well as the spermatocytes in diakinesis, are characterized by deeply stained spherical dots covering the region of the Golgi apparatus. Both enzymes disappear during the maturation divisions--parts of the cytoplasm of the II-spermatocytes during interphase react weakly positive--, reappear in the Golgi region of the newly formed spermatids in stage I, remain there up to stage V in the case of ACPases, and up to stage VII in the case of TPPase. From stages VIII to XIV TPPase is weakly positive in the Golgi apparatus of the elongating spermatids, moving within the cytoplasm from the head region towards the tail. Finally they appear in the cytoplasm of the Sertoli cells: (1) ACPases appear in the borderline region between the Sertoli cells and the elongated spermatids in stages XII to XIV (2) TPPase first appears in the basal region of the Sertoli cells in stages XI to XIV, and becomes positive in the subsequent stages I to IV as "streamer like" bands from the basement membrane up to the heads of the elongated spermatids. Both enzymes disappear gradually during stages I to III and IV to V respectively. Stage dependence of ATPase can be observed in the apical region of the Sertoli cells around the heads and the middle pieces of the elongated spermatids. ATPase appears for the first time in stages IX to X, and becomes increasingly more and more concentrated and condensed up to the point when the newly formed spermatozoa are released in stage VIII...

3-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases↗
PubMed1979

[Chronic lymphoid leukemia. Survival in relation to clinical stages. Statistical analysis of 95 cases (author's transl)].

The prognosis of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia is very difficult to evaluate. The classification system by stages, which at the present time is the most simple and useful method for the prognosis of this disease, recognizes five degrees of involvement: stage 0 (medullary and peripheral lymphocytosis); stage I (lymphocytosis + enlarged lymph nodes); stage II (lymphocyosis + hepato-and/or splenomegaly); stage III (lymphocytosis + anemia), and stage IV (lymphocytosis + thrombocytopenia). In the present report 95 controlled patients at the Farreras Valentí School of Hematology are analyzed using the classification by stages; there were 19 cases in stage 0; 16 in stage I; 30 in stage II; 21 in stage III, and 9 in stage IV. The mean survival rate in the global series was 63 months and the average 90.9 months. As in other series, it was observed that patients in stages 0 and I have a much better prognosis than those in stages III and IV. Stage II occupies an intermediate position in relation to prognosis, since the actuarial survival figure for this stage can practically be superimposed on that of the global series. The classification of chronic lymphocytic leukemia by stages permits the specification of the therapeutic indications for this condition; it also encourages the search for new modalities of treatment for stages with poor prognosis, since in these cases chronic lymphocytic leukemia behaves in the manner of an acute or subacute hemopathy.

Adult↗
PubMed2026

Untargeted-targeted metabolomics: energy metabolism characteristics in heart failure staging and discovery of novel biomarkers.

BACKGROUND: Heart Failure represents the severe stage of various heart diseases. Its global morbidity and mortality are on the rise, making it a serious public health issue that imposes a heavy burden on patients' families and society. Currently, there are relatively few systematic studies on the changes in specific metabolites and pathways in different stages of heart failure, such as Stage A, Stage B and Stage C. AIMS: Using untargeted-targeted metabolomics to explore the metabolic characteristics of Heart Failure, and screen out serum metabolic markers with potential diagnostic and prognostic value. METHODS: This study is a cross-sectional study. A total of 210 heart failure patients from Xiyuan Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences were enrolled between October 2023 and October 2024. Among them, 60 patients were selected for targeted metabolomics analysis via stratified sampling. Serum samples of the patients were collected and pretreated with methanol, then metabolites were detected using untargeted and targeted LC-MS respectively. After the raw data were processed with MSDIAL, pattern recognition was performed using principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). Differential metabolites with variable importance in projection (VIP)&#x2009;>&#x2009;1 and P&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.05 were screened, and relevant pathways were analyzed via enrichment analysis using the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database. RESULTS: Untargeted metabolomics revealed that, compared with patients in Stages A and B, those with heart failure in Stage C had decreased serum levels of alanine, creatine, and branched-chain amino acids, along with increased levels of citric acid, fumaric acid, and malic acid. The differential metabolites were primarily enriched in pathways including the citric acid cycle, central carbon metabolism, and amino acid metabolism, indicating that energy metabolism plays a crucial role in the occurrence and progression of HF. Targeted metabolomics validated the findings from untargeted metabolomics: compared with Stage A, the level of phosphoenolpyruvate in Stage B was reduced; and in comparison with patients in Stage A or B, patients in Stage C showed decreased serum levels of multiple energy metabolites (e.g., glucose-6-phosphate, fructose-6-phosphate, 3-phosphoglyceric acid, AMP, ADP and ATP) as well as increased levels of malic acid, which is consistent with the characteristics of the "hypermetabolism-energy starvation" paradox. CONCLUSION: Stage C of heart failure is characterized by energy metabolism collapse (decreased ATP and TCA compensation), and differential metabolites (such as malic acid) may serve as potential candidate biomarkers pending longitudinal validation.

Humans↗