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PubMed1993

Investigations of the architecture of tamarind seed polysaccharide in aqueous solution by different scattering techniques.

The architecture of tamarind seed polysaccharide (TSP) has been investigated by light scattering (LS), small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and synchrotron radiation scattering (SRSAXS). The experimental data show that TSP in aqueous solution consists of multi stranded aggregates, with a high degree of particle stiffness. The angular dependence of the scattered intensity is typical for wormlike chains. Data evaluation on the basis of this model yields a statistical Kuhn segment length lK = 150 nm. The cross sectional radius of gyration is estimated as Rgcs = 6.0 +/- 0.5 A, which is more than twice the value, published for single stranded polysaccharides. Correspondingly, the experimental value of the linear mass density, measured by LS, is about five times higher than the theoretical value calculated from the primary structure.

Light↗
PubMed1978

[Two years feeding toxicity study of tamarind seed polysaccharide in rats (author's transl)].

Tamarind seed polysaccharide (Glyloid) was incorporated at the level of 4, 8, 12% in a standard commercial diet and fed ad lib. to male and female rats for 2 years. No significant changes were noted in the behavior, mortality, body weight, food intake, biochemical analysis of urine and blood, hematological test, organ weight and histopathological findings of rats receiving Glyloid. In all groups containing control group, spontaneous diseases with aging, such as myocardial change, nephropathy, mammary tumor (in female), pituitary tumor etc., were seen. These diseases played important role as the cause of death of the dead rats.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Studies on the applicability of tamarind kernel powder as a carrier in the dissolution enhancement of poorly water soluble drug, celecoxib.

In the present investigation, tamarind kernel powder (TP) was evaluated for its suitability as a carrier to improve the dissolution rate of poorly water-soluble drug, celecoxib (CC). The influence of polysaccharide concentration and method of preparation of solid mixtures on dissolution rate was investigated. Solid mixtures of CC and TP were prepared in different ratios (1:1, 1:4 & 1:9 w/w, CC:TP) using co-grinding technique to test the effect of polysac-charide concentration. Four different methods namely (i) physical mixing method (ii) co-grinding method (iii) kneading method and (iv) solvent deposition method were used to assess the effect of method of preparation. Solid mixtures were characterized by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), X-ray Diffraction (XRD) studies and solubility studies. Dissolution rate of CC was increased as the TP concentration increased and optimum weight ratio was found to be 1:4 (CC:TP). It was found that method of preparation of solid mixtures significantly effected the dissolution rate of CC from solid mixtures. The order of products basing on dissolution efficency is solvent deposition > co-grinding > kneading > physical mixing > pure CC. Among all the methods, though the solvent deposition technique improved the dissolution rate to maximum, co-grinding technique was found to be suitable from practical point of view and commercialization.

Calorimetry, Differential Scanning↗
PubMed2006

Studies on defluoridation of water by tamarind seed, an unconventional biosorbent.

Tamarind seed, a household waste from the kitchen is used for the sorptive removal of fluoride from synthetic aqueous solution as well as from field water samples. Batch sorptive defluoridation was conducted under variable experimental conditions such as pH, agitation time, initial fluoride concentration, particle size and sorbent dose. Maximum defluoridation was achieved at pH 7.0. Defluoridation capacity decreases with increase in temperature and particle size. Further, defluoridation follows first order kinetics and Langmuir adsorption isotherm. Desorption was carried out with 0.1 N HCl and is 90 per cent. The surface and sorption characteristics were analysed using FTIR and SEM techniques. All these results indicate the involvement of energetic forces such as coulombic interaction in sorption. For domestic and industrial applications, defluoridation with 100% achievement and subsequent regeneration of adsorbent was performed with a household water filter and fixed bed column respectively.

Adsorption↗
PubMed2002

Childhood lead poisoning associated with tamarind candy and folk remedies--California, 1999-2000.

Lead poisoning affects children adversely worldwide. In the United States, elevated blood lead levels (BLLs) (>10 microg/dL) result primarily from exposure to lead-based paint or from associated lead-contaminated dust and soil; however, other sources of lead exposure, including folk remedies, Mexican terra cotta pottery, and certain imported candies, also have been associated with elevated BLLs in children. This report describes five cases in California of lead poisoning from atypical sources. Health-care providers should be aware of the potential hazards of certain food products, and community members should be educated about potential sources of lead poisoning for children.

California↗
PubMed1999

Inhibition of UV-induced immune suppression and interleukin-10 production by plant oligosaccharides and polysaccharides.

Application of Aloe barbadensis poly/oligosaccharides to UV-irradiated skin prevents photosuppression of delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) responses in mice. We tested the hypothesis that these carbohydrates belong to a family of biologically active, plant-derived polysaccharides that can regulate responses to injury in animal tissues. C3H mice were exposed to 5 kJ/m2 UVB from unfiltered FS40 sunlamps and treated with between 1 pg and 10 micrograms tamarind xyloglucans or control polysaccharides methylcellulose or dextran in saline. The mice were sensitized 3 days later with Candida albicans. Tamarind xyloglucans and purified Aloe poly/oligosaccharides prevented suppression of DTH responses in vivo and reduced the amount of interleukin (IL)-10 observed in UV-irradiated murine epidermis. Tamarind xyloglucans were immunoprotective at low picogram doses. In contrast, the control polysaccharides methylcellulose and dextran had no effect on immune suppression or cutaneous IL-10 at any dose. Tamarind xyloglucans and Aloe poly/oligosaccharides also prevented suppression of immune responses to alloantigen in mice exposed to 30 kJ/m2 UVB radiation. To assess the effect of the carbohydrates on keratinocytes, murine Pam212 cells were exposed to 300 J/m2 UVB radiation and treated for 1 h with tamarind xyloglucans or Aloe poly/oligosaccharides. Treatment of keratinocytes with immunoprotective carbohydrates reduced IL-10 production by approximately 50% compared with the cells treated with UV radiation alone and completely blocked suppressive activity of the culture supernatants in vivo. The tamarind xyloglucans also blocked UV-activated phosphorylation of SAPK/JNK protein but had no effect on p38 phosphorylation. These results indicate that animals, like plants, may use carbohydrates to regulate responses to environmental stimuli.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed1997

Xyloglucan galactosyl- and fucosyltransferase activities from pea epicotyl microsomes.

Microsomal membranes from growing tissue of pea (Pisum sativum L.) epicotyls were incubated with the substrate UDP-[14C]galactose (Gal) with or without tamarind seed xyloglucan (XG) as a potential galactosyl acceptor. Added tamarind seed XG enhanced incorporation of [14C]Gal into high-molecular-weight products (eluted from columns of Sepharose CL-6B in the void volume) that were trichloroacetic acid-soluble but insoluble in 67% ethanol. These products were hydrolyzed by cellulase to fragments comparable in size to XG subunit oligosaccharides. XG-dependent galactosyltransferase activity could be solubilized, along with XG fucosyltransferase, by the detergent 3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)-dimethylammonio]-1-propanesulfonate. When this enzyme was incubated with tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.) seed XG or nasturtium (Tropaeolum majus L.) seed XG that had been partially degalactosylated with an XG-specific beta-galactosidase, the rates of Gal transfer increased and fucose transfer decreased compared with controls with native XG. The reaction products were hydrolyzed by cellulase to 14C fragments that were analyzed by gel-filtration and high-performance liquid chromatography fractionation with pulsed amperometric detection. The major components were XG subunits, namely one of the two possible monogalactosyl octasaccharides (-XXLG-) and digalactosyl nonasaccharide (-XLLG-), whether the predominant octasaccharide in the acceptor was XXLG (as in tamarind seed XG) or XLXG (as in nasturtium seed XG). It is concluded that the first xylosylglucose from the reducing end of the subunits was the Gal acceptor locus preferred by the solubilized pea transferase. These observations are incorporated into a model for the biosynthesis of cell wall XGs.

Carbohydrate Sequence↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Dietary factors in pathogenesis of gallstone disease in southern India--a hospital-based case-control study.

BACKGROUND: Pigment or mixed gallstones are common in southern India. The etiology is not established. Known risk factors include an obese, diabetic female and a nonsmoker male. AIM: To determine the association of dietary factors with mixed/pigment gallstones amongst southern Indian patients. METHODS: Diet details were obtained from 346 patients (178 women) with gallstones and an equal number of healthy controls who were age- and sex-matched attendants of the patients, sharing similar socioeconomic and demographic characteristics, with normal abdominal ultrasonogram. Data recorded included the number of daily meals, nature of cereal used, vegetarianism, oil consumed per month, sugar consumption per day, tamarind (Garcinia camborginia ) usage per week, and per-day beverage consumption. RESULTS: There was no difference between cases and controls in consumption of non-vegetarian food, type of cereal, average oil and sugar consumption, and type of beverage consumed (tea/coffee/milk/combination). Individuals with BMI> 22 were at higher risk to develop gallstones (OR 1.49; 95% CI 1.09, 2.04; p=0.01). There was significant risk of gallstone formation with the use of tamarind when consumed > 3 times a week (OR 1.76; 95% CI 1.05, 2.96; p=0.03). Higher BMI and tamarind use were significant risk factors even on multivariate logistic regression analysis (p=0.02). CONCLUSION: Higher BMI and use of tamarind, a common ingredient of diet in southern India, are risk factors in the formation of gallstones in southern India.

Body Mass Index↗
PubMed1991

Solubilization and properties of GDP-fucose: xyloglucan 1,2-alpha-L-fucosyltransferase from pea epicotyl membranes.

GDP-fucose:xyloglucan 1,2-alpha-L-fucosyltransferase from pea (Pisum sativum) epicotyl microsomal membranes was readily solubilized by extraction with the zwitterionic detergent 3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]-1-propanesulfonate (Chaps). When using GDP-[14C]fucose as fucosyl donor and tamarind xyloglucan (XG) as acceptor, maximum activation was observed at 0.3% (w/v) Chaps and the highest yield of solubilized activity at 0.4%. The reaction product was hydrolyzed by Trichoderma cellulase to yield labeled oligosaccharides that peaked on gel permeation chromatography at the same elution volume as pea XG nona- and decasaccharide subunits. The apparent Km for fucosyl transfer to tamarind XG by the membrane-bound or solubilized enzyme was about 80 microM GDP-fucose. This was 10 times the apparent Km for fucosyl transfer to endogenous pea nascent XG. Optimum activity was between pH 6 and 7, and the isoelectric point was close to pH 4.8. The solubilized enzyme showed no requirement for, or stimulation by, added cations or phospholipids, and was stable for several months at -70 degrees C. Solubilization and gel permeation chromatography on columns of Sepharose CL-6B enriched the specific activity of the enzyme by about 20-fold relative to microsomes. Activity fractionated on columns of CL-6B with an apparent molecular weight of 150 kDa. The solubilized fucosyltransferase was electrophoresed on nondenaturing polyacrylamide slab gels containing 0.02% (w/v) tamarind XG, and its activity located by incubation in GDP-[14C]fucose, washing, and autoradiographing the gel. A single band of labeled reaction product appeared with an apparent molecular weight of 150 kDa.

Chromatography, Gel↗
PubMed2006

Severe wear and tooth loss in wild ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta): a function of feeding ecology, dental structure, and individual life history.

The ring-tailed lemurs at Beza Mahafaly Special Reserve, Madagascar, exhibit a high frequency of severe wear and antemortem tooth loss. As part of a long-term study, we collected dental data on 83 living adult ring-tailed lemurs during 2003 and 2004. Among these individuals, 192 teeth were scored as absent. The most frequently missing tooth position is M1 (24%). As M1 is the first tooth to erupt, its high frequency of absence (primarily a result of wear) is not remarkable. However, the remaining pattern of tooth loss does not correlate with the sequence of eruption. We suggest that this pattern is a function of 1) feeding ecology, as hard, tough tamarind fruit is a key fallback food of ring-tailed lemurs living in gallery forests; 2) food processing, as tamarind fruit is primarily processed in the P3-M1 region of the mouth; and 3) tooth structure, as ring-tailed lemurs possess thin dental enamel. The incongruity between thin enamel and use of a hard, tough fallback food suggests that ring-tailed lemurs living in riverine gallery forests may rely on resources not used in the past. When comparing dental health in the same individuals (n=50) between 2003 and 2004, we found that individual tooth loss can show a rapid increase over the span of one year, increasing by as much as 20%. Despite this rapid loss, individuals are able to survive, sometimes benefiting from unintentional assistance from conspecifics, from which partially processed tamarind fruit is obtained. Although less frequent in this population, these longitudinal data also illustrate that ring-tailed lemurs lose teeth due to damage and disease, similar to other nonhuman primates. The relationship between tooth loss, feeding ecology, dental structure, and individual life history in this population has implications for interpreting behavior based on tooth loss in the hominid fossil record.

Age Factors↗