SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “Tooth Bleaching Agents”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources

PubMed2005

The effect of bleaching agents on the surface hardness of tooth colored restorative materials.

AIM OF THE STUDY: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of at-home (Opalesence/Dr. kit 15%, Ultradent, Products, Inc. South Jordan, UT, USA) and in-office (Superoxol 35%, Sultan Chemists, Inc., Englewood, NJ, USA) bleaching on the surface hardness of the following tooth colored restorative materials: composite resin, Point-4 (P4), Kerr Corporation, Orange, CA, USA; ormocer, Admira (AD),VOCO, Germany; compomer Dyract AP (DY), Dentsply DeTrey GmbH, Germany; and resin modified glass ionomer cement, Fuji II LC (FL), GC Corporation, Japan. METHODOLOGY: Sixty specimens were prepared; 15 specimens of each material (each group n = 5, control after 15 days, at-home and in-office). All specimens were stored in distilled water at room temperature for 24 hrs before testing. A universal testing machine (Micromet 2100 series micro hardness testers) was used for testing Vicker's surface hardness for the three groups for every tested material. All results were statistically analyzed with one way analysis of variance (ANOVA), Post hoc Tukey HSD tests (P < 0.05), and percentage changes for Tukey. RESULTS: All the tested materials showed an increase in Vicker's surface hardness between base line (24 hrs) and the control group after 15 days storage in distilled water except DY which showed a decrease in surface hardness. All tested materials showed a decrease in surface hardness from control group after 15 days and both at-home and in-office bleaching agents except DY which showed increased values. SIGNIFICANCE: At-home as well as in-office bleaching agents have a softening effect on some tooth colored restorative material, and the patient must be aware before using them.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Color of restorative materials after staining and bleaching.

This study determined the effect of a 10% carbamide peroxide bleaching agent on the removal of stain from restorative materials. Color changes (delta E*) of three restorative materials [compomer (Dyract); composite (TPH Spectrum); hybrid ionomer (Fuji II LC)] when exposed to juice/tea, chlorhexidine (CH), and water (control) for 120 hours were studied. Stained specimens were treated for two 2-hour periods with a bleaching agent (Platinum Tooth Whitening System) with and without the active ingredient. Color was measured at baseline, after staining, and after treatment using the CIE L*a*b* color system relative to CIE standard illuminant A (incandescent light) as measured by a reflection spectrophotometer. Means and standard deviations (n = 5) were calculated and data were analyzed by four-way ANOVA. All variables and interactions were statistically significant. Color changes caused by CH and water were not perceptible (delta E* < 3.3). After two 2-hour treatments, the following occurred with specimens stained with cranberry juice/tea: paste with and without active ingredient perceptibly changed color of stained composite. The stained hybrid ionomer perceptibly changed color after treatment with paste containing active ingredient but did not change after exposure to paste without active ingredient. The stained compomer was not perceptibly different with either treatment. Platinum successfully removed stains from the composite and hybrid ionomer tested.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed2006

Effect of bleaching agents on the microhardness of tooth-colored restorative materials.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: There is no consensus concerning the effect of bleaching gels on microhardness of restorative materials. Information about the effect of whitening strips on microhardness of restorative materials is also limited. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of a bleaching gel and a whitening strip on the microhardness of 3 tooth-colored restorative materials. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Forty cylindrical specimens (6 x 2 mm) of each restorative material, including a nanohybrid composite resin (Grandio), a polyacid-modified composite resin (Dyract eXtra), and a glass-ionomer cement (Ionofil Molar AC), were prepared and stored in distilled water at 37 degrees C for 24 hours. The specimens were then polished using medium, fine, and superfine polishing disks and stored in 37 degrees C distilled water for 7 days. Specimens were divided into 4 groups (n=10). One group was selected for baseline Vickers hardness measurements (load 100 g, dwell time 20 seconds) of the top surfaces. The other 3 groups were treated for 21 days with 1 of the following: distilled water (control), bleaching gel (10% carbamide peroxide), or whitening strip (14% hydrogen peroxide). The top surfaces of the treated specimens were also subjected to the same hardness testing performed for the baseline specimens. Data were analyzed with 2-way analysis of variance and Tukey Honestly Significant Difference tests (alpha=.05). RESULTS: There were no significant differences in microhardness between the test groups of each restorative material. However, significant differences in microhardness were observed among restorative materials. For all test groups, composite resin showed the highest hardness values, whereas glass-ionomer cement presented the lowest (P<.05). CONCLUSION: The bleaching products used in this study did not adversely affect the microhardness of the restorative materials.

Acrylic Resins↗

PubMed2006

[In vitro tests of internal tooth whitening agents on colored solutions do not replace tests on teeth].

Two in vitro tests for the assessment of whitening agents were evaluated. A simple, reproducible and cost-effective model using coloured solutions was compared to a tooth model. The following bleaching agents were investigated: 1) Sodium perborate tetrahydrate/30% H2O2, 2) sodium perborate tetrahydrate/3% H2O2, 3) thermocatalytic procedure with 30% H2O2 and 4) Opal-escence Endo. In the model using coloured solutions, the light absorption of the solutions was assessed one and 24 hours after application of the whitening agents. In discoloured teeth, whitening agents were placed in a simulated access cavity. In groups 1, 2, and 4, the agents were left in the cavity for three days, whereas in group 3 the substance was applied three times for 30 seconds. Bleaching processes were repeated three times. All bleaching agents proved effective in the model with coloured solutions, as well as in the tooth model. The effect was most pronounced after the first bleaching step. The results showed, however, that the simplified experiment with coloured solutions cannot replace the tooth model.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed1989

[Bleaching of discolored teeth. Examination and evaluation of the effect of various bleaching agents].

Many patients suffer from tooth discoloration, a condition that produces more psychological distress than generally thought, especially when the anterior teeth are involused. In this study, tests were carried out to determine the effect of various agents applied discolored teeth for bleaching. Blood, colored tissue fluids I and II, attached to filter papers after being naturally exposed for a week were selected as object bleaching. Each subject was soaked in 30% hydrogen peroxide solution (30%H2O2), 3% hydrogen peroxide (3%H2O2), sodium hypochlorite solution (NaOCl), sodium perborate (NaBO3) and combination of them, then effect of agents were observed according to time-lapse. The following results were obtained. 1. NaOCl was most effective. 2. The action of 3%H2O2 was slow, showing only a slight bleaching effect after one week. 3. NaBO3 alone did not have any bleaching effect.

Borates↗

PubMed1989

Tubular permeability to calcium hydroxide and to bleaching agents.

Recent reports of clinical cases suggest that cervical root resorption may follow bleaching of endodontically treated teeth. Inflammatory root resorption may be arrested by placement of calcium hydroxide into the root canal. The dentinal tubules are assumed to be a possible route of action for both agents. pH Values of the medium surrounding the tooth after placement of bleaching agents and calcium hydroxide within the root canals were determined in this study. Thirty extracted single-rooted human teeth were divided into three equal groups. The pulp cavity of the experimental teeth was filled with either bleaching agents or calcium hydroxide. In the control group it was left empty. Dipping in paraffin sealed the access cavity and the apical foramina and isolated the teeth except at the cervical root surface. The teeth were placed in vials containing distilled water and the pH of the medium was measured after 1 h, 3 days, and 7 days following renewal of the medium. The level of the pH in the first group increased, indicating that the bleaching agents leaked from the root canal to the medium surrounding the teeth. The pH in other two groups did not change noticeably. The results suggest that bleaching agents may leak from the root canal toward the periodontal tissues but calcium hydroxide does not alkalinize the medium surrounding the teeth. Leakage of the bleaching agents through dentin may, therefore, be considered as a possible etiological factor that initiates an inflammatory process around the teeth that may be followed by cervical root resorption.

Calcium Hydroxide↗

PubMed2000

A clinical evaluation of carbamide peroxide and hydrogen peroxide whitening agents during daytime use.

BACKGROUND: Vital tooth bleaching for esthetic reasons has gained in popularity during the last few years. However, few studies have investigated the efficacy of daytime bleaching products. The purpose of this double-blind in vivo study was to evaluate the efficacy of 20 percent carbamide peroxide, or CP, and 7.5 percent hydrogen peroxide, or HP, during daytime use. The degree of color change, any color relapse, and tooth or gingival sensitivity were evaluated. METHODS: Twenty-four patients participated in this study. The bleaching gels were randomly applied to the right and left maxillary anterior teeth. Patients were shown how to place the two bleaching agents in a custom tray for one hour, twice a day for two weeks. Patients returned in one, two, three, six and 12 weeks for color evaluation with the colorimeter and shade guides as well as to have color slide photographs taken. The authors evaluated sensitivity by asking the patients to record daily for 21 days any tooth or gingival sensitivity they experienced. RESULTS: Use of the 20 percent CP resulted in significantly more lightness than the 7.5 percent HP during the first 14 days of the study, but at the end of the study, there was no significant difference between products with regard to tooth lightness. In addition, the authors found no statistically significant difference between products with regard to gingival or tooth sensitivity. CONCLUSIONS: Both CP and HP are effective at-home bleaching agents when daytime bleaching is preferred. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Dentists who choose to use daytime bleaching can select either CP or HP.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

An atomic force microscopy study on the effect of bleaching agents on enamel surface.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of three peroxide-containing bleaching agents, Opalescence, Nite White and a 30% hydrogen peroxide solution, on enamel surfaces using Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). METHODS: Fifteen non-carious human incisors (ten maxillary and five mandibular, extracted for periodontal reasons) were used. The teeth were divided randomly into three groups of five, according to the bleaching agents. The labial surface of each tooth was imaged by AFM before and after treatment. Each bleaching agent was applied for a total of 28 h (in individual 4 h treatments). The specimens were examined only after 28 h of treatment. RESULTS: On comparing the AFM images of untreated and treated enamel, surface alterations were observed after 28 h of treatment with Opalescence, Nite White and 30% hydrogen peroxide solution. Several grooves present in the enamel surface of untreated teeth became deeper after the bleaching procedure. The depths of the grooves increased in each case. The increase in the depth of grooves was more pronounced in the case of the 30% H2O2 solution. CONCLUSION: Home-use bleaching agents are capable of causing enamel surface alterations. It is hypothesized that the peroxide-containing bleaching agents affect the organic phase of enamel. Peroxides can affect not only the surface but also the inner structure of enamel. As a result of its low molecular weight, hydrogen peroxide can penetrate into the enamel. Thus, inner oxidative effects are more likely to occur in the subsurface enamel where more organic material is present and oxidation is capable of altering the outer enamel and the surface.

Acrylic Resins↗

PubMed1992

Vital tooth bleaching: review and current status.

Vital tooth bleaching refers to the clinical application of a chemical solution to a tooth surface in order to achieve a lightening effect. This article reviews the available literature to address the following questions: What are the methods of vital bleaching? How does vital bleaching work and is it effective? What effects are there on the teeth, dental restorative materials, soft tissues and systemic health? The techniques used in the application of dentist-applied and patient-applied bleaching systems are described. Generally, vital tooth bleaching has been found to be effective, however, relapse does occur. The literature suggests that bleaching agents may have transient effects on the tooth itself, and may affect some dental materials. Soft tissues exposed to hydrogen peroxide for prolonged periods show changes consistent with inflammation or hyperplasia. Hydrogen peroxide may also potentiate the carcinogenic effect of known carcinogens. However, more clinically relevant studies are needed. Until long-term safety data becomes available, the dental practitioner should approach the use of in-home bleaches with caution. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recently classified these products as "new drug." However, dentist-applied bleaching gel systems are a viable alternative and deserve further consideration. They are simple to use, require little armamentarium, and limit the exposure of the bleaching agent to the teeth only. Vital tooth bleaching refers to the clinical application of a chemical solution to a tooth surface in order to achieve a lightening effect. There was a resurgence of interest in vital bleaching with the recent introduction of the in-home bleaching technique.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Carbamide Peroxide↗

PubMed2006

Surface and pulp chamber temperature rises during tooth bleaching using a diode laser: a study in vitro.

OBJECTIVE: To measure the surface and pulp chamber temperature increases in vitro on upper and lower anterior teeth during a tooth whitening procedure using a diode laser. METHOD: A thermocouple was used to measure the temperature increase on the surface of an extracted upper central incisor tooth. Pulp chamber temperature readings were made on upper and lower central incisors, lateral incisors and canines. A diode laser recommended for tooth bleaching was tested at three different power settings (1W, 2W, 3W). Temperature measurements were made with and without the bleaching agent present on the labial tooth surface. RESULTS: The increase in surface temperature readings ranged from 37 degrees C (1W) to 86.3 degrees C (3W) with no bleaching gel present. Pulp chamber temperature increases ranged from 4.3 degrees C (1W) to 16 degrees C (3W). The presence of the bleaching gel reduced temperature increases seen at the tooth surface and within the pulp. CONCLUSIONS: The increase in the pulp chamber temperature with the laser used at 1-2W was below the critical temperature increase of 5.5 degrees C thought to produce irreversible pulpal damage. However, a power setting of 3W produced a pulp chamber temperature increase above this threshold (16 degrees C) and caution is advised when using this setting.

Body Temperature↗

PubMed1997

Bleaching of a discoloured non-vital tooth: use of a sodium perborate/water paste as the bleaching agent.

Bleaching materials containing hydrogen peroxide have been used successfully for the treatment of discoloured non-vital teeth; however, their use has occasionally been associated with external root resorption. Some evidence exists that sodium perborate mixed with water is as effective as sodium perborate mixed with hydrogen peroxide. A case is presented which supports this and a step-by-step technique is described.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

Surface and intra-pulpal temperature rises during tooth bleaching: an in vitro study.

OBJECTIVE: To measure the surface and intra-pulpal temperature increases in vitro on upper and lower anterior teeth during tooth whitening procedures. METHOD: A thermocouple was used to measure the temperature increase on the surface of an extracted upper central incisor tooth. Intra-pulpal temperature readings were made on upper and lower central incisors, lateral incisors and canines. Four lamps recommended for tooth bleaching were tested; a plasma arc lamp, a xenon-halogen lamp, a standard halogen lamp and a diode laser lamp. Temperature measurements were made with and without the bleaching agent present on the labial tooth surface. RESULTS: The increase in surface temperature readings ranged from 0.44 degrees C (luma arch) to 86.3 degrees C (laser) with no bleaching gel present. Intra-pulpal temperature increases ranged from 0.30 degrees C to 15.96 degrees C. The presence of the bleaching gel reduced temperature increases seen at the tooth surface and within the pulp. CONCLUSIONS: The increase in the intrapulpal temperature with most bleaching lamps was below the critical threshold of a 5.50 degrees C increase thought to produce irreversible pulpal damage. The only lamp that produced an intrapulpal temperature increase above this threshold was the laser-based lamp and caution is advised when using this equipment.

Body Temperature↗

PubMed2005

Clinical evaluation of a novel dental whitening lamp and light-catalyzed peroxide gel.

OBJECTIVE: This study examined whether an ultraviolet light enhanced the whitening efficacy of a peroxide gel containing a photo-Fenton activator. METHODOLOGY: Fifty subjects were enrolled into the trial at two geographically separate sites. As directed by the randomization keys, teeth of half of the study subjects were concurrently exposed to the whitening lamp, while the gel was on their teeth, for a total light exposure of 45 minutes. The other half of the subjects received no light treatment. At each examination, clinical data were collected on the gingival index, shade score, and self-assessed dentinal hypersensitivity. RESULTS: Changes in tooth shade were significantly better (approximately 26% improvement; p < 0.05) for subjects exposed to the gel and dental whitening lamp (average = 7.7 shade changes) compared to subjects exposed to the gel only (average 6.1 shades) immediately after treatment. No reports of erythema, desquamation, ulceration of soft tissues, gross changes in teeth, gingiva, or restorations were documented. The relative changes in mean sensitivity scores were similar for both groups, with no significant differences between the Light and No-light groups at any interval. CONCLUSION: The whitening effect was improved by approximately 26% when the Zoom2 dental whitening lamp was used. It was demonstrated that the a photo-Fenton activator used with a bleaching light and 20% hydrogen peroxide gel is safe and effective for whitening teeth rapidly.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

Considerations in intracoronal bleaching.

Intracoronal bleaching is a simple, useful procedure for restoring the colour of discoloured root-filled teeth that are not extensively restored. It is important to minimise the extraradicular diffusion of hydrogen peroxide, as excessive levels of hydrogen peroxide in conjunction with existing inflammatory changes in the periodontium predispose the tooth to external root resorption. To keep the levels of extraradicular diffusion of hydrogen peroxide below the safety limit, it is imperative that an effective intermediate base cement of at least 2 mm be placed at the level of the buccal cemento-enamel junction over the root-filling prior to bleaching. The use of 35% carbamide peroxide as the intracoronal bleaching agent seems to combine the safety of sodium perborate together with the efficacy of 35% hydrogen peroxide. As bleaching agents may reduce the composite-tooth bond of some adhesive systems, the post-bleaching composite restoration should be delayed for at least three weeks.

Borates↗

PubMed2002

Extrinsic stain prevention with a combination dentifrice containing calcium phosphate surface active builders compared to two marketed controls.

A six-week, randomized and controlled, examiner blind, parallel group clinical trial was conducted to evaluate the stain prevention efficacy of an experimental whitening dentifrice containing a combination of sodium hexametaphosphate and soluble pyrophosphate relative to a marketed high-abrasive dentifrice and a marketed control dentifrice. Following the collection of baseline stain scores and subsequent prophylaxis, healthy volunteers were randomized to one of three treatment regimens, balancing for stain levels and smoking status. Throughout the six-week treatment period, subjects brushed twice daily with the assigned dentifrice while following a rinse regimen of three times daily tea and once daily chlorhexidine. At baseline, three and six weeks, dental stain was measured on the facial and lingual surfaces of the eight anterior teeth using the Lobene Index. A total of 96 subjects completed the study. At three and six weeks, adjusted stain scores were highest in the control group and generally lowest in the sodium hexametaphosphate group for all Lobene parameters (intensity, area and composite). At three weeks, stain area and composite stain scores for the sodium hexametaphosphate dentifrice were statistically significantly (p < 0.05) lower relative to the control, representing reductions of 30% and 33%, respectively. Similar numerical trends were observed after six weeks, with the sodium hexametaphosphate group showing reductions of 21% (p = 0.068) in stain area and 26% (p = 0.055) in composite stain relative to the control. The high-abrasive dentifrice was directionally, though not statistically superior to the control at three and six weeks. All three test products were well-tolerated.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

Clinical study of tooth shade lightening from dentist-supervised, patient-applied treatment with two 10% carbamide peroxide gels.

PURPOSE: Prescribed, patient-applied tooth lightening agents, or nightguard vital bleaching, typically utilizes a 10% carbamide peroxide agent applied during nocturnal hours. The purpose of this randomized double-blind study was to compare the amount of tooth color change in two groups of subjects using dentist-supervised, patient-applied 10% carbamide peroxide gel. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One group used Opalescence (Ultradent Products Inc., South Jordan, Utah) and the other NiteWhite Excel (Discus Dental, Inc., Los Angeles, California). Evaluation of tooth color for the six maxillary anterior teeth was done using a Vita shade guide at baseline, 1, 2, and 4 weeks. Subjects were instructed to apply the gel nocturnally using a custom-made soft tray 8 hours per day for 2 weeks. The 16 tabs of the shade guide were ranked according to value from darkest to lightest. The number (1-16) that correlated to the shade tab selected as the match for each tooth was the outcome variable. A Kruskal-Wallis one way analysis of variance on ranks was used. RESULTS: The test revealed no statistically significant difference between Opalescence and NiteWhite Excel for lightening the teeth (p = .807). The color change was still significant after 2 weeks without further bleaching activity. The baseline evaluation of the maxillary incisors and canines for all subjects, regardless of group, demonstrated a significant shade difference, with the canines being darker. This difference was not seen after 2 weeks of active bleaching or at the 4-week evaluation. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: In this study comparing bleaching products, patients using Opalescence and NiteWhite Excel experienced a significant change in the color of their teeth relative to baseline values after 2 weeks of active treatment.

Adult↗

PubMed1993

Acute toxicological effects of ingested tooth whiteners in female rats.

Tooth whiteners are considered as cosmetic agents to be used for bleaching teeth. Since tooth whitener may be swallowed during the whitening procedure, studies were conducted to determine whether ingestion of tooth whitener containing carbamide peroxide resulted in toxic effects. Adult female rats were used, and vaginal smears were examined daily to determine whether the animals were ovulating. Following an overnight fast, a single bolus of a commercial tooth whitener (5 g of tooth whitener/kg fasting body weight) was administered by gavage. Control rats received de-ionized water. After 2 h, mean respirations per min of animals receiving the tooth whitener Quik Start (contains 35% carbamide peroxide) decreased from 169 to 55, and body temperature decreased from 38.4 to 34 degrees C. Other distress signs included: labored breathing, loss of righting reflex, partial eye closure, bloody urine, and incontinence. Three of 22 animals (3/22) died within 48 h, of gastric hemorrhaging. Eight/10 rats stopped ovulating. At necropsy 2 weeks post-dosing, 10/19 animals had grossly bloated stomachs, and mucosal necrosis was observed histologically in 3. Animals receiving White & Brite or Nu-Smile (containing 10 or 15% carbamide peroxide, respectively) exhibited similar but milder symptoms. The data indicate that ingestion of large doses of commercial preparations of tooth whiteners may be acutely toxic, sometimes fatal, to female laboratory rats.

Animals↗

PubMed1995

Role of saliva and salivary components as modulators of bleaching agent toxicity to human gingival fibroblasts in vitro.

Mild oxygenating agents generating H2O2 are used for effective at-home tooth bleaching, but can cause gingival ulcers in some patients. There are concerns about the possible pathological effects of relatively long-term exposure of oral tissues to bleaching agents. Previous work in our laboratory showed that a bleaching agent, which generates approximately 3% H2O2 from carbamide peroxide, was toxic to human gingival fibroblasts in vitro, but that the toxicity was abolished by treatment with the H2O2-destroying enzyme catalase. The purpose of the present study was to determine if whole saliva, the salivary enzyme lactoperoxidase (LP) (which, like catalase, removes H2O2), or salivary mucin protected fibroblasts from bleaching agent toxicity. The cells were exposed to 0.05% agent with or without saliva, LP, mucin or catalase (as a positive control based on our previous study) and assessed for effect on viability/morphology (by microscopic observation), proliferation (by [3H]-thymidine incorporation), and the production of fibronectin (FN) and type I collagen (by ELISA). While the bleaching agent at 0.05% caused cell death, the cells appeared viable and morphologically normal when treated with the bleaching agent and LP (> or = 0.1 microM), saliva LP, and catalase from agent inhibition of proliferation (P < or = 0.04) and FN production (P < or = 0.01). Mucin had statistically insignificant or no protective effect as assessed by the above parameters. Treatment with saliva, LP, mucin, and catalase gave complete or partial protection from agent-inhibition of collagen production (P < or = 0.04).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Catalase↗