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At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed2000

Measurement of furancarboxylic acid, a candidate for uremic toxin, in human serum, hair, and sweat, and analysis of pharmacological actions in vitro.

3-Carboxy-4-methyl-5-propyl-2-furanpropionic acid (CMPF), a candidate for uremic toxin, was measured in human hair for examining a possible utility as indicator of renal dysfunction. The serum concentration of CMPF was much higher (32.3 +/- 2.7 microg/ml, n = 17; mean +/- SEM) in uremic patients aged 40-55 years receiving hemodialysis treatment than in healthy younger subjects (3.61 +/- 0.19 microg/ml, n = 22), aged 18-23 years. However, the hair concentration of CMPF tended to be lower in the patients (6.8 +/- 1.7 ng/10 mg hair) than in the healthy younger subjects (15.8 +/- 4.5 ng/10 mg) and was significantly lower than that in the healthy age-matched subjects (22.4 +/- 5.3 ng/10 mg, n = 12), aged 40-47 years. Since CMPF was measurable in the sweat (4.4 +/- 3.7 ng/mg) collected from six out of seven healthy subjects examined, it was suggested that the contribution of sweat to the measurement of CMPF in hair was considerable. The fact that the uremic patients undergoing hemodialysis therapy had less sweat than healthy subjects may explain the lower concentration of CMPF in the patients' hair. The pathophysiological roles of CMPF in the body were attempted to be explored by using excised guinea pig organs, and human platelets and neutrophils. CMPF showed no remarkable effects in the concentration range of < or =10(-4) M except for only slight suppression of spontaneous contracture of guinea pig tenia coli at 10(-4) M. As far as the organs and tissues examined in the present study are concerned, the biological activity of CMPF itself, if any, may be very weak. Precaution should be taken against the delivery of a substance through sweat to hair when a small amount of substance is attempted to be measured in hair by employing a sensitive analytical method.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Comparative cytokeratin analysis of sweat gland ducts and eccrine poromas.

Human eccrine sweat gland ducts and benign and malignant eccrine poromas were studied for the expression of various cytokeratins (CK) and vimentin by applying immunoperoxidase and immunofluorescence microscopy to frozen or paraffin-embedded sections, and using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting. In acrosyringia and dermal eccrine ducts, the luminal cells exhibited intense staining for CKs 1/10/11 and 19. The periluminal cell layers of acrosyringia contained CKs 1/10/11, while CK 5 was absent. In contrast, the basal cell layer of dermal ducts was only positive with the antibody against CK 5, i.e. a pattern resembling that seen in epidermal basal cells. CK 9 was detected only in keratinocytes peripherally surrounding acrosyringia. In benign poromas, gel electrophoresis revealed that CKs 5 and 14 were predominant, with CKs 6, 16 and 17 being minor components. At the immunohistochemical level CKs 1/10/11 and 19 could be further detected with varying frequency in scattered or clustered cells and/or duct-like structures. Occasionally, CK 9-positive cells were observed. Malignant poromas displayed a similar overall gel-electrophoretic pattern. Their immunohistochemical staining patterns were also similar to (albeit rather more variable than) those seen in benign poromas. Our results show that, with respect to their CK expression pattern, the majority of poroma cells resemble the basal cells of both the dermal ducts and the epidermis, while only minor and variable subpopulations acquire features present in ductal/acrosyringial luminal cells that would be indicative of poral differentiation. Thus, the matrix cells of poromas seem to be most closely related to basal cells located at the transition between the glandular epidermal ridge and dermal eccrine duct, being in no way analogous to the cells of the adult acrosyringium above the basal cell level.

Adenoma, Sweat Gland↗
PubMed1997

Analysis of sweat evaporation from clothing materials by the ventilated sweat capsule method.

The local influence of three clothing materials i.e. silk, cotton and nylon, in (1) full or (2) partial skin contact or (3) at 3 mm from the skin, on sweat evaporation from the chest skin surface of human subjects was studied. The hygrometer-ventilated capsule method was used and sweating was induced at ambient thermoneutrality by a central heat load following lower-leg immersion in water at 43 degrees C. The presence of clothing delayed the rise in capsule relative humidity (CRH) induced by heat loading. During the first 6 min of heating, CRH rose more steeply with clothing that was in full skin contact than with clothing that had partial or no contact. The rate of decrease in CRH from 1 min to 6 min after heating was not influenced by the presence of clothing or by the different degrees of skin contact. The subsequent return of CRH to the pre-heating level was delayed most by cotton, less by silk and least by nylon. For silk and nylon, partial contact with the skin prolonged the return to control conditions, as compared with full skin contact.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Immunohistochemical differentiation and localization analysis of sweat glands in the adult human axilla.

BACKGROUND: The classic concept of axillary glands differentiates between eccrine glands, producing abundant clear, nonodorous sweat; and apocrine glands, excreting small amounts of turbid, odorous milky sweat. A third type of sweat glands, the "apoeccrine" glands, were recently identified. To define the different types of sweat glands and their location and number, the authors carried out a prospective histologic study on adult human axillary skin, including various immunohistochemical markers. METHODS: Forty-three consecutive Caucasian, subjectively normhidrotic patients, who underwent a surgical procedure in the axilla unrelated to the axillary glands, were included in the study. For verification of normhidrosis, the gravimetric test was carried out by measuring the amount of sweat secretion per minute. Then, a 1 x 1-cm measuring piece of skin and subcutaneous tissue was excised in the apex of the axilla, divided into three samples--altogether, 129 samples--and processed for histologic examination. RESULTS: In the dermis, the authors found only very few eccrine (average, 0.3 gland/cm in only 12 percent of all patients) and apocrine glands (average, 0.1 gland/cm in only 4.7 percent of patients), and no apoeccrine glands in any patient. In the subcutaneous tissue, the mean number of glands per centimeter squared was 10 for the eccrine glands, nine for the apocrine glands, and six for the apoeccrine glands. CONCLUSIONS: In the authors' Caucasian subjects, all or most of the sweat glands were found in the subcutaneous tissue near the border to the dermis and not in the dermis. For extremely hyperfunctioning sweat glands, the authors recommend less radical surgical methods, with the preservation of skin, based on the knowledge that most glands are localized in the subcutaneous tissue.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Analysis of sweat chloride by reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography.

A high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for the determination of sweat chloride was developed and evaluated. This method is capable of measuring chloride ion in sweat eluates with an analytical working range from 0.5 mmol/L to 6 mmol/L (15 to 180 mmol/L in undiluted sweat samples). Precision studies showed that at the levels of 1 mmol/L, 2.5 mmol/L and 3.5 mmol/L, the within batch coefficients of variation were 1.26%, 0.88% and 0.43%, respectively, and the between batch coefficients of variation were 1.31%, 1.75% and 1.07%, respectively. The minimum detection limit was 0.5 mmol/L. This method correlated well with the ion-selective electrode (ISE) method currently in use.

Chlorides↗
PubMed2000

Noninvasive approach for study of human reaction and transferring velocity of nervous system by using a new instrumentation devised for concurrent microscopic observation and analysis of sweat secretion on human body under 1G and microgravity.

Human sweating is generally caused by thermal and mental stimuli. The former role is well known as a response for thermo regulation. The insensible perspiration may be generally controlled by the autonomic nervous system, and the responses due to mental and/or emotional stress by the sympathetic nervous system. As human sweating is directly concerned with some nervous systems, sweating may be a good indicator for the body reactions of feeling, surprise, emotional stress and etc. The measuring of sweat secretion and microscopic observation of active sweat glands can be presented the direct information of working of sympathetic nervous system and sudomotor. In the present report, we devised an instrumentation for the estimation of time lag of sweating [correction of seating] after physical stimuli. Variation of gravity during parabolic flights is a kind of physical stimulus. Iwase et al reported the changes of sympathetic outflow to muscle in humans during short periods of microgravity. We studied also the variation of number of active sweat glands under this condition for the evaluation of human sympathetic nervous system.

Humans↗
PubMed1987

[Psoriasis. Sodium, potassium, chloride--analysis in sweat, saliva and urine--selective ultraviolet phototherapy].

It has been recognised that the sweat (extracellular area) excreted from those affected with psoriasis contains twice the amount of sodium and four times the amount of potassium in comparison to those not affected with psoriasis. According to Saalmann, after HUV therapy (SUP) there is a significant reduction of the saliva sodium content (intercellular area) not only with psoriasis patients, but with all other patients receiving radiation therapy as well. This result has never before been described in the literature. Therefore, on the one hand, completely new aspects of psoriasis and therapy can be recognized, and on the other hand, of the effects of SUP.

Chlorides↗
PubMed1991

A simple and disposable sweat collector.

Apart from in cystic fibrosis, where sweat analysis provides valuable diagnostic information, sweat yields remain an overlooked biological fluid. Technical problems (dilution, condensation, contamination, evaporation, etc.) linked to currently available collection procedures are of concern and thwart their use. To overcome some of these technical difficulties, an original sweat-collection technique is described. A collection capsule is created inside a flexible, adhesive and disposable anchoring membrane pasted onto the skin. A fluid-tight window is positioned in the upper part of the pocket and gives access to its content. Through the collection window, complete emptying of the sweat collector can be achieved repeatedly by suction using a vacutainer tube inserted in a tube holder equipped with a long dull needle. With prior addition of a suitable marker, fractional samplings can also be performed using a precision micropipette. This collecting method allows for kinetic studies on sweat rate and sweat content. The limited bias-inducing manipulations linked to the described technique, coupled with the ease of performing kinetic studies on sweat volume and content, make this original tool a reliable and accurate sweat-collection technique.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

A new approach to analysis of human sweating.

In human skin transplanted to the back of 3 strains of immuno-deficient mice the function of the eccrine sweat glands of the human transplant was tested by topical intradermal application of pilocarpine, adrenaline and atropine + pilocarpine. Sweat responses were observed in pre-selected fields of observation by means of video macroscope. The iodine starch reaction served as an indicator for the appearance of sweat sport and permitted the evaluation of areas wetted by sweat in the field of observation. Among 9 animals tested, the hybrids between the CB-17-scid mouse and the BALB/cA-nu mouse (BALB/cA-nu,scid) seemed to exhibit the most consistent sweating response to local pharmacological stimulation. According to histological examination, eccrine sweat glands were preserved in human skin transplanted into the back skin of the BALB/cA-nu,scid mouse strain. The heterologous, human skin graft provides a novel model permitting, independent of the normal sweat gland innervation, the analysis of molecular receptors of sweat gland cells by which the actions of natural transmitters and pharmacological agents are transduced.

Animals↗