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PubMed1979

Phage heterogeneity of coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated in the United States and Sweden from bovine milk.

A Swedish bovine and a Dutch human phage set for coagulase-negative staphylococci were used to phage type coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from bovine milk from Minnesota dairy herds. A comparison was also made of the deoxyribonuclease activity of coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from bovine milk in Sweden and Minnesota. Of 133 Minnesota isolates, only one could be typed with the Swedish set and one by the Dutch set, whereas of 218 Swedish strains, 49 could be typed with the Swedish set and 7 by the Dutch set. A larger number of coagulase-negative isolates from Sweden were deoxyribonuclease positive (35%) than were the similar isolates from Minnesota (12%). These findings substantiate the marked heterogeneity of coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from bovine udders. Results presented point to the usefulness of establishing regional phage sets for epidemiological investigations of coagulase-negative staphylococci in cattle. It is anticipated that at a later stage the regional phage sets will be coordinated internationally.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Changes in the incidence of acute gonococcal and nongonococcal salpingitis. A five-year study from an urban area of central Sweden.

The incidence of acute gonococcal and nongonococcal salpingitis for a five-year-period (1970--74) was studied retrospectively in an urban area of central Sweden. The investigation was undertaken to see if the reported decrease of gonorrhoea in Sweden had been followed by a change in the incidence of gonococcal salpingitis--the most common complication of gonorrhoea. The study showed that the relative incidence of acute gonococcal salpingitis had decreased even more than urogenital gonorrhoea and these findings thus indicate a real decrease of gonorrhoea. At the same time there were more patients with nongonococcal salpingitis. During the period of the study the gonococcal complement-fixation test (GCFT) gave positive results in 40% to 80% of the patients with gonococcal salpingitis. The yield with this test was only 4% in patients with nongonococcal salpingitis during 1970 but it increased successively and was 23% in 1974. This increase was statistically highly significant (P less than 0.001).

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2026

Prevalence of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae in tonsils of domestic pigs and wild boars in Sweden.

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae (ER) causes erysipelas in multiple animal species and may persist in the environment or be carried asymptomatically. It is estimated that 30-50% of apparently healthy or convalescent pigs harbour ER in their tonsils and other lymphoid tissues. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of ER in the tonsils of healthy Swedish fattening pigs and wild boars. Tonsils were collected from 200 fattening pigs at slaughter from ten abattoirs across Sweden in 2017, with one pig per herd sampled. Wild boars (n = 180) were sampled during hunting, primarily in Östergötland County, in 2018. Cultures were performed using selective media and isolates were confirmed as ER by MALDI-TOF MS. ER was recovered from 6/200 pig tonsils (3.0%), all originating from three abattoirs in southern Sweden. ER was isolated from 76/167 (45.5%) of wild boar tonsils. Whole-genome sequencing revealed a high genetic diversity among the isolates with no dominant clones. Overall, these results indicate that Swedish pig husbandry, characterized by indoor rearing of fattening pigs, age-segregated rearing, sow vaccination, enhanced biosecurity, and restricted straw access largely prevents tonsillar colonization by ER aligning with the low occurrence of clinically diagnosed erysipelas in such herds. For wild boars, the high isolation rate suggests that wild boar could act as a reservoir and potential source of infection for domestic pigs. The potential zoonotic risk should also be considered.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Comparative social policy and political conflict in advanced welfare states: Denmark and Sweden.

There has developed an abundant literature on the social and political determinants of social policies, but few have addressed the question of how state policies, once implemented, affect the system of stratification in civil society. This article examines the political consequences of social policy in Denmark and Sweden, countries in which a social democratic labor movement has predominated for decades. Superficially, these two highly developed welfare states appear very similar. Yet the political and social contexts in which their social policies have evolved differ substantially. I shall demonstrate the argument that the traditional welfare state approach may be conducive to a new and powerful political conflict, which directly questions the legitimacy of the welfare state itself, unless government is successful in subordinating private capitalist growth to effective public regulation. In Denmark, where social democratic governments have failed to match welfare state growth with more control of private capital, social policy has tended to undermine the political unity of the working class. Consequently, the Social Democratic Party has been weakened. Social welfare programs, in effect, have helped create new forms of stratification within the working class. In Sweden, social democratic governments have been quite successful in shifting a decisive degree of power over the private market to the state. This has helped avert a crisis of the welfare state, and has also been an important condition for continued social democratic hegemony and working-class unity. I conclude that social reform politics tend to be problematic from the point of view of the future power of social democratic movements.

Conflict, Psychological↗
PubMed1976

Exposure to drugs and other possibly harmful factors during the first trimester of pregnancy. Comparison of two prospective studies performed in Sweden 10 years apart.

474 women in mid-pregnancy, interviewed at ten different hospitals in Sweden, were questioned on a number of social and medical items: e.g., drug use, contraceptive technique used before pregnancy, exposure to possibly deleterious factors in the environment. The study, compared with a similar study made ten years earlier in Sweden, showed little or no difference in the use of iron and/or vitamin preparations, analgesic drugs, antibiotics, or endocrine drugs; but a drastic reduction is noted in the use of psychotropic drugs and of antihistaminic drugs. A marked decrease in frequency of first trimester X-ray exposures can be found, but no marked changes in smoking habits. Appr. 18% of the women used contraceptive pills within 6 months of becoming pregnant---3 had used them during early pregnancy. About 4% (18 women) had used IUD---one became pregnant with a Cu-UID (intra-uterine device inpregnated with copper).This type of study can provide some information on the prevalence of relatively common factors, but it must be considerably extended in order to permit an analysis of rare events, e.g., use of most drugs.

Abnormalities, Drug-Induced↗
PubMed1976

An experience in dental education in Sweden.

On the basis of a one-year experience as a visiting professor at the University of Lund School of Dentistry in Malmmo, Sweden, the author discusses dental education in the Swedish system and compares it to its American counterpart. The power and independence of the department chairmen and the absolute dependence on research productivity as the criterion for advancement in the academic hierarchy are pervading influences in Swedish dental education. It is difficult to undertake curriculum study and revision in Sweden and to achieve coordination in the educational program. Research efforts in the Swedish schools are of high quality and are remarkably prolific.

Community Dentistry↗
PubMed1979

Epidemiological events surrounding a paralytic case of poliomyelitis in Sweden.

A case of clinical poliomyelitis occurred in Sweden in January 1977; it was the first indigenous case in Sweden since 1962. This incident was of particular interest as it provided an opportunity to study the spread of virus in a cluster of unvaccinated persons and in individuals more or less fully vaccinated with inactivated vaccine. The patient excreted wild type 2 virus and the same type was isolated from 25 other individuals, all of whom were close contacts of virus excretors. Among the close contacts, 14 of 20 unvaccinated preschool children were found to excrete virus, but excretion was not found in any of the 7 vaccinated children examined.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1979

[Pesticide residues in feed-stuffs in Sweden (author's transl)].

The occurrence of pesticide residues was studied in samples of feed-stuffs produced in Sweden or imported to Sweden during the years 1972--1976. In all, 278 samples representing 37 types of feed-stuffs (components, as well as finished feeds) and 18 countries were analyzed. Residues of chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides and PCBs were looked for in 224 samples, mostly feed components. The analytical method used involved solvent extraction, florisil-column clean-up, thinlayer chromatographic separation and gas-chromatographic determination. Chlorinated hydrocarbons were found in several samples. DDT and its transformation products were detected in 66 samples (29.5%), lindane in 44 (19.5%), PCBs in 25 (11.2%), alpha-BHC in 22 (9.8%), beta-BHC in 11 (4.9%) and dieldrin in 9 (4.0%). The levels were usually low (Table I). The chloropesticides occurred most frequently and at the highest levels in feed-stuffs of animal origin and in imported oil-feeds. In 25 of the samples the contents of sigmaDDT exceeded the maximum limit accepted by the National (Swedish) Food Administration for grain and bran intended for human consumption (0.05 mg/kg, Talbe IV). The highest residue level of sigmaDDT (0.66 mg/kg) was encountered in a sample of fish meal. The PCB levels found did not exceed the temporary tolerance established by FDA (1973) for finished animal feeds (0.2 mg/kg). One hundred and seven samples were analyzed for phenoxy acid residues using a thin-layer chromatographic and gas-chromatographic technique. Phenoxy acids were detected in only 2 of 62 randomly selected feed samples (0.05 and 0.2 mg/kg, respectively). The residue limit established by the National Food Administration for 2,4-D and MCPA in grain and bran intended for human consumption is 0.1 mg/kg. Fortyfour samples of feeds were submitted because of suspected phenoxy acid contamination. In 12 of the samples phenoxy acid residues were found. The highest level (3.5 mg/kg, MCPA) was observed in a sample of accidentally contaminated molasses. Considering the apparently low level of contamination of Swedish grain with chloropesticides, PCBs and phenoxy acids and the dilution on compounding feed-stuffs of animal origin and oil-feeds, only very low pesticide residue levels can be expected in Swedish finished animal feeds.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1979

[Thoracic surgery in Sweden; its structure and perspective (author's transl)].

In Sweden thoracic surgery is a surgical specialty. Treatment is organized by 5 hospitals for thoracic surgery. In 3 clinics there is although open heart surgery. From 1969 to 1977 the number of interventions on the lung, mediastinum and chest wall rose by 35%, the reason is the increasing number of patients with bronchogenic cancer. Vascular surgery (peripheral vessels) is mostly performed by general surgeons, pacemaker surgery in district hospitals. From a prospective study there is no reason to change the organization of thoracic surgery in Sweden during the next years.

Hospital Bed Capacity↗
PubMed1977

Health care and hospital pharmacy in Sweden.

Health care and hospital pharmacy in Sweden are discussed. The system of drug distribution in Sweden is reviewed, and the following functions of hospital pharmacies are discussed; drug and hygiene committees, inspection activities, drug information and educational services, radiopharmacy, and research activities. Pharmacy education, drug manufacturing, and Apoteksbolaget--The National Corporation of Swedish Pharmacies--are also discussed. Future developments in hospital pharmacy are expected to include increased sales to outpatients, a restructuring of the drug supply within outpatient care and recommendations from the hospital drug committees on outpatient care.

Delivery of Health Care↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Subarachnoid spinal analgesia. A comparative survey of current practice in Scotland and Sweden.

A postal inquiry into the current use of subarachnoid spinal analgesia obtained replies from approximately 70% of consultants in both Scotland and Sweden. Although medico-legal anxiety was still an important feature of Scottish practice, the publication of large series with a low incidence of complications had also exerted some influence, and 40% of consultants employed the technique. In contrast, 70% of Swedish replies indicated current use of spinal analgesia and the individual frequency of administration was considerably higher. The present popularity of epidural analgesia has contributed to some decline in the use of subarachnoid spinal analgesia in Sweden, particularly in the case of longer surgical procedures. Anaesthetists in both countries expressed dissatisfaction with the limited choice of available spinal agents and considered their duration of action to be inadequate. In Scotland, conditional indications, such as diabetes mellitus and respiratory disease, were of major importance, whereas Swedish users more often specified surgical procedures for which subarachnoid spinal analgesia was considered to be the anaesthetic of choice. Few anaesthetists had experience of complications and no major neurological sequelae were reported. More than 80% of replies indicated that subarachnoid spinal anaesthesia had a useful place in anaesthetic practice.

Anesthesia, Spinal↗
PubMed1977

Recording of drug prescriptions in the county of Jämtland, Sweden. III. Drugs presented for blood donors in a 5 year period.

Drug prescriptions in the county of Jämtland, Sweden, have been examined in order to estimate drug exposure of blood donors. During the period 1970-74 a donor group (n = 292) purchased significantly more drugs than non-donors matched for age, sex and residential area in the county. This was true for most drug categories, except for cardiovascular and endocrine drugs and iron preparations. The actual consumption of the drugs obtained was not investigated. Prospective studies are required to assess the clinical consequences of the surprisingly high drug exposure of blood donors.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1976

A law concerning sex reassignment of transsexuals in Sweden.

In 1972, a law regulating surgical and legal measures reguired for sex reassignment came into force in Sweden. The law, its practical application, and the number of transsexual cases dealt with by the National Board of Health and Welfare during the first 2 years of enforcement are described.

Disorders of Sex Development↗
PubMed1979

Snowmobile accidents in Northern Sweden.

A total of 129 snowmobile injuries occurring in 117 persons was registered during the winter of 1976-7 in Jämtland, a county of northern Sweden. During that period about 6600 snowmobiles were in use in the district. In 92 cases speed contributed to the cause of the accident. Seventy-five persons were injured when falling off the vehicle or getting caught beneath it. The accidents are analysed and suggestions are made for their prevention.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Scuba diving accidents in Sweden 1960--1976.

Thirty "scuba" diving accidents (29 of them fatal) which occurred in Sweden during 1960--76 are listed. Nine of these are described in some detail. The probable causes of these accidents are evaluated, and suggestions for prophylactic measures are made.

Accidents↗
PubMed1979

Enterotoxigenic enteric bacteria in foods and outbreaks of food-borne diseases in Sweden.

All of 86 food routinely examined for potentially pathogenic enteric bacteria were found to harbour one or more coliform species. None of the strains isolated produced heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) or showed invasive properties. The suckling mouse test indicated that one strain of Escherichia coli produced heat-stable enterotoxin (ST). Twelve incidents of suspected food poisoning were also investigated. In two of them the foods examined contained LT-producing strains of E. coli and in two there were LT-producing strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae. The counts of viable enterotoxigenic micro-organisms in these foods were 3000-30,000 E. coli/g and 50,000 to 1 million K. pneumoniae/g. The dominant symptom in all the incidents was watery diarrhoea. These seem to be the first reported cases of foodborne enterotoxigenic enteric bacteria in Europe. Though enterotoxigenic E. coli and related gram-negative enterotoxin-producing species are rare in correctly handled food in Sweden, these micro-organisms should be searched for when outbreaks of food poisoning are investigated.

Enterotoxins↗
PubMed1976

Characteristics and prognosis for women with hypertension in a community: results of a longitudinal study in Göteborg, Sweden.

1. During the years 1968-69 a population study of 1462 women aged 38-60 years was carried out in Göteborg, Sweden. A total of 126 women were classified as hypertensive. 2. Hypertensive women reported a history of albuminuria and hypertension during pregnancy more often than women in the general population. Albuminuria, alterations of the eye-ground vessels and ECG changes indicating left ventricular strain were more often found in hypertensive women. Hypertensive women were on average heavier. 3. The same population sample was re-studied 6 years later. Two of the 126 women classified as hypertensive had died during the 6 years interval since the first examination, both from myocardial infarction. The death rate was similar to the population sample as a whole.

Adult↗