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PubMed1978

[Parasites in the GDR.1. Studies on helminths occurrence in European wild pigs (Sus scrofa)].

In two different hunting-grounds in the north-eastern part of the GDR from November 1972 to March 1974 the authors tested a series of 102 killed wild boars, aged mostly from 7 month to 3 years by means of helminthological dissection and by coprological methods for helminthic stages. From more than 30 well known species of helminths the following 10 species were found: Cysticercus tenuicollis, Echinococcus hydatidosus, Ascaris suum, Ascarops strongylina, Physocephalus sexalatus, Globocephalus urosubulatus, Metastrongylus elongatus, M.pudentodectus, M.salmi and Trichuris suis. Trichinella spiralis could not be found in any case. Finally some information given of extensity and intensity of helminth-infection, parasite-host-relation with regard to the age of host and the occurrence of helminths of wild-boars in the middle-european region.

Animal Population Groups↗
PubMed1978

Investigations of ultrastructure of the adenohypophysis in the domestic pig (Sus scrofa domestica). Part II: "Dark cells" in the pars anterior.

The investigations were done on 34 hypophyses of the pig embryos aged c. 46-79 days of pregnancy. The name "dark cells" was given to one of the type of differentiated cells of the pars anterior which were characterized by intense electron density of the basic cytoplasm. The cells correspond to the "follicular cells" and the "stellate cells" described in many species of adult vertebrates. Probably the dark cells have supporting function, as they originate a system of nets and tubular structures which are the construction of the gland. It seems that the dark cells regulate osmotic pressure of the intercellular fluid, mediate the exchange of substances between the cells and blood vessels, and they take part in the degeneration process of the pars anterior cells of the hypophysis.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Investigation of ultrastructure of the adenohypophysis in the domestic pig (Sus scrofa domestica). Part III. Capillary vessels of the pars anterior.

The investigations were carried out on 34 hypophyses of pig embryo aged c. 46--79 days of fetal life. Capillary vessels of the glandular part have the three-layer structure, and this structure is in general similar to the one of the capillaries of adult vertebrates. In the investigated stages of the fetal life the structure undergoes certain modifications; pores with septa (so called fenestra) occur in the cytoplasms of the endothelial cells, microvilli protruding to the lumen of the vessels disappear, continuous basement membrane is developed and the number of reticular fibres in the outer layer increases. Because of the continuity of the endothelial cells and the occurrence of the fenestrae--we may classify these vessels in the group of capillaries of the visceral type. It seems that the observed endothelial cells can mediate in the transport of fluids and some substances between the gland cells and blood, and also can take part in the transport of fragments of the degenerated cells of the pars anterior of the hypophysis to the lumen of blood vessels.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Ultrastructure of the adenohypophysis in the domestic pig (Sus scrofa domestica). Part I: Cells of the pars anterior.

In the hypophyses of 46-79 days old pig embryos three groups of cells were separated; one group constitute non-differentiated cells, second, cells becoming differentiated, and third, seven types of differentiated cells. Probably three of these types are equivalent to the secretory cells STH, TSH, and FSH, and one type of them--to the cells described in the hypophysis of adult vertebrates as stellate cells or follicular cells. Possibly only one type of the differentiated cells has the ability to liberate a secretion into the intercellular space; however, the type of a hormone produced by these cells has not been described yet. It seems that in the studied stages of development of the hypophysis production and accumulation of hormones takes place in secretory cells, while the secretion of these hormones begins later than in periods of development investigated by us.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Drug-induced motility of sow (Sus scrofa) graafian follicles isolated during pre and post-ovulatory periods of the sex cycle.

The spontaneous as well as the drug-induced motility of sow graafian follicles during the early-preovulatory (E-preovulatory), late-preovulatory (L-preovulatory) and post-ovulatory stages of the sex cycle, were studied. Spontaneous motility was present only in 30.9% of the E-preovulatory and in 18.1% of the L-preovulatory, whereas none of the post-ovulatory follicles showed spontaneous contractions. All the quiescent preparations reacted, with a comparable enhancement of tension, to the addition of acetylcholine. On the other hand, norepinephrine (NE) elicited upon L-preovulatory and post-ovulatory follicles a significantly greater contractile response than over E-preovulatory preparations. The presence of MJ-1999 augmented clearly the positive influence of NE upon the contractile tension of E-preovulatory follicles, whereas cocaine, U-0521 or indomethacin failed to alter the reactivity towards NE in all the groups. The inotropic influence of prostaglandins were also explored over quiescent follicles. PGE1 diminished the basal tension of the three types of follicles, whereas PGF2-alpha produced the opposite effect. On the other hand, PGE2 enhanced the tonic tension of E and L-preovulatory preparations and reduced the basal tone of post-ovulatory follicles. The role of the spontaneous motility of smooth muscle fibers surrounding graafian follicles, as well as the effects of several autacoids and neurotransmitters prior and following ovulation are discussed in relation to their possible relevance for the ovulatory process.

Acetylcholine↗
PubMed1977

[Reactions of European wild boars (Sus scrofa scrofa L.) to running stress. 1. Behavior of respiratory and heart rate as well as the rectal temperature in standard tests of varying intensity and duration].

Eight wild boars, aged between twelve and six months and weighing between 81 kg and 39 kg, all kept on floor surfaces and diets used also for domestic pigs, were exposed on a horizontally operated belt to three locomotor stresses which differed by intensity and duration. The speeds were 78 m/min in tests A and C and 138 m/min in test B. The time was limited to ten minutes in test A and 40 minutes in test C, whereas in test B the animals were kept running their rectal temperature had gone up to 41.5 degrees C. Rectal temperature, heart rate, respiratory frequency, as well as the electric diastole-systole quotient were measured in each of the tests. Described are the effects of both intensity and duration in terms of disturbance of the physiological equilibrium. The response produced by wild boar were compared with those recorded from domestic swine and yielded only slight superiority in physical fitness of wild boar.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

[Reactions of European wild boars (Sus scrofa scrofa L.) to running stress. 2. Circulation values, blood glucose and lactates and blood acid-base status].

Four female and four male wild boars, 63.8 +/- 4.43 kg in live weight, were exposed to locomotor stress on a horizontally operated belt set to a speed of 2.5 m/s for ten minutes. The ambient temperatures were between 12 degrees C and 18 degrees C and the relative humidities between 55 and 75%. The following parameters were measured prior to, during, and after the stress tests: rectal temperature, haemoglobin level, haematocrit, plasma and blood volumes, total haemoglobin levels, lactic acid and glucose levels in blood plasma, pH, pCO2, and excess base. Rectal temperatures went up continuously. Haemoglobin levels, blood volumes, haematocrit values, and total heamoglobin were increased due to the mobilisation of erythrocytes from the spleen. The plasma volume remained constant. Lactic acid went up at the beginning of the stress run and declined during running. Respiratory alkalosis occurred in the context of the acid-base state prior to, towards the end, and even more after stressing.

Acid-Base Equilibrium↗
PubMed1979

[Morphological changes in the pineal body of domestic swine (Sus scrofa domesticus) depending on light].

The cerebral epiphysis of twelve gilts, aged 6.5 months, was histologically, histochemically, and histometrically tested, after the animals had been kept permanently under artificial light, 100 lux, or in darkness, interrupted twice a day by two hours of lighting, over ten weeks altogether. The parenchymal cells of the epiphyses of the animals kept in darkness changed clearly from those of the other group with constant exposure to light. Changes in the darkness animals included significant enlargement of the cell nuclear volume by 33 per cent, increase in nucleoli count as well as increases of lipids and ribonucleic acid in cytoplasm.

Animals↗
PubMed2025

Genetic history and adaptation of Eurasian wild boars inform livestock breeding.

Historical expansions of wild boars (Sus scrofa) across Eurasia have shaped phenotypic variation, genetic diversity, and local adaptation of their populations. The study by Wang et al.1 investigates the demographic history and genetic adaptation of Eurasian wild boars based on 96 whole-genome sequences, informing a critical role of Central Asian populations in their expansions and identifying key genes and variants associated with their local adaptation. Also, the adaptive variants are potentially useful for domestic pig breeding in future.

Animals↗
PubMed2025

Comprehensive transcriptomic analysis of myostatin-knockout pigs: insights into muscle growth and lipid metabolism.

Pigs are a vital source of protein worldwide, contributing approximately 43% of global meat production. Recent genetic advancements in the myostatin (MSTN) gene have facilitated the development of double-muscling traits in livestock. In this study, we investigate the transcriptomic profiles of second-generation MSTN-knockout (MSTN-/-) pigs, generated through CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing and somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). Using RNA sequencing, we compared the transcriptomic landscapes of muscle tissues from MSTN-/- pigs and wild-type (WT) counterparts. The sequencing yielded an average unique read mapping rate of 86.7% to the Sus scrofa reference genome. Our analysis revealed 15,142 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), including 121 novel genes, with 2554 genes upregulated and 1629 downregulated in the MSTN-/- group relative to the wild-type group. Notable transcriptomic changes were identified in genes associated with muscle development, lipid metabolism, and other physiological processes. These findings provide valuable insights into the molecular consequences of MSTN inactivation, with potential applications in the optimization of livestock breeding and advancements in biomedical research.

Animals↗
PubMed2026

A porcine spectral assay library to quantify brain proteome by DIA-MS.

Neurological disorders are the leading cause of health loss worldwide. The growing number of patients suffering from such conditions calls for improved strategies for their prevention, diagnosis, and therapy. To better understand human pathologies, relevant models and methodologies must be made available. In this study, we focused on a biomedical model capable of recapitulating the complexity of human pathology, the pig (Sus scrofa). Brain tissue and cerebrospinal fluid samples from a transgenic minipig model of Huntington's disease were subjected to multiple extraction and fractionation steps. A proteomic mass spectrometry (MS) methodology then allowed the generation of a porcine spectral library for 8,321 proteins. Using data-independent acquisition (DIA), we demonstrated that our porcine spectral library substantially enhanced the quantitative potential of this untargeted MS approach, generating reproducible proteome-wide data. The porcine library also provides a comprehensive resource for the development of targeted MS assays, enabling the quantification of selected proteins with a key role not only in neuroscience.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Quantitative studies on acetylcholinesterase in seven species of digenetic trematodes.

Quantitative estimation of absolute levels and in vitro release of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in seven species of digenetic trematodes: Isoparorchis hypselobagri from the swim bladder of catfish, Wallago attu; Srivastavaia indica and Gastrothylax crumenifer from the rumen, and Gigantocotyle explanatum from the liver of the water buffalo, Bubalus bubalis; Fasciolopsis buski, Echinostoma malayanum from the small intestine and Gastrodiscoides hominis from the caecum of the pig, Sus scrofa revealed that the enzyme is present in remarkably high quantities in species which inhibit gastrointestinal tract compared with those that parasitize liver and swim bladder. The rate of in vitro release of AChE also varies with the species which supports the view that such differential secretion probably takes place in situ as well to counteract peristalsis and it is a biochemical adaptation on the part of these trematodes.

Acetylcholinesterase↗
PubMed1978

Isolation and chemical composition of the leucocytes from donkey, horse, mule and pig.

1. Leucocytes from the blood of adult and young donkeys (Equus asinus L.), adult horses (Equus caballus L.), adult mules (Equus asinus x Equus caballus) and adult pigs (Sus scrofa L.) were obtained in a high degree of purity (99.9%) using Na2-EDTA-dextrans mixtures. 2. Sialic acids were released, purified, identified and determined from both non-delipided and delipided leucocytes. 3. N-glycolylneuraminic was the predominant sialic acid. N-acetylneuraminic acid and N,O-diacetyl-neuraminic acid were also found in all materials. Except in pig, other unidentified sialic acid(s) were also detected. 4. The concentration of total sialic acids (microgram/mg protein) is different according to the species, and in donkey species according to the age. 5. Galactose, glucose, mannose, fucose and (in a less amount) ribose were determined. Their total content is about 2-3-fold that of hexosamines. 6. There is a higher cholesterol content in adult donkey leucocytes than in those of young ones. 7. Total lipids, cholesterol or phospholipid contents are similar among the leucocytes of the above-mentioned species. 8. The similarities are marked in the electrophoresis patterns of proteins and glycoproteins for the donkey, mule and horse samples. 9. The molecular weights for leucocytes proteins were estimated as ranging between 230,000 and 20,000; and for the main protein bands, between 120,000 and 22,000.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

An isoelectric focusing study of acid phosphohydrolases in liver lysosomes of higher vertebrates.

1. The multiple forms of acid phosphohydrolases in liver lysosomes of Sus scrofa domesticus and Gallus gallus domesticus were studied by use of isoelectric focusing. 2. Acid phosphatase was resolved into two forms in G. gallus domesticus and three forms in S. scrofa domesticus. Especially, two forms of G. gallus domesticus were different from each other in their enzymatic properties. 3. The pI values of acid ATPase agreed with those of acid phosphodiesterase in G. gallus domesticus. According to the data on activity ratios, however, these enzymes seemed not to be identical. 4. Except acid deoxyribonuclease, extraction by Triton X-100 of lysosomes increased the proportions of acidic forms of these enzymes. In particular, a new form of acid ribonuclease with pI 4.5 or 4.9 appeared in both cases of G. gallus domesticus and S. scrofa domesticus.

Acid Phosphatase↗
PubMed1979

Comparison of lectin receptor and membrane coat-associated glycoproteins of milk lipid globule membranes.

1. Glycoproteins of bovine (Bos taurus) and human (Homo sapiens) milk lipid globule membranes were characterized by ability to bind lectins after electrophoretic separation. 2. Seven lectin receptor glycoproteins were detected in bovine and five in human milk lipid globule membranes. Bovine and human globule membrane glycoproteins differed in ability to interact with certain lectins. 3. Two major nonionic detergent insoluble glycoproteins were present in bovine and human lipid globule membrane; these constituents had apparent molecular weights of 155,000 and 69,000. Detergent-insoluble polypeptides with similar or identical electrophoretic mobilities were found in milk lipid globule membranes from four other species, rat (Rattus norvegicus), sheep (Ovis aries), pig (Sus scrofa) and goat (Capra hircus). Tryptic peptide mapping revealed these polypeptides to be nonidentical among species.

Animals↗