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At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed2004

Trichinella papuae and Trichinella zimbabwensis induce infection in experimentally infected varans, caimans, pythons and turtles.

The discovery of Trichinella zimbabwensis in farm crocodiles of Zimbabwe has opened up a new frontier in the epidemiology of the Trichinella genus. The objective of the present study was to investigate the infectivity of encapsulated species (T. spiralis, T. nativa, T. britovi, T. murrelli and T. nelsoni) and non-encapsulated species (T. pseudospiralis, T. papuae and T. zimbabwensis) in caimans (Caiman crocodilus), varans (Varanus exanthematicus), pythons (Python molurus bivittatus) and turtles (Pelomedusa subrufa) raised at their natural temperature range (26-32 degrees C). Mice and chickens were used as controls. At 6 days post-infection (p.i.), adult worms were detected in the small intestine of reptiles infected with T. papuae and T. zimbabwensis, of chickens infected with T. pseudospiralis and of mice infected with all encapsulated and non-encapsulated species. At 60 days p.i., T. papuae and T. zimbabwensis adult worms were collected from the intestine of varans and caimans and larvae from muscles of the four reptile species, T. pseudospiralis larvae from muscles of chickens, and larvae of all Trichinella species from mouse muscles. The highest reproductive capacity index of both T. papuae and T. zimbabwensis was observed in varans. The results show that T. papuae and T. zimbabwensis are able to complete their entire life-cycle in both poikilothermic and homoiothermic animals.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Cell-mediated response at the muscle phase of Trichinella pseudospiralis and Trichinella spiralis infections.

The cell-mediated response in BALB/c mice infected either by Trichinella pseudospiralis or Trichinella spiralis was compared at days 30-50 post-infection (muscle phase). The former species is non-encapsulated, whereas the latter is encapsulated in host muscles. The pattern of response against the two species was similar. Both species elicited T(H)0 or T(H)1/T(H)2 response, with the last one being dominant. Productions of interferon gamma (IFN-gamma), interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-5 were observed after antigenic restimulation of splenocytes from infected mice. No significant difference was observed between the levels of response to concanavalin A (Con-A) by the splenocytes from both infected and non-infected animals. There was a significant increase in serum IgG(1) and IgG(2a). Flow cytometric analysis revealed a marked proliferative response of splenocytes from infected mice to worm antigens, dominated by B (CD19) lymphoblasts. Only a few helper (CD4+) and cytotoxic (CD8+) T lymphoblasts were present. This was confirmed by an up-regulation of CD69, with a dominant expression on B lymphoblasts. In conclusion, the minimal or lack of intense cellular response against T. pseudospiralis in muscles is likely not due to depression of cell-mediated immunity.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Trichinella spiralis and Trichinella pseudospiralis induce collagen synthesis by host fibroblasts in vitro and in vivo.

Immunoperoxidase staining of muscle infected with Trichinella spiralis for murine collagen types I and IV provided both qualitative and quantitative evidence of extensive synthesis of both types of collagen by fibroblasts in infected muscle compared to that seen in uninfected muscle. Moreover, fibroblasts in muscle infected with T. pseudospiralis, a nonencapsulating species, showed significantly less staining for both types of collagen compared to muscle from mice infected with T. spiralis. Analysis of collagen composition of isolated nurse cells using an ELISA specific for either type I or type IV murine collagen suggested that of these 2 types of collagen, only type IV basement membrane collagen is found in Trichinella capsular collagen. Excretory/secretory products of T. spiralis and T. pseudospiralis induced extensive synthesis of exclusively type IV collagen by 3T3 murine fibroblasts in vitro.

3T3 Cells↗
PubMed1997

A complementary DNA encoding an antigen from Trichinella spiralis muscle larvae and its analog from Trichinella T5 of bobcat origin: sequence, cloning and expressions.

Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was employed to amplify a cDNA encoding an excretory-secretory (ES) antigen with mol. wt 45-50 kDa by SDS-PAGE from T. spiralis muscle larvae. The PCR product was purified by electrophoresis and sequenced by thermal cycle sequencing with primer walking. The cDNA is 890 bp long and encodes a polypeptide of 255 amino acid (AA) residues. Using the same methods, we also recovered a corresponding cDNA from Trichinella T5, which is 891 bp long and encodes 255 AAs. Comparison of the 2 Trichinella species indicates approximately 2.6% and 2.4% differences between the 2 cDNA sequences and between the 2 deduced AA sequences, respectively.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1998

Comparison of the inflammatory responses of mice infected with American and Australian Trichinella pseudospiralis or Trichinella spiralis.

This study was designed to determine if the Tasmanian devil isolate of Trichinella pseudospiralis suppressed inflammation as does the original isolate. While adult worm numbers were similar in all groups, lower enteritis occurred in devil isolate-infected mice compared with mice infected with the original isolate of T. pseudospiralis or with Trichinella spiralis. Diaphragm muscle inflammation was greater in T. spiralis-infected than in mice infected with either isolate of T. pseudospiralis or concurrently infected with T. spiralis and either of the isolates of T. pseudospiralis. Granuloma inflammation was lower in mice infected with either isolate of T. pseudospiralis compared with uninfected or T. spiralis-infected mice. The devil isolate down-regulated inflammation more profoundly during the intestinal phase than the muscle phase compared to the original isolate, differences which may be related to the biology of their natural hosts.

Americas↗
PubMed1996

Trichinella pseudospiralis secretes a protein related to the Trichinella spiralis 43-kDa glycoprotein.

A 43-kDa secreted glycoprotein from the intracellular parasitic nematode Trichinella spiralis has been considered as a factor involved in the formation of the Nurse cell in infected muscle. The closely related intracellular parasitic nematode Trichinella pseudospiralis that also infects muscle cells, does not form Nurse cells and was thought not to secrete the 43-kDa glycoprotein. This implied a unique role for the 43-kDa glycoprotein in T. spiralis infection and supported the hypothesis of involvement of the 43-kDa glycoprotein in Nurse cell formation. Following cloning of a full length cDNA encoding the 43-kDa protein, antibodies were raised against several domains of the 43-kDa glycoprotein. Here we show that a protein related to the 43-kDa glycoprotein exists in T. pseudospiralis. Immunohistochemical studies reveal important similarities in the distribution of the 43-kDa glycoprotein and the related protein from T. pseudospiralis in muscle infections with either of the two parasites. The 43-kDa glycoprotein may therefore play a common role in the life cycles of these two parasites and probably is not involved in Nurse cell formation.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

The genetic analysis of F1 hybrid larvae between female Trichinella spiralis and male Trichinella britovi.

Hybrids between female Trichinella spiralis and male Trichinella britovi were constructed. Then, hybrid genotype was characterized by DNA markers including mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (CO I) gene, the gene encoding the 43-kDa excretory-secretory (ES) protein, and genomic DNA fragments specific for T. spiralis and T. britovi identified from random amplified polymorphism DNA (RAPD). PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis of the mitochondrial CO I gene revealed that all hybrids carried a T. spiralis pattern. The same analysis of the gene encoding the 43-kDa ES protein showed that each hybrid carried both T. spiralis and T. britovi gene type simultaneously. In the analysis of genomic DNA using RAPD-derived PCR primers, some hybrids carried T. spiralis and T. britovi-specific RAPD markers, while others carried the RAPD marker of T. spiralis only.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Comparative dynamics and phenotype of the murine immune response to Trichinella spiralis and Trichinella pseudospiralis.

Infection of NIH mice with Trichinella spiralis and Trichinella pseudospiralis results in qualitatively comparable immune responses. Antigen-specific proliferation by mesenteric lymph node cells was transient and temporally associated with intestinal infection, but in contrast was sustained throughout infection by splenocytes. Early cytokine production by mesenteric lymph node cells was dominated by interleukin 10, but also IL-5 and IL-4, with rapid resolution following parasite expulsion from the gut. Splenocytes showed a mixed profile of cytokine production, although again dominated by IL-10 and sustained over 60 days of infection. All antibody classes were evident, with early production of IgA and IgG1, and subsequent secretion of other subclasses including IgG2a. Granulocytic infiltration of the spleen was significantly greater in T. spiralis infection. The concentration of serum corticosterone generally remained within normal boundaries, although was raised by day 60 in T. spiralis-infected mice. We conclude that the systemic suppression of inflammation reported for T. pseudospiralis does not result from selective induction of regulatory cytokines, or a major difference in the immune response to infection with T. spiralis.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Molecular identification of Trichinella spiralis and Trichinella britovi by diagnostic multiprimer large mitochondrial rRNA amplification.

Trichinella parasites with different epidemiological features still occur in Europe and four species of genus Trichinella have been identified: T. spiralis, T. britovi, T. nativa and T. pseudospiralis. Until now, two of them, T. spiralis and T. britovi, have been identified in Poland. In our studies we selected sequence coding for large mitochondrial rRNA (mt LrDNA) as a genetic marker and developed a sensitive LrDNA multiprimer PCR assay allowing for rapid identification of T. spiralis and T. britovi, parasites present in wild and domestic animals in Poland.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Comparative analysis of Trichinella spiralis and Trichinella nativa proteins by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis.

Trichinella spiralis and Trichinella nativa are both common wildlife parasites in Finland. However, they differ substantially in their resistance to below 0 degrees C temperatures in their natural hosts. T. nativa can live in frozen fox meat for years, whereas T. spiralis dies when frozen. In mouse muscle, the difference is not as evident; even T. nativa cannot maintain infectivity when kept at -20 degrees C for 1 week. Crude larval protein extracts of these two parasite species were analyzed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DE). The protein patterns showed clear differences, but matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) peptide mass fingerprint followed by database searches failed to identify these proteins, suggesting that they may still be uncharacterized. The patterns compared after freezing treatment at -20 degrees C revealed changes in the intensity of some protein spots. The antigenic differences of the species were analyzed with two-dimensional Western blots, which showed T. spiralis-specific proteins.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Stimulated chemotactic response in neutrophils from Trichinella pseudospiralis-infected mice and the neutrophilotactic potential of Trichinella extracts.

During infection with Trichinella pseudospiralis a strong neutrophil response is evident in the peripheral circulation of the mouse. This study compared the chemotactic response of neutrophils from uninfected, T. pseudospiralis-infected and Trichinella spiralis-infected mice to extracts from adult worms, newborn larvae and muscle-stage larvae of both species of parasite. The chemotactic response of neutrophils from T. pseudospiralis-infected mice to Zymosan-activated mouse serum (ZAMS) was significantly greater than that seen with neutrophils from either uninfected or T. spiralis-infected mice. Unstimulated chemotactic response of neutrophils from these three groups of animals to medium alone was similar. The chemotactic response of neutrophils from the three groups of animals was unaffected by either the concentration or source of serum. The chemotactic response of neutrophils from T. pseudospiralis-infected mice was significantly greater than that observed with cells from uninfected or T. spiralis-infected mice. Among parasite extracts, those from newborn larvae displayed the strongest chemotactic potential for neutrophils. Extracts from muscle larvae of T. spiralis and T. pseudospiralis and extracts of T. spiralis adult worms showed the weakest attraction for neutrophils. Extracts from adult T. pseudospiralis and from newborn larvae of both species elevated the chemotactic response of uninfected mouse neutrophils to a significantly greater level than that seen with ZAMS alone, while a significant reduction in this response was evident only when ZAMS was presented to neutrophils with 500 micrograms of extract from muscle larvae of T. pseudospiralis or T. spiralis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Trichinella pseudospiralis overcomes innate resistance of the Chinese hamster to Trichinella spiralis.

Infectivity of Trichinella pseudospiralis in Chinese hamsters was greater than that of Trichinella spiralis. Concurrent infection with these two species of parasite was accompanied by an increase in infectivity of T. spiralis. The infectivity of T. pseudospiralis, but not that of T. spiralis, was significantly influenced by host age. Regardless of host age, T. pseudospiralis was more infective for the Chinese hamster than was T. spiralis. Early during infection, enteritis (myeloperoxidase activity) in hamsters infected with T. pseudospiralis alone was significantly less than that seen in animals infected with T. spiralis alone or with both species concurrently. Myositis in hamsters infected with T. pseudospiralis alone was significantly less on days 14, 17 and 25 post-infection (p.i.) than that observed in concurrently infected or T. spiralis-infected animals. On days 11 and 14 p.i. inflammation in diaphragm muscle from concurrently infected hamsters was significantly less than that seen in animals infected with T. spiralis alone. Muscle histology supported these chemical data on myositis. Suppression of the host inflammatory response against early muscle-stage larvae of T. pseudospiralis underlies the greater infectivity of this parasite for the Chinese hamster.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Predilection muscles and physical condition of raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides) experimentally infected with Trichinella spiralis and Trichinella nativa.

The predilection muscles of Trichinella spiralis and T. nativa were studied in 2 experimental groups of 6 raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides), the third group serving as a control for clinical signs. The infection dose for both parasites was 1 larva/g body weight. After 12 weeks, the animals were euthanized and 13 sampling sites were analysed by the digestion method. Larvae were found in all sampled skeleton muscles of the infected animals, but not in the specimens from the heart or intestinal musculature. Both parasite species reproduced equally well in the raccoon dog. The median density of infection in positive tissues was 353 larvae per gram (lpg) with T. spiralis and 343 lpg with T. nativa. All the infected animals had the highest larvae numbers in the carpal flexors (M. flexor carpi ulnaris). Also tongue and eye muscles had high infection levels. There were no significant differences in the predilection sites between these 2 parasite species. Trichinellosis increased the relative amount of fat, but not the body weight in the captive raccoon dogs. Thus, Trichinella as a muscle parasite might have catabolic effect on these animals.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1990

Pathogenesis and serodiagnosis of experimental Trichinella spiralis spiralis and Trichinella spiralis nativa infections in cattle.

Trichinella spiralis spiralis infections were established in cattle by gavage and by feeding infected musculature in the ration. Trichinae were present in greatest numbers in masseter, tongue and diaphragm. Trichinella spiralis nativa had a low infectivity to cattle although a light infection was established in one cow by a heavy challenge. Cattle had an aversion to eating musculature unless it was camouflaged with molasses. Clinical signs of reluctance to eat and masticate were observed between 10 and 30 days postinfection. Eosinophil counts started to increase at seven days and peaked at about 30 days postinfection. By day 60 eosinophil counts returned to near preinfection levels but in animals examined greater than 90 days postinfection, the counts were variable. Focal lesions of eosinophilic myositis were observed up to about 90 days postinfection. Little cellular reaction was observed surrounding trichinae after muscle invasion and cyst development was completed except for cysts undergoing disintegration. Seroconversion occurred in all cattle examined between 7 and 14 days postinfection. Seroconversion was associated with IgG1 and IgG2 immunoglobulins. Peak levels of antibody occurred between 30 and 60 days. Cattle examined at 182 and 369 days postinfection showed a gradual decrease in antibody levels over time.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Muscle fiber selectivity of Trichinella spiralis and Trichinella pseudospiralis (1983).

The biceps, semimembranosus, biceps femoris, and soleus muscles of female Rockland Wistar mice infected with either 1,000 Trichinella spiralis or 1,000 Trichinella pseudospiralis larvae were removed on days 12, 14, 16, and 18 post-infection (PI), sectioned and stained histochemically for their myosin ATPase activity. Light microscopic examination of the sections revealed that larvae of T. spiralis invade only the slow twitch muscle fibers, and those of T. pseudospiralis invade both the fast twitch and the slow twitch fibers. In sections obtained from mice infected with either parasite and killed on days 16 and 18 PI, identification of the majority of the infected fibers as fast twitch or slow twitch was not possible due to pathological modification of infected fibers.

Adenosine Triphosphatases↗
PubMed1981

Comparative analysis of mobility and ultrastructure of intramuscular larvae of Trichinella spiralis and Trichinella pseudospiralis.

The muscle phase of Trichinella spiralis and Trichinella pseudospiralis was studied by using scanning electron microscope techniques, closed circuit television, and video tape recording. The complete absence of any cyst structure including the pseudocapsule allows T. pseudospiralis to move freely between the muscle layers. Its rate of activity, measured as distance moved between two points, was 2.83 mm/min compared to that of the encysted T. spiralis larvae which was 0.237 mm/min. There was an absence of cellular reaction to T. pseudospiralis infection which may have been the result of either an absence of active antigen or specific suppression of the cellular response by the metabolites released by by the parasite. THe absence of a capsule around the muscle larvae of T pseudospiralis suggest a different host-parasite relationship than T spiralis.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Enteral and parenteral phases of Trichinella nativa and Trichinella pseudospiralis in the deer mouse, Peromyscus maniculatus.

Trichinella nativa and Trichinella pseudospiralis infections in a wild rodent host, the deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus), were characterized. Forty-six percent of 400 inoculated T. nativa were recovered on day 4 postinoculation (PI); 77% and 23% were found in the small and large intestines, respectively. Thirty-one percent of the worms recovered on day 4 remained in the large intestine beyond day 20 PI. Worms were embedded in the mucosa of the small intestine, cecum, and colon. Females recovered from the small and large intestines had statistically indistinguishable in vitro larval releases. Distension of the cecum and passage of loose stools were associated with the presence of worms in the large intestine. The ability of T. nativa to establish and thrive in the large intestine of deer mice was confirmed following intracecal implantation of first-stage larvae. On day 4 PI, 35% of 400 inoculated T. pseudospiralis were recovered, with 91% and 9% found in the small and large intestines, respectively. Although T. pseudospiralis established in the large intestine of deer mice, few worms remained beyond day 20. Females recovered from the small and large intestines had statistically indistinguishable in vitro larval releases. Although higher establishments of T. nativa (56% vs. 46%) and T. pseudospiralis (52% vs. 35%) were observed in CD-1 mice than in deer mice on day 4 PI, neither was able to colonize the large intestine of the former. The large intestine may be a more important habitat for adult trichinae than previously recognized.

Animals↗