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PubMed1975

Universal indirect tomography.

The procedure is performed in two stages. First, during the radiographic exposure, the patient is rotated in relation to the X-ray tube and a recording device, namely a cinefluorographic device or a television chain with a video-recorder. In practice the tube and the recording device will be revolved around the patient. Later on, in the second stage, the cinefluorographic image, or the television image of the rotating patient, is projected onto a photographic film. If this film is adequately rotated, a tomographic picture will be produced. The method can be applied to conventional tomography, zonography, transverse tomography, autotomography and orthopantomography.

Cineradiography↗

PubMed1977

Anxiety in self-confrontation: detection and measurement.

This paper summarizes an attempt to measure and detect "anxiety" or "arousal" in self-confrontation in a university teaching methods training programme. Self-confrontation arousal is caused by viewing CCTV recordings of short micro-lectures. Arousal detection is important as the use of video-recordings is an important element in the training provision made for new members of the teaching staff. Using ECG detection the heart rate of staff viewing themselves teach was found to increase on initial confrontation, but to decrease as the initial cosmetic effect became more acceptable. The paper suggests that ECG detection and measurement is a suitable tool for investigating confrontation in training programmes that use CCTV recordings.

Anxiety↗

PubMed2026

Water intake, switching between bites and sips, and drinking behavior are associated with food intake across meals varying in spiciness: A secondary analysis of two randomized crossover studies.

Widespread nutrition advice instructs consumers to drink water with meals to increase fullness and reduce energy intake. However, recent data indicates greater water intake is associated with more food intake at a meal, not less. Switching between meal components (e.g., alternating between food and water), has also been associated with increased food intake at a pasta meal, but it remains unclear whether this applies to other foods. In a secondary analysis, we pooled existing data from 2 crossover experiments (total n = 86) where adults ate an ad libitum lunch consisting of 650 g of beef chili (n = 52) or chicken tikka masala (n = 34) with 450 g of water twice in the laboratory while being video-recorded. For both experiments, the spiciness of the lunch was varied by adding different ratios of hot:sweet paprika. Videos were coded to measure sip number, sip size (g/sip), drinking rate (g/min), and number of switches between bites of food and sips of water. As we previously reported, increasing spiciness slowed eating rate and reduced food intake; in secondary analyses described here, the reduction in food intake was not moderated by water intake, switching, or drinking behaviors (all p > 0.73). Notably, across all meals, greater water intake (p < 0.001) and switching (p = 0.02) associated with greater food intake. Overall, individuals ate more when they drank more and switched between bites and sips more often, highlighting the potential influence of water and drinking behaviors on food consumption. This finding challenges the widespread dietary advice to drink water with meals to reduce food intake.

Humans↗

PubMed1978

A TV system for image recording and processing in conventional transmission electron microscopy.

An image processing system for a CTEM is described which is particularly suited for the imaging of radiation-sensitive objects. It consists of an image intensifier device for single electron counting, a digital storage unit and a video recorder for intermediate storage of low-dose image series. During on-line operation the information can be transferred to a computer for further processing. The output can be transferred onto a second digital storage unit and observed on a monitor. The influence on the DQE of the pulse height distribution of the single electron video signals and of a multiple counting are eliminated by means of special electronic components. Various modes of operation and application possibilities of the image processing system are discussed.

Computers↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Myocardial wall motion evaluation using amplitude frequency spectral analysis.

Frequency spectral analysis of cardiac wall motion as calculated from the recorded video kymogram are demonstrated. Characteristic harmonics following the fundamental frequency of the cardiac rate have been demonstrated to have an alternating sequential energy distribution as measured from the free margin of the left ventricle of humans. The characteristic patterns occur in approximately 80% of the 50 patients evaluated. The correlation of these harmonics with physiologic events is not yet complete. Amplitude frequency spectral analysis offers an objective method for analysis of cardiac kymography not otherwise possible.

Adult↗

PubMed1976

Computerized tomography using a modified orthogonal tangent correction algorithm.

A modified orthogonal tangent correction algorithm is presented for computerized tomography. The algorithm uses four X-rays scans spaced 45 degrees apart, to reconstruct a transverse axial image. The reconstruction procedure is interative in which image matrix elements are corrected by alternately matching the two sets of orthogonal scan data. The algorithm has been applied to phantom data as well as to video recorded fluoroscopic data.

Humans↗

PubMed1977

A methodological study of factors affecting the judgment of misarticulated /s/.

Two studies involving judgments of /s/ misarticulation are described. The first involved simultaneous audio and video recordings of three clinically different /s/ misarticulating children. Their recorded /s/ productions, embedded in 54 sentences with varying phonetic contexts, were judged on an acceptable/unacceptable/questionable basis. There was a large proportion of judgments in the questionable category, relatively low interjudge reliability, and few clear enhancing contexts. To better define the problems inherent in using recorded /s/ misarticulations, a second study was undertaken in which six specially chosen /s/ defective and eight normally speaking subjects spoke a set of 12 sentences containing a total of 24 /s/ target words. These productions were judged dichotomously as correct/incorrect under live conditions and from tape recorded conditions. Both normal and /s/ defectives were easily and reliably detected under live speaking conditions; judgments from tape recordings showed a reduction in reliability of judgment and reduced ability to detect the /s/ defective speakers' errors. Examination of the recorded /s/ defective productions revealed that certain phonetic contexts, especially adjacent apical stops, appeared to encourage judgments of correct /s/ productions. Thd discussion includes suggestion concerning techniques for sampling and judging /s/ misarticulations.

Child↗

PubMed2026

Nondominant Hand Training in Laparoscopy for Surgical Interns: Feasibility and Impact.

OBJECTIVE: Laparoscopy requires bimanual proficiency, yet early trainees demonstrate underdeveloped nondominant hand (NDH) performance. Although deliberate practice of NDH skill contributes to overall performance, NDH training is rarely incorporated into residency simulation curricula and has not been formally evaluated in surgical trainees. We assessed feasibility and impact of integrating structured NDH training with established laparoscopic curriculum for surgery interns. DESIGN: Prospective, single-institution randomized pilot study. Interns were assigned the standard 4-week curriculum of laparoscopic dominant hand and bimanual tasks (Control) or completed assigned NDH tasks in addition to the standard curriculum (Intervention). Feasibility was determined by assigned task completion, daily standard and NDH-specific self-reported practice time, and improvement in bimanual task performance. Performance was video recorded weekly and assessed by blinded evaluators using MISTELS and GOALS scoring. Cognitive workload during laparoscopic tasks was measured via NASA-TLX. Exploratory analyses were conducted within a Bayesian framework. SETTING: A single academic institution with a surgical simulation training program. PARTICIPANTS: General surgery interns on their 4-week simulation rotation. RESULTS: Eleven general surgery interns (6 intervention, 5 controls; all right-hand dominant) completed the study with 100% task completion and practice log compliance. Both groups improved in bimanual performance and perceived cognitive load. Reduction in cognitive workload during bimanual task performance was greater in the NDH group. Time spent on NDH practice over 4 weeks was associated with improved bimanual performance, independent of time spent on standard curriculum tasks. CONCLUSIONS: Structured NDH training is feasible to implement within an existing curriculum and reduces perceived cognitive workload during bimanual laparoscopic tasks. NDH practice demonstrates a beneficial dose-response relationship with performance, supporting its integration into early laparoscopic training.

Laparoscopy↗

PubMed2026

Factors associated with successful integration of pharmacists into residential aged care teams: A qualitative study.

BACKGROUND: Australia's Aged Care Onsite Pharmacist program aims to support quality use of medicines in residential aged care homes. This is a novel role introduced into existing teams in a complex environment. Factors associated with successful integration since implementation are currently unknown. AIM: This study aims to explore the perspectives of pharmacists and other stakeholders within aged care homes regarding successful integration of the novel aged care pharmacist service into healthcare teams. METHODS: A qualitative approach, using interpretive descriptive methodology, was used to explore perspectives. Semi-structured focus groups and interviews with pharmacists, nursing and care staff, allied health professionals, general practitioners, residents, and family members were undertaken. Data were collected via Zoom™, audio- and video-recorded, and transcribed verbatim. Two researchers undertook inductive thematic analysis to identify key themes. RESULTS: 30 participants across focus groups, focus-group interviews, interviews, and member-checking processes contributed. An overarching theme of proactivity and showing a genuine interest in others underpinned three key themes. Theme 1: Pharmacists needed to be seen, through physical presence and availability, as well as developing a distinct identity. Theme 2: Pharmacists needed to build trust, through collaboration in real time and demonstrating value. Theme 3: Pharmacists needed to develop an understanding of the aged care home environment, including social and contextual norms, as well as procedures, routines and roles. DISCUSSION: This research complements existing understandings of interprofessional collaboration and teamwork amongst healthcare professionals. Themes were interlinked; we used a sensitising framework, social cognitive theory, to present and explain the findings and interactions that can support pharmacist integration into existing teams. Aged care services should structure onboarding to prioritise early visibility, clarify roles and organisational needs, and foster in-person collaboration. Pharmacists should demonstrate proactivity and an authentic interest in all staff, residents and families.

Humans↗

PubMed1979

Emotion recognition: the role of facial movement and the relative importance of upper and lower areas of the face.

In order to investigate the role of facial movement in the recognition of emotions, faces were covered with black makeup and white spots. Video recordings of such faces were played back so that only the white spots were visible. The results demonstrated that moving displays of happiness, sadness, fear, surprise, anger and disgust were recognized more accurately than static displays of the white spots at the apex of the expressions. This indicated that facial motion, in the absence of information about the shape and position of facial features, is informative about these basic emotions. Normally illuminated dynamic displays of these expressions, however, were recognized more accurately than displays of moving spots. The relative effectiveness of upper and lower facial areas for the recognition of these six emotions was also investigated using normally illuminated and spots-only displays. In both instances the results indicated that different facial regions are more informative for different emitions. The movement patterns characterizing the various emotional expressions as well as common confusions between emotions are also discussed.

Communication↗

PubMed1979

[A contribution to the psychophysiology of infantile dysmegalopsy (author's transl)].

A 9 year old boy was able to evoke microptic experiences voluntarily. Clinical and historical signs of minimal brain dysfunction were present. An epileptic etiology could neither be proven nor ruled out. Synchronized EEG- and Video recording allowed us to analyze the EEG and the corresponding behavior by using sequential spectral analysis of the EEG data. Coinciding with a progressive increase in rhythmic 6-7 cps. activity we observed a behavior which appeared to correspond to a state of narrowed attention. He signalized the onset of a micropsy a few seconds after the transition from this pattern into one which showed a relative voltage decrease and the reappearance of some alpha-activity. The end was signalized by him coinciding with the recurrence of normal waking activity. Our findings--like those of others--suggest that the gradual development of hypnagogic phenomena is bound to a state of lowered vigilance. The reappearance of alpha activity and the voltage decrease seem to represent an unstable intermediary state with partial arousal preceding the restitution of normal wakefulness. Since the onset of the micropsy was signalized only after manifestation of the intermediary EEG-state, we conclude that partial arousal is a prerequisite for giving an indication of hypnagogic experiences in a quasi retrospective manner.

Arousal↗

PubMed1978

Cell lineages of the embryo of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans.

Embryogenesis of the free-living soil nematode Caenorhabditis elegans produces a juvenile having about 550 cells at hatching. We have determined the lineages of 182 cells by tracing the divisions of individual cells in living embryos. An invariant pattern of cleavage divisions of the egg generates a set of stem cells. These stem cells are the founders of six stem cell lineages. Each lineage has its own clock--i.e., an autonomous rhythm of synchronous cell divisions. The rhythms are maintained in spite of extensive cellular rearrangement. The rate and the orientation of the cell divisions of the cell lineages are essentially invariant among individuals. Thus, the destiny of cells seems to depend primarily on their lineage history. The anterior position of the site of origin of the stem cells in the egg relates to the rate of the cell cycle clock, suggesting intracellular preprogramming of the uncleaved egg. We used a technique that allows normal embryogenesis, from the fertilized egg to hatching, outside the parent under a cover glass. Embryogenesis was followed microscopically with Nomarski interference optics and high-resolution video recording.

Animals↗

PubMed2026

Clinical insights into catathrenia: A real-world analysis from a tertiary sleep center.

INTRODUCTION: Catathrenia is a rare sleep-related breathing disorder marked by groaning during prolonged expiration, often underrecognized or misdiagnosed as obstructive or central sleep apnoea (OSA or CSA) or parasomnia. Understanding its clinical and polysomnographic features is essential for accurate diagnosis and management. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed a retrospective observational study of adult patients diagnosed with catathrenia at Serviço de Medicina do Sono de Coimbra. Diagnosis was established by attended overnight polysomnography (PSG) with synchronised audio-video recording. Demographic data, symptoms, comorbidities, PSG variables, treatment modalities, and outcomes were reviewed. Catathrenia events were defined as deep inhalation followed by prolonged exhalation with monotonous groaning. RESULTS: Ten patients were included. Median age was 46 years (range 27-78), mostly female (70%). Common comorbidities included obesity (n = 4), depression (n = 2), Parkinson's disease (n = 1), and restless legs syndrome (n = 1). Six patients (60%) had concomitant obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA). Seven patients had excessive daytime sleepiness (Epworth Sleepiness Scale > 10). All catathrenia episodes occurred exclusively during REM sleep. Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy was the most frequently used treatment and was associated with objective or subjective improvement in most patients. Two patients experienced spontaneous remission. CONCLUSION: Catathrenia remains underdiagnosed and can mimic other sleep disorders. Recognition of its REM-sleep predominance and PSG pattern is essential. Individualised treatment, often involving PAP therapy, may improve symptoms and patient outcomes.

Humans↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Analysing parent-child interactions in clinical practice: the development of a procedure and method of reporting.

Research in child developmental psychology is concerning itself increasingly with the fine-grain study of infant-caregiver interactions and as a result awareness of the importance of early interaction patterns in the development of children has grown very rapidly. The research has been based on an observational approach made possible by the use of video-recording and the development of sophisticated methods of interaction analysis. The methods employed and the research findings have important implications for those working clinically with young handicapped children and their parents, but as yet the research methods have been too complex and time-consuming to be used directly in practice. This paper describes the development of a procedure which can be used to observe and analyse the interactions of pre-school handicapped children with their caregivers in a clinical setting, using modifications of existing research methods and based on current findings. Examples of the coding procedure, transcript sheet and reporting methods are given in the context of a pilot application. It is suggested that the approach is valuable as a conceptual framework which the observer can use to improve his observational skills, provides a sound base for assessment and remediation work and can incorporate new research findings as they become available.

Adult↗

PubMed2026

Bacterial R-bodies with common morphologies and unrolling dynamics are phylogenetically scattered, indicating extensive lateral gene transfer and wide application potential.

Refractile bodies (R-bodies) of gram-negative bacteria are large proteinaceous assemblies, rolled up in the form of an Archimedean spiral. They exhibit rapid rod-like reversible extension in the micrometer range when cued by chemical environmental triggers and have potential for synthetic biology and biochip applications. Initially described for the Paramecium endosymbionts Caedibacter taeniospiralis and Caedimonas varicaedens, R-bodies have since been discovered in many classes of Pseudomonadota, both in endosymbionts and in non-endosymbionts. However, despite the fact that the genetics and morphologies, as well as the unrolling kinetics of R-bodies from different species, show considerable diversity, no recent study has integrated these aspects into a single framework. The latter would be advantageous for the creation of an R-body biotechnology toolbox, where different properties determine the application area. Here, we have examined the R-bodies from six different Pseudomonadota, comprising both phylogenetically diverse endosymbionts and non-endosymbionts. Comparison of the morphologies of the rolled-up and unrolled forms, obtained using electron microscopy and high-quality images, to their corresponding genetic data indicates that extensive lateral gene transfer has occurred, which confounds a common framework based on these data. However, we have also studied the R-body extension and retraction kinetics using high frame-rate light microscopic video recordings, where we show for the first time that R-bodies can be classified into two classes, showing "fast burst" or "slow" acid-induced extension kinetics, respectively. We propose that this criterion may, in fact, be the most useful for the choice of an R-body tool for biotechnological purposes.IMPORTANCER-bodies are unique proteinaceous macromolecular structures capable of massive reversible extension in response to external environmental triggers without the input of chemical energy. They comprise only a few small polypeptides, which makes them potentially highly amenable to tuning via genetic engineering, as well as being exceptionally stable. These properties would be highly desirable in biotechnology and synthetic biology, as well as in biochip applications, where a controlled mechanical extensor might play an integral part in a nanoscale molecular machine. So far, only R-bodies from a single species, Caedibacter taeniospiralis, have been characterized extensively. However, in recent years, genomic information has revealed that a panoply of R-bodies are widely distributed among gram-negative phyla, although studies have generally not included morphological data. This study brings these two areas together to provide a holistic overview of the field and also reveals new insights into key dynamic aspects of R-body extension.

R-bodies↗

PubMed1977

Differences in the velocity-displacement relationship of systolic contraction of normal and ischemic canine myocardium.

In the canine model there exist major differences in the velocity-displacement relationships of systolic contraction between normal and ischemic myocardium. These differences are noninvasively measurable in vivo from video recordings of the fluoroscopic image of the heart, and can be detected within the time period of one cardiac cycle. Velocity data is plotted against the corresponding wall displacement on orthogonal axes (phase-space), producing characteristic loops which give an immediate visual indication of myocardial dysfunction.

Animals↗

PubMed1977

Nonuniform contraction in the isolated cat papillary muscle.

Microspheres infused into the coronary microcirculation were used as markers to define segments within isolated cat papillary muscles. Video recording and analysis provided measurements of the variations of segment lengths as the muscles contracted at lengths of 76-100% Lmax. In all muscles, segments in the center region were found to shorten during muscle isometric contraction while those in the end regions lengthened. Central shortening was typically 10-15%. In the passive state, segment lengths varied directly with muscle length over a broad range characterized by low force. Segments in the center region, however, displayed an abrupt transition to high stiffness at a certain length while end regions continued to stretch. Force-length relationships obtained for the presumably healthy center segment are significantly different from those obtained for the whole muscle. These results suggest that there may be major difficulties with the interpretation of mechanical measurements on papillary muscles unless contractile inhomogeneity is eliminated or taken into account.

Animals↗

PubMed1977

Diagnostic and therapeutic reevaluation of patients with intractable epilepsy.

Intensive monitoring techniques were used to improve seizure diagnosis and control in 23 patients with intractable epilepsy: (1) Video recording of clinical seizures and the ictal EEG, (2) long-term telemetered EEG recordings, and (3) frequent determination of plasma antiepileptic drug concentrations. Patients were monitored in the hospital for an average of 8 weeks and after discharge were followed for an average of 8 months. At follow-up, 70 percent of the patients continued to have improved seizure control as compared with baseline studies, 83 percent had decreased toxicity, and about half had made gains in social adjustment. Use of the techniques described can make a significant contribution to patients previously considered intractable to therapy.

Adolescent↗