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PubMed1992

A comparison of the end-rounding of nylon bristles in commercial toothbrushes: Crest Complete and Oral-B.

Nylon bristle end-rounding provides important soft tissue benefits to modern toothbrushes. In these studies, the proportion of acceptably end-rounded bristles have been compared for a new rippled bristle design toothbrush (Crest Complete) and a flat bristle control toothbrush (Oral-B). Toothbrush bristles were examined using a stereomicroscope by a grader blind to brush type and assigned empirical grades of acceptable/unacceptable based upon the Silverstone and Featherstone scale used previously in the literature (1988). Thirty brushes of each type (soft and medium texture brushes obtained from commercial sources) were selected and ten random bristles from five randomly selected tufts were isolated for grading. In both soft and medium texture brushes, bristles in Crest Complete demonstrated 89% acceptable end-rounding. These results were significantly different (p less than 0.0001) from those found for the control toothbrush, where 53 and 51% acceptable end-rounding was observed. These results demonstrate the newly designed rippled bristle brush (Crest Complete) exhibits excellent end-rounding.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed1992

The effectiveness of the newly designed 'Concept 45 degrees' toothbrush for removal of dental plaque in primary schoolchildren.

A single-blind, two-period cross-over study involving 36 primary schoolchildren, grade 6, aged 11-12 years, was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the newly designed 'Concept 45 degrees' toothbrush. This toothbrush, with straight, multi-tufted bristles and a specially designed handle, was compared with a control toothbrush with straight, multi-tufted bristles and a conventionally designed handle for removing dental plaque. All subjects were instructed to brush their teeth using the Bass technique. The subjects were asked to refrain from brushing for 24 hours before the study, to provide an indication of which subjects had the greatest potential for plaque development. Dental plaque was scored before and after brushing for 2 minutes. Results indicated that the use of the 'Concept 45 degrees' toothbrush removed significantly more dental plaque when compared to a standard, conventional toothbrush.

Child↗

PubMed1992

Clinical evaluation of a light energy conversion toothbrush.

A blind, two-way crossover clinical trial was carried out to compare the effectiveness of plaque removal between a new, light energy conversion toothbrush incorporated with a semiconductor of TiO2 (test) and a similar toothbrush without the semiconductor (control). The study was completed by 73 school children aged 13-15 years. Each toothbrush was used for a period of 3 weeks. The mean differences between baseline plaque scores and after subjects used the test and control brushes were analyzed by the paired t-test. The Soladey 2 toothbrush showed significantly more reduction of plaque on the buccal surfaces of all teeth than the control brush. There was no significant difference in the plaque removing ability of the two brushes on the lingual aspects of the mandible and on the lingual surfaces of the maxillary posterior sextant. As the buccal surfaces are more likely to allow light to reach the semiconductor during brushing than the lingual areas, it is possible that the reported photocatalytic property of the semiconductor may be involved in some way in the observed reduction of plaque.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1975

Oral hygiene instruction and motivation in children using manual and electric toothbrushes.

The effect of individual chairside instruction and motivation on children using either manual or electric toothbrushes was investigated. From 123 children aged 9-15 years attending the Children's Department, Eastman Dental Hospital, four groups were constructed. Group 1 acted as the control, Groups 2 and 3 used manual toothbrushes and received instruction and motivation, and Group 4 used electric toothbrushes (Touch Tronic, Teledyne Aqua Tec) and also received instruction and motivation. For all children, modified Löe and Silness' Gingival and Plaque Indices were scored, a disclosing agent applied and a prophylaxis completed. Children in Groups 2, 3 and 4 were additionally shown the disclosed plaque, and its importance was discussed. Their attempts to "get the stain off" were checked and their own brushing techniques modified. Re-examinations took place after 1 and 3 months. To estimate the reliability of the diagnosis, 172 of the 344 examinations were repeated by a second operator. The overall coefficient of correlation (between operators) was 0.8. In the control group no detectable improvement in the gingival health or oral cleanliness occurred over the 3-month study period. However, both gingival and plaque scores decreased significantly, by 35-50%, in all instructed and motivated groups within 1 month and this improvement was still observable 2 months later. There were no significant differences in improvement between motivated children using manual or electric toothbrushes.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Comparing shower-based oral hygiene with traditional and electric toothbrushing.

Despite the importance of self-care for disease prevention, dentists and hygienists have been largely unsuccessful as oral hygiene motivators. Because of competing values, patients commonly fail to comply with prescribed oral hygiene regimens. In this investigation, attitudes of 84 adult dental patients were evaluated following a 30-day trial in which a shower-based oral hygiene system (SBOHS) was compared with manual and electric toothbrushing regimens performed in traditional settings. While attitudinal differences between manual and electric toothbrushing groups were insignificant, the SBOHS was perceived as substantially more enjoyable, convenient and reinforcing than either conventional or electric toothbrushing performed outside the shower. Significantly more SBOHS users reported spending more time on oral self-care, taking better care of their teeth and gums, feeling better about plaque control, appreciating oral hygiene practices more and perceiving cleaner teeth and a fresher mouth after oral hygiene than either the conventional or electric toothbrush users.

Dental Devices, Home Care↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Toothbrushes with graduated wear: correlation with in vitro cleansing performance.

A display set of toothbrushes with graduated natural wear was shown to 268 adult respondents who were asked to indicate which brushes were "worn out." The same brushes were then compared against each other for their ability to remove artificial plaque in models of interproximal and facial surface cleansing effectiveness. Despite pronounced differences in the degree of wear among the toothbrushes, no correlation was found between visual estimation of toothbrush effectiveness and its cleansing ability in the models tested. It is possible that other variables (toothbrushing technique, force applied, manual skills) exert a greater influence on plaque removal than brush wear and explain the results of this experiment.

Dental Plaque↗

PubMedDate not supplied

The effect of instruction and supervised toothbrushing on the reduction of dental plaque in kindergarten children.

Based upon the present study the following conclusions were reached: Supervised toothbrushing with instruction for preschool children significantly and consistently decreased dental plaque scores, when compared to the control group of the same children who had only supervision. While those subjects receiving toothbrushing instructions and supervision had significant plaque reductions, at no time did the plaque scores reach zero. A symmetrical but nonuniform distribution of dental plaque prior to toothbrushing was noted as follows: Posterior teeth had higher dental plaque scores than anterior teeth. More dental plaque was present on the buccal surfaces of the maxillary teeth than on the lingual surfaces. More dental plaque was present on the lingual surfaces of the mandibular teeth than on the buccal surfaces. The distribution of dental plaque following toothbrushing remained the same as the prebrushing pattern, but the amount of dental plaque was reduced by 31 percent. Constant reinforcement is necessary to maintain effective plaque control in pre-school children.

Child Behavior↗

PubMed1991

The swallowed toothbrush: a radiographic clue of bulimia.

Swallowed toothbrushes were noted in the esophagus of one teenager and the stomach of two others with bulimia. The presence of a toothbrush in the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract should make the radiologist suspicious of bulimia/anorexia nervosa. A toothbrush shows a characteristic radiographic image with parallel rows of short metallic radiodensities due to the metallic plates that hold the bristles in place.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1975

Effect of mouth rinsing and toothbrushing with fluoride solutions on caries among Norwegian schoolchildren.

The caries experience and the plaque and gingival conditions of 14-year-old children participating in fortnightly fluoride (0.2 % NaF) mouth rinsing (88 subjects) were compared with observations in children performing supervised toothbrushing with a fluoride (0.5 % NaF) solution 4-5 times per year (n = 90). Most of the children, 84 and 90% respectively, had participated in these programs for the previous 6 years. Caries was assessed only on radiographs. The mean number of decayed surfaces was 5.8 (s.d. = 4.1, n = 88) and 5.4 (s.d. = 4.1, n = 90). The mean numbers of decayed and filled surfaces were 19.3 +/- 9.2 and 27.9 +/- 10.2 for subjects with rinsing or brushing. This significant difference could not be ascribed to sex, social class, years of residence in the towns, number of dentists performing the previous treatments, toothbrushing habits, use of fluorides at home, or amount of plaque. All children had gingivitis. There were no differences in the mean number of Plaque Index score 2 or the number of Gingival Index score 2 between the children with the different preventive programs. The girls' oral hygiene was better than the boys', but the gingival conditions were the same. Sex, social class, and toothbrushing techniques tended to have a slight influence on the amount of plaque.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1978

Influence of social norms on toothbrushing behavior of preschool children.

Two hundred and eighty mothers of preschool children were interviewed in order to determine first, their children's toothbrushing habits and secondly, their expectations concerning the brushing behavior of preschool children in general. The influence of social and demographic factors on children's brushing behavior was also investigated. The results showed that the practice of toothbrushing is widespread and mothers play the central role in teaching the brushing routine. However, the social norms concerning oral hygiene were imprecise, indicating that mothers had no social support for teaching their children to brush and no information on how brushing should be carried out. Dental health educators should encourage mothers of young children to develop positive attitudes towards toothbrushing and teach them the correct technique.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1992

Choice of toothbrush: a survey of dentists' personal preferences and recommendations for patients.

Data on dentists' choice of toothbrush brand/type for personal use and their recommendations for patients were obtained by means of a questionnaire. Seventy-nine per cent of dentists surveyed received free samples, with Oral-B comprising 33 per cent of all such samples, followed by Colgate (16 per cent) and Tek (13 per cent). Fifty-three per cent of dentists surveyed indicated they used all free samples received. Sixty-two per cent of dentists do not consider that different brushes differ significantly in their plaque-removing ability. Therefore, while an effective toothbrushing technique is important, selection of the 'correct toothbrush' from the wide range available may not be critical. The results of the present investigation provide information that is relevant to dental health education and can be applied at the chairside as well as at the broader community level.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1979

Damaging effects of toothbrush bristle end form on gingiva.

The ability of two different toothbrush bristle ends to produce traumatic gingival abrasion was assessed in a double blind study of 15 male and 15 female young adults. Brushing was performed in a circular fashion using a modified Bass Technique. An apparatus allowing continuous visual feedback of the average brushing force permitted a degree of standardization of the system. The upper left canine and bicuspid area had to be brushed for 30 seconds with cut toothbrush bristles (CP) and with round ended toothbrush bristles (RP) respectively. A two week interval separated the two brushing sessions. Traumatic lesions of the attached gingiva were stained with a disclosing solution, photographed and evaluated planimetrically. The "cut bristles" caused gingival abrasions 30% greater in extent than the round end bristles. The difference was not due to single brushing strokes accidentally greater for the "cut bristles". The size of the lesions was not sex dependent. To prevent gingival damage it is desirable to either round the bristles in production or to rid the bristle ends at least of sharp edges.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Condition of toothbrushes in use: correlation with behavioral and socio-economic factors.

Toothbrushes and questionnaires from 94 adult dentate individuals were analyzed. More than 97% of respondents said they brushed their teeth at least once a day, while 48% used more than one toothbrush (such as one at home and another at work). Only 47% said they preferred a soft nylon bristle, while 41% preferred medium and 10% a hard nylon bristle. More than 73% of subjects said they used their brushes for 3 months or longer. Examination of collected brushes by both objective and subjective criteria revealed a wide variation in wear; however, the majority of brushes did not appear to be 'worn-out'. No significant correlation was found between objective wear-index and the educational level of the user, annual household income of the user, or reported time in use of the brush. A significant (p less than 0.01) correlation was found between brush wear-index and the ability of the user to judge toothbrush wear.

Adult↗

PubMed1991

A comparative study of plaque removing efficiency using rotary electric and manual toothbrushes.

Plaque removing efficiency was compared between rotary electric and manual toothbrushes. The first part of the study included 19 dental hygiene students randomly assigned to a "rotary" or a "manual" brushing group. The subjects were instructed to brush their teeth three minutes twice a day for three weeks either with rotary electric or with manual brushes. Then for another period of three weeks brushing techniques were reversed. The results showed that the median plaque index for all sites and for buccal and lingual sites was significantly lower in the rotary brushing group (28% vs 39% and 3% vs 6%, p less than 0.05). During the second part of the study 10 of the students refrained from all oral hygiene procedures for four weeks in the anterior mandibular region, i.e. from 33 to 43. They were then randomly assigned to a "rotary" or a "manual" brushing group. Registrations of accumulated plaque were made from photographs at baseline and after 15, 30 and 60 seconds of brushing. ANOVA analysis of the plaque scores showed a significant difference in reduction of plaque in favour of the rotary electric brush (p less than 0.01). The results suggest that the rotary electric toothbrush removes plaque more efficiently than the conventional manual toothbrush.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[The effect of toothbrushing on approximal dental surfaces].

Altogether 52 teeth (20 anteriors, 13 premolars and 19 molars) scheduled for extraction were used for study. Before extraction the teeth were brushed with a medium textured toothbrush applying the modified Bass method with five strokes of proximal cleaning. The lack of professional and proximal cleaning aids makes planimetrically. The following conclusions were drawn: 1. The usual five strokes with a toothbrush are not able to remove old plaque, therefore professional tooth cleaning is necessary. 2. After toothbrushing twice as much plaque remains on the proximal than on the buccal and lingual surfaces. This implies the necessity of proximal cleaning. The lack of professional and proximal cleaning aids makes the establishment of good oral hygiene illusorical.

Dental Caries↗

PubMed1991

[Denta-Solar--comparison with a traditional toothbrush].

This paper reports on the clinical efficacy of a toothbrush (Denta-Solar) with an integrated TiO2 semiconductor element as compared to a conventional toothbrush. A significant reduction in the papilla bleeding index and the plaque indices was recorded in subjects using the Denta-Solar brush; the tartar situation near the gingivae was seen to deteriorate in those using conventional toothbrushes. This supports the assumption that the plaque reduction is due to the special construction features of the Denta-Solar.

Humans↗

PubMed1978

[Plaque reduction by means of "multi-tuft" brushes connected to electric toothbrushes].

In 20 patients the plaque-removing properties of two toothbrushes were tested which work on the principle of an electric swing toothbrush. Brush A was of space-tufted type, brush B of multi-tufted type. The test ran for 14 days for each toothbrush. The study showed that the multi-tufted brush achieved a 30 to 50% better plaque reduction, measured on all tooth surfaces. When considering individual tooth surfaces it was shown that approximal surfaces were less well cleaned than the facial or oral surfaces. After a fortnight the cleaning power of both brushes was reduced. In spite of better plaque reduction by the multi-tufted type of brush the hand tooth brush by instructed patients is to be preferred.

Dental Devices, Home Care↗

PubMed1978

[Gingival injuries from toothbrush bristles].

The ability of two different toothbrush bristle ends to produce traumatic gingival abrasion was assessed in a double blind study on 15 male and 15 female young adults. Brushing was performed in a circular fashion using a modified Bass technique. An apparatus allowing continuous visual feedback of the average brushing force permitted a degree of standardisation of the system. The upper left canine and bicuspid area had to be brushed for 30 seconds with cut toothbrush bristles (CP) and with round ended toothbrush bristles (RP) respectively. A two-week interval separated the two brushing sessions. Traumatic lesions of the attached gingiva were stained with a disclosing solution, photographed and evaluated planimetrically. The "cut bristles" caused gingival abrasions 30% greater in extent than the round end bristles. The difference was not due to single brushing strokes accidentally greater for the "cut bristles". The size of the lesions was not sex-dependent.

Adult↗