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PubMed1992

Autogeny in three species of Triatominae: Rhodnius prolixus, Triatoma rubrovaria, and Triatoma infestans (Hemiptera: Reduviidae).

Autogeny, the capacity of a female to lay eggs without having ingested any blood meal in the adult stage, was studied in three species of Triatominae: Triatoma infestans, Triatoma rubrovaria, and Rhodnius prolixus. When nymphs of T. rubrovaria and R. prolixus were fed chicken blood, autogeny occurred frequently, even with only one meal. In T. infestans autogeny was frequent as well, but demanded at least two nymphal blood meals. Total number of autogenic eggs was positively correlated with the body weight of the adult female. We conclude, therefore, that autogeny is common in Triatominae.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Feeding pattern of Triatoma rubrovaria (Blanchard, 1843) (Hemiptera, Triatominae) in peridomiciliary habitats, of a rural area of Uruguay].

It has been studied the feeding patterns of Triatoma rubrovaria (wild triatominae bug, and intradomiciliary secondary vector of T. cruzi) in a rural area of "La Bolsa" (Department of Artigas). Agar double diffusion test were used for analyze the blood meal, from 120 insects, which were confronted to 13 antisera. It has 251 identify blood meals, and the most frequently was mammalian host (73%), but it has a variable source of feeding (mammals, birds, reptiles and cockroach), including humans rate 8% of the total. The identify of haemolimphe as feed, place this triatominae bug as an intermediary vector between predator and haematophagous. The most usual mammals are dasypodides and bovines. The frequence of human blood meal near the dwellings, shows its potentiality as vectors. Therefore, the peridomicile is an area of interaction between, domestic, wild and sinantropic host. The trypanosomic infection's rate at peridomiciles was lesser those at wild areas.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The influence of temperature on the biology of triatominae. IX. Rhodnius nasutus Stal, 1859 (Hemiptera, Reduviidae)].

The influence of temperature on the biology of Rhodnius nasutus Stal, 1859 (Hemiptera, Reduviidae) was studied in order to obtain a larger number of triatominae reared in laboratory to use in xenodiagnosis and to be able to get information for their proper control. The experiments were performed in two climatized chambers at 25 +/- 0.5 degrees C and 30 +/- 1 degrees C, 70 +/- 5% of relative humidity and photoperiod of 12 hours. Data in relation to evolution cycle, period between emergency of adults and first oviposition, fecundity, fertility, amount of blood ingested and fast resistance, are presented. The mean duration of the evolutive cycle for males and females was 145.7 days at 25 degrees C and 114.2 days at 30 degrees C. The mean of blood ingested to complete the evolutive cycle was 304.3 mg and 350.3 mg, at 25 degrees C and 30 degrees C, respectively. The triatominae survival on conditions of absolute fast was significantly higher at 25 degrees C than at 30 degrees C (P less than 0.01).

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2004

[Morphometric study of the genus Panstrongylus Berg, 1879 (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Triatominae)].

The subfamily Triatominae is actually represented by 137 species distributed among 6 tribes and 19 genera. Within this subfamily, the genus Panstrongylus, Berg 1879, is composed by 13 species widespread in sylvatic, peridomestic, and domestic habitats of Neotropical regions. These species are vectors of Chagas disease and consequently are found associated with its main hosts, such as birds and mammals. Interest in species of this genus has been increasing in the last few years. Reports of several authors indicate these Triatominae to invade and colonize houses, increasing their epidemiological significance. Morphometry was used in this study to investigate correlations among possible closely related species. We measured 224 specimens among 13 species through a set of metric variables of the head. The results indicated that the genus Panstrongylus seems to be homogeneous since 10 of the 14 species were shown to be closely related.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Sensilla associated with the rostrum of eight species of triatominae.

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) permits description of 10 types of rostral sensilla of eight species of Triatominae. The chaetica sensilla are the most abundant over all the rostral surface. On the second and third rostral segments, these sensilla are arranged in six columns along the main axis. A distinctive sensory field lies on the third segment very close to the emergence of the stylet. The total number of chaetica sensilla increases significantly on the last segment. The number and distribution of sensilla do not differ between nymphs and adults. The pattern of rostral sensilla of five species--Triatoma sordida, T. platensis, T. protracta, T. infestans, and T. guasayana--were analyzed, and the results were compared by multivariate discriminant analysis. Interspecific variability was found. The method is proposed as a taxonomic tool.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Species-specific allergens from the salivary glands of Triatominae (Heteroptera:Reduviidae).

We investigated allergenic cross-reactivity among species of the blood-feeding insects of the subfamily Triatominae. By skin testing, patients allergic to either Triatoma protracta or T. rubida gave positive responses only to the respective salivary antigen. RAST-inhibition experiments demonstrated that binding of IgE antibodies to T. protracta antigen was not inhibited by salivary extracts from T. rubida, T. cavernicola, T. rubrofasciata, or Rhodnius prolixus. The same level of species specificity was found for IgE antibodies to T. rubida. By direct RAST, no T. rubida positive serum bound T. protracta antigen, and 29 of 30 T. protracta positive sera failed to bind T. rubida. One serum from a T. protracta-allergic patient contained IgE antibodies to both T. protracta and T. rubida. RAST-inhibition experiments demonstrated that these antibodies did not cross-react and that this person had separate species-specific antibodies to T. protracta and T. rubida antigens. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis of salivary extracts demonstrated that the lower molecular weight bands that contain the antigens responsible for human allergic reactions differed in number and size in all species tested. These studies demonstrate species specificity for the allergic response to Triatoma and stress the importance of accurate insect identification and the need for species-specific antigens for diagnosis and immunotherapy.

Allergens↗
PubMed2002

Phylogenetic relationships within the oliveirai complex (Hemiptera:Reduviidae:Triatominae).

The oliveirai complex is actually composed of nine related species of Triatominae that occur in the Pantanal ecosystem of Mato Grosso, Brazil. In order to confirm their specific status and infer their phylogenetic relationships, we performed a genetic and morphometric comparison concerning seven of the nine species of the complex. Isoenzyme analysis provided broadly similar phylogenetic information to that derived from discriminant analysis of size-free variables. The derived trees reveal two main species groups, one composed of three closed species (T. jurbergi, T. matogrossensis and T. vandae), and another one subdivided into two different pairs, the T. guazu-T. williami pair and the T. klugi-T. oliveirai pair. The results call the specific status of T. guazu and T. williami into question, support the possibility that the other analyzed species represent distinct taxa and query the existence of the oliveirai complex.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

A new species of Triatominae from Tamil Nadu, India.

A new species of the genus Linshcosteus Distant, 1904 (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae) is described from specimens collected near Kalakkadu, Tamil Nadu state, southern India. Specimens were found in deep crevices between rocks, in a region of semi-arid scrub jungle. The distinctiveness of the new species was demonstrated by a morphometric analysis including the five previously described species of Linshcosteus, all from India. Nine measurements of the head were used in an isometric size-free principal component analysis. In terms of discrete morphology the new species, Linshcosteus karupus sp.n. Galvão, Patterson, Rocha & Jurberg differs from the most similar one, L. kali Lent & Wygodzinsky, 1979, by its very prominent anterolateral projections of the pronotum, by the length to width ratio of the pronotum, by the pilosity of the head and several other characters, including phallic structures. A revised key is presented for the six species of the genus.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Distribution of domestic triatominae and stratification of Chagas Disease transmission in Oaxaca, Mexico.

Mexico has 18 species of Triatomine bugs (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) reported to be vectors of Trypanosoma cruzi. Chagas Disease is widespread in Mexico, with up to 3.5% seropositivity of human transfusion blood. The State of Oaxaca has the longest history of endemic Chagas Disease, based on acute and chronic case reports, and of entomological surveys in the country. However, the State health care services need more information on current risks of vector transmission. In order to identify and characterize areas of transmission in Oaxaca and to stratify the vector potential, the distribution of domestic Triatominae was surveyed during 1996-98 in collaboration with the primary health care services and local communities. Villages were studied in 11% of 570 municipalities in Oaxaca. Eight triatomine species were found in domestic and peri-domestic habitats: Triatoma barberi Usinger, T. bolivari Carcavallo et al., T. dimidiata (Latreille), T. mazzottii Usinger, T. nitida Usinger, T. pallidipennis (Stal), T. phyllosoma (Burmeister) and Rhodnius prolixus Stal. For each triatomine species in Oaxaca, the range of distribution and habitat characteristics are described. Habitat partitioning, principally based on altitude and mean annual precipitation, limited the overlap of distribution between species. Relatively consistent altitude of human settlements facilitates the dispersion of individual species within microregions. Entomological indices of house infestation were used to estimate that approximately 50% of the human population (1,874,320 inhabitants) would be at risk of vector transmission, with a minimum of 134,320 infected people and 40,280 chronic cases of Chagas Disease currently in Oaxaca.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

[Triatominae and Cactaceae: a risk for the transmission of the American trypanosomiasis in the peridomicilary space (Northeast Brazil)].

Field observations carried in semi-arid Brazil Northeast point out the frequent association, in the peridomiciliary space, between a cactus, Cereus jamacaru, the occurrence of nests in its branches and the occurrence of two species of insects vectors of Trypanosoma cruzi, pathogenic agent of Chagas disease: Rhodnius neglectus and Triatoma pseudomaculata. The analysis of the architectural variables of this Cactaceae shows that the presence of nests, and thus of insects, depends on the traditional practices of management of this cactus. This study underlines the relevance of an integrated approach of the ecology of Triatominae for the identification of factors of risk.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2002

Bacterial symbionts of the triatominae and their potential use in control of Chagas disease transmission.

Chagas disease is caused by the parasitic protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi and transmitted by insects in the family Reduviidae, subfamily Triatominae, commonly known as kissing bugs. Because these insects feed throughout their entire developmental cycle on vertebrate blood, they harbor populations of symbiotic bacteria in their intestinal track that produce nutrients that are lacking in the insects' limited diet. It is possible to cultivate these bacteria, genetically modify them, and place them back into their insect host, thus generating a paratransgenic insect. This procedure has allowed the expression of antitrypanosomal gene products in the insect gut, thereby resulting in insects that are incapable of transmitting Chagas disease. A method has been developed that would allow introduction and spread of genetically modified symbionts into natural populations of kissing bugs, thus leading potentially to a transgenic intervention tool for use as a part of an integrated vector control approach.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Some considerations about the ecology of Triatominae.

Observations on the ecology of silvatic Triatominae are still fragmentary, principally because target species in control process are almost exclusively domestic. Report of silvatic species invading human dwellings must lead research to be focused on their original ecology, in order to assist in understanding their process of domestication and devising strategies for surveillance.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Biomorphogenetic changes caused by the application of precocene II in nymphs of Triatoma infestans (Klug, 1834) (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Triatominae)].

The morphogenetic effect of precocene II on 4th instar nymphs of Triatoma infestans was examined. Topical treatment with precocene II (200, 300 and 400 micrograms/nymph) induced the formation of adultoids with the following characteristics: rudimentary wings, three segmented tarsi, ocelli, deformed genitalia and mouth-parts and testes with intermediary development. Precocene II also increases the duration of the molting cycle. The survival of the adultoid insects was related to the inverse of the applied doses. These data extend our knowledge of the action of precocene II on triatominae species.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Changes in the sexual dimorphism of triatominae in the transition from natural to artificial habitats.

A shift from large to small average sizes was observed in Triatoma infestans and Rhodnius domesticus between field and domestic (or laboratory) conditions of life. It was more pronounced in the female specimens, leading to a subsequent reduction of sexual size dimorphism. This feature is discussed in terms of genetic and populational changes occurring from natural to artificial habitats, in particular those related to population densities. Sexual size dimorphism is then recommended as a new character to be used in the study of species of Triatominae adapting to domestic ecotopes.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Biogeography of Triatominae (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) in Ecuador: implications for the design of control strategies.

Chagas disease control strategies strongly depend on the triatomine vector species involved in Trypanosoma cruzi transmission within each area. Here we report the results of the identification of specimens belonging to various species of Triatominae captured in Ecuador (15 species from 17 provinces) and deposited in the entomological collections of the Catholic University of Ecuador (Quito), Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (Brazil), the Natural History Museum London (UK), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (UK), the National Institute of Hygiene (Quito), and the Vozandes Hospital (Quito). A critical review of published information and new field records are presented. We analysed these data in relation to the life zones where triatomines occur (11 life zones, excluding those over 2,200 m altitude), and provide biogeographical maps for each species. These records are discussed in terms of epidemiological significance and design of control strategies. Findings relevant to the control of the main vector species are emphasised. Different lines of evidence suggest that Triatoma dimidiata is not native to Ecuador-Peru, and that synanthropic populations of Rhodnius ecuadoriensis in southern Ecuador-northern Peru might be isolated from their sylvatic conspecifics. Local eradication of T. dimidiata and these R. ecuadoriensis populations might therefore be attainable. However, the presence of a wide variety of native species indicates the necessity for a strong longitudinal surveillance system.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Presence of triatominae (Hemiptera, Reduviidae) and risk of transmission of Chagas disease in Colima, México.

With the purpose of evaluating the risk of transmission of the Chagas disease in the State of Colima, México, an entomological survey was performed to obtain triatominae and the rate of infection by Trypanosoma cruzi determined by examination of its dejections. Two hundred eighteen houses located in 16 villages were sampled. In each house the intradomestic and peridomestic habitats were examined by the man-hour-house method, sensor boxes and mouse-baited traps. Also, 12 silvatic places were explored around the same areas using the same techniques as the ones sampled. In total, 456 specimens were captured, of which 139 correspond to Triatoma phyllosoma pallidipennis; 80 to T.p. longipennis; one specimen of T. dimidiata and 236 nymphs of Triatoma sp. Two hundred ninety seven insects were captured in the intradomestic habitat, 132 in the peridomestic and 26 in the silvatic. The index of positive houses was 27%, located in the central area of the state. The rate of natural infection with T. cruzi showed 25.6%. This results confirmed the presence of two important vectors of the Chagas disease in Colima. Its preference for the domestic habitat and its high levels of natural infection with T. cruzi suggested the existence of a significant risk for its transmission in this area of the country.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Biosystematics and evolution of the Triatominae.

In this paper we summarize the systematics of the 130 currently recognized species of Triatominae and the key features of their evolutionary background. There is increasing evidence that the subfamily has polyphyletic origins, with the various tribes and species groups probably arising from different reduviid lineages in relatively recent times.

Adaptation, Physiological↗