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PubMed1978

Basic skills for hospital pharmacy technicians: development of a programmed training manual.

The development of a programmed training manual to teach basic skills to hospital pharmacy technicians is described. Steps in the development of the manual included reviewing pertinent literature, writing a job description for a pharmacy technician position, performing a task analysis, writing learning objectives and sequencing course content into a programmed format. Five units of the manual cover dosage forms and routes of administration, drug nomenclature, abbreviations, calculations and medication orders. The programmed format should help to provide quality, economic and efficient training for technicians.

Goals↗
PubMed1991

How are pediatric training programs preparing residents for practice?

The majority of pediatric residents continue to choose a career in practice on completion of their training. Despite knowing residents' career preferences, many training programs have focused on inpatient tertiary care at the expense of primary care. Perhaps this reflects service needs and the significant technology and extensive information resulting in the growth of pediatric subspecialties. To determine the spectrum of didactic and clinical experiences pediatric training programs offer residents to prepare them for managing a practice, we conducted a survey of pediatric training program directors in 1988. Although the majority of residency programs have a practice management curriculum, the number of hours devoted to this area is minimal. In addition, a significant number of residents are not experiencing a community office rotation. This survey indicates the need to develop a practice management curriculum if trainees are to be prepared for choosing the right career and for being competitive in practice.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1992

Surgical satellite pharmacies in institutions with anesthesiology training programs for physicians.

The results of a survey on the use of surgical satellite pharmacies in hospitals with anesthesiology training programs are reported. In June 1990 a questionnaire was mailed to 158 directors of anesthesiology training programs for physicians. The questionnaire solicited information on the presence of surgical satellite pharmacies in the training hospitals and the nature of the services provided, including accounting for controlled substances. Responses were received from 102 program directors and their designees, for a 65% response rate. Some respondents returned questionnaires completed by affiliated hospitals; a total of 137 responses were accumulated. Surgical satellite pharmacies were present in 46 (34%) of the 137 hospitals. Of those 46 satellite pharmacies, only 14 dispensed all controlled substances to anesthetic-administration areas. Most of the satellite pharmacies provided services at least eight hours per day. All 46 pharmacies dispensed controlled substances, 31 provided i.v. admixtures, and 12 dispensed all i.v. solutions. Accountability for controlled drugs was provided through a daily inventory count (45 satellite pharmacies), daily comparison of agents received and returned (36), review of the anesthesia record (31), random audits of individual providers (18), or quantitative or qualitative analysis of residual drugs (16). Accountability was considerably better in hospitals with surgical satellite pharmacies than in hospitals without them. Surgical satellite pharmacies provided increased accountability for controlled substances in institutions with anesthesiology training programs but did not use all the available methods for preventing drug diversion.

Anesthesiology↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effects of ubidecarenone in an exercise training program for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases.

A study was undertaken to determine the usefulness of ubidecarenone in pulmonary rehabilitation in exercise training programs in the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The subjects were 20 patients with COPD who had been participating in an exercise training program for at least four weeks. The patients were randomly assigned either to receive 50 mg of oral ubidecarenone daily or to enter a control group during the program. Oxygen consumption, expired volume, and heart rate were measured during exercise tests before and after training. Maximum oxygen consumption increased 13% in the ubidecarenone-treated patients and 7% in the controls, and maximum expired volume increased 10% in each group. The increases were significant in the ubidecarenone group but not in the controls. Heart rate increased 2% in both groups. It is concluded that ubidecarenone deserves further evaluation in exercise training programs for patients with COPD.

Coenzymes↗
PubMed1978

[Empirical examination of training programs for the treatment of speech anxiety].

This study is the result of an attempt to get effective methods in order to reduce the students' speaking anxiety in seminars. In a prepost-design, two training programs are compared: systematic desensitization and assertive training. Success is controlled with the help of a subjective anxiety scale, the "Freiburger Persönlichkeitsinventar" (FPI), and by scanning how often and how long somebody is speaking in a seminar. The main results are: both of the training programs reduce speaking anxiety signficantly (perhaps with a little more success of SD), SD also reduces "Gehemmtheit" (FPI-Scale 8). There is a lot of difficulties with regard to the observation of the behavior variables but it seems to be that Ass increases speaking frequency in relation to the groups' mean, while this effect could not be supposed according to SD. At the end of the article, the results are discussed and some questions are raised with regard to the further research of training programs.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Exploratory investigation of the ability of attendants to plan their own training program.

A study was made of the ability of attendants in residential institutions for mentally retarded persons to plan an attendant-training program. A mailback survey of attendants in two midwestern institutions yielded 173 respondents. Planning-related responses were for originality, practicality, and completeness. Measures of job satisfaction, attitudes toward mental retardation, and demographic information were also obtained. It was hypothesized that the majority of attendants would be able to outline a training program for attendants and that planning ability would be related to the other variables measured. Tryon and Bailey's cluster analysis method was used, and four relatively independent clusters were found: rated training suggestions, job satisfaction, segregation-exclusion attitude, and tenure. An object-cluster analysis was performed on each attendant's cluster scores, identifying individual score profiles and isolating seven major 0-types. These were discussed in terms of predicted attendants' ability to plan a training program. It was concluded that some attendants are capable of making meaningful contributions to the training process but that this ability does not appear to be related to the other variables such as tenure or job satisfaction.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Cost-effectiveness of cardiopulmonary resuscitation training programs.

A model is presented to analyze the cost-effectiveness of programs to train large numbers of citizens in the techniques of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). From a planner's estimates of certain key factors, the model determines the probability of intervention for various numbers of trained citizens and for several allocation strategies and patterns of population density. These key factors are the maximum distance from which a person with CPR training could intervene in an emergency, the cost of training, and loss of skill with time. The model is used to analyze possible training efforts in Houston, Texas.

Cost-Benefit Analysis↗
PubMed1975

Some characteristics of psychiatric residency training programs.

The author summarizes responses to a major questionnaire survey of psychiatric residency training programs. In addition to providing objective data on residents, training staff, and on the training institution and its related facilities, the author presents information drawn from the narrative responses to questions on major issues facing psychiatry. These include training for dealing with critical social problems, recruitment of minority group trainees and faculty, and training in interdisciplinary collaboration and preparation for work with paraprofessionals. It is hoped that these data will facilitate answers to questions about the training psychiatrists should receive in the future by providing information about training programs in the immediate past.

Child Psychiatry↗
PubMed1978

The evaluation of a model speech training program for deaf children.

Systematic speech training procedures were employed with a group of 20 hearing-impaired children ranging in age from 7 to 10 years. Using a primarily auditory-oral approach, the speech training program employed a hierarchical sequence in order to teach the suprasegmental patterns of English to the children. The children's performance on the speech training hierarchy was monitored on a daily basis using a checklist system. Based on their rate of progress in the development of speech skills, the children were divided into three groups post hoc: rapid, slow but steady, inordinately slow. Although the system worked well, on the average, approximately one-third of the children encountered serious difficulites at one or more levels of the hierarchy. Examination of the children's background information and audiological data revealed that those children who encountered difficulty had an extremely limited amount of residual hearing and/or problems other than a hearing handicap.

Child↗
PubMed1977

Regional training program of laparoscopy: impact on regional care.

In response to large numbers of requests for laparoscopic sterilization, the University of North Carolina began a training program to provide this service on a regional basis throughout the state. This report reviews the final distribution of centers providing these services: one within 50 miles of every person in the state. The clinical experience of 30 private physicians (excluding experience of residency training programs) was reviewed and found to parallel the national experience in provision of services, in complications, and in pregnancies. The brief but intense training program (2 days at the University of North Carolina and one morning at the physician's hospital) was found to result in rates of complications and failures similar to national levels of performance. Should the demand for laparoscopic sterilization increase in the coming years, the region has sufficient numbers of safely trained physicians to respond.

Female↗
PubMed1979

A driver training program for the disabled.

This is a report of results of a driver training program for a selected group of disabled individuals at the Long Beach Veterans Administration Medical Center. A total of 167 eligible candidates elected to enter our driver training program, of whom 154 (92%) were successful. Dropouts were the result of educational deficiencies, physical inability, and/or stress in performance ability.

Automobile Driver Examination↗
PubMed1975

Frequency and duration of interval training programs and changes in aerobic power.

This study was designed to ascertain whether 7- and 13-wk interval training programs with training frequencies of 2 days/wk would produce improvement in maximal aerobic power (VO2max) comparable to that obtained from 7- and 13-wk programs of the same intensity consisting of 4 training days/wk. Sixty-nine young healthy college males were used as subjects. After training, there was a significant increase in VO2max (bicycle ergometer, open-circuit spirometry) that was independent of both training frequency and duration. However, there was a trend for greater gains after 13 wk. Maximal heart rate (direct lead ECG) was significantly decreased following training, being independent of both training frequency and duration. Submaximal VO2 did not change with training but submaximal heart rate decreased significantly with greater decreases the more frequent and longer the training. Within the limitations of this study, these results indicate that: 1) maximal stroke volume and/or maximal avO2 difference, principle determinants of VO2max, are not dependent on training frequency nor training duration, and 2) one benefit of more frequent and longer duration interval training is less circulatory stress as evidenced by decreased heart rate, during submaximal exercise.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

A report of a 1972 survey of physician's assistant training programs.

This article presents select results of a 1972 survey of all physician's assistant training programs in the United States and its territories. The survey gathered a broad range of information useful to federal health manpower policymakers, physician assistant training program administrators, guidance counselors, and prospective students. Responses were received from 75 operational programs and 13 programs still in planning for an estimated response rate of 81 per cent from the estimated 108 programs in existence.

Accreditation↗
PubMed1978

Ambulatory neurology in residency training programs: a perspective.

Inpatient care and teaching have been the central theme in academic medicine, including neurology, for the last several decades. However, pressures from within and outside of medicine are building to create a renewed commitment to ambulatory care and education. Most neurology training programs have not yet made that commitment. They should do so for the benefit of both the patients and residents served by the programs. Effective outpatient clinic training programs should include full-time staff devoted to ambulatory care, teaching, and research. The practicing clinical neurology staff could be used more effectively. Regular chart review, case management conferences, and other teaching strategies, and the reorganization of the clinic to include private patients, as well as group practice and interdisciplinary team concepts, could improve both the patient care and resident training in the neurology clinic.

Ambulatory Care↗
PubMed1992

What is the legal 'standard of medical care' when there is no standard medical care? A survey of the use of home apnea monitoring by neonatology fellowship training programs in the United States.

In treating a patient, a doctor is obliged to use the skill and care that is ordinarily used by reasonably well-qualified doctors in similar cases. In addition, the only way in which a juror may decide whether the defendant used the skill and care which the law required of him or her is from evidence presented by doctors called as expert witnesses (cf Illinois Pattern Jury Instructions). However, what should be done if expert opinions differ concerning the care that is "ordinarily used"? Home apnea monitoring (HAM) is prescribed at times for graduates of neonatal intensive care units despite the fact that indications for its use are not well established and efficacy is completely unknown. The authors attempted to determine standards for HAM as it is currently practiced in neonatology training programs. The primary teaching hospital for each of the 99 neonatology training programs in the United States was identified. Both the medical director (MD) and a neonatal intensive care unit nurse manager (RN) were asked about the use of HAM in their own nursery for four clinical vignettes. Each vignette depicted a 1000-g birth weight infant, currently 7 weeks old and ready for discharge. In three vignettes, the infant had demonstrated no apnea, mild apnea (resolved by 2 weeks of age), or moderate apnea (requiring theophylline therapy at discharge) during the hospital course. In the fourth vignette, the infant had no apnea but was to be discharged home with supplemental oxygen. For 67 of 99 training programs, paired responses of RN managers and MD directors were obtained.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Aftercare↗
PubMed1977

Governmental peer review of training programs in child psychiatry.

The authors present the results of a review of grant applications from 84 child psychiatry training programs that was conducted by the Psychiatry Education Branch of NIMH during fiscal year 1975. They found that training programs whose applications were approved were (among other things) university based and successful in filling training positions; they provided experiences in two or more treatment modalities in varied settings and with diverse types of patients, had active liaison with community organizations and with departments of pediatrics, and provided research opportunities for trainees.

Child Psychiatry↗