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PubMed1977

The relationship of perceptual field orientation to measures of cognitive functioning and current adaptive abilities in alcoholics and nonalcoholics.

The present study investigated the influence of perceptual field orientation, as measured by the Group Embedded Figures Test (GEFT), on cognitive functioning among alcoholics and nonalcoholics. The subjects were classified as field dependent, intermediate, or field independent based upon their GEFT scores. Cognitive function was assessed by the Wechsler-Bellevue Intelligence Scale as well as the Category Test. Tactual Performance Test, and Trail Making Tests of the Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Test Battery. Three primary findings emerged. First, the alcoholics appeared to be significantly impaired on measures of abstraction, problem solving, and adaptive abilities relative to nonalcoholics. Second, a direct relationship was found between GEFT scores and level of cognitive function within both alcoholic and nonalcoholic samples, with field-dependent subjects evidencing the most impaired performance. Third, the level of perceptual field orientation accounted for a large portion of the variance between the alcoholic and nonalcoholic samples, with field-independent alcoholics performing at a level comparable to or greater than other nonalcoholic subroups on a number of the cognitive variables. These results provide validational support for the GEFT and indicate that field orientation may be a relevant variable in the assessment of cognitive function in both alcoholics and nonalcoholics.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1978

Neuropsychological performance in posttraumatic epilepsy.

Performances on the Wechsler-Bellevue Intelligence Scale and on Halstead's neuropsychological measures were investigated in two groups of adult subjects with posttraumatic seizures. One of the groups, in addition to seizures, had abnormal and persistent focal cortical signs. The other group had seizures only and no other known deficits or complications. The results suggest that posttraumatic epilepsy, whether or not accompanied by abnormal and persistent focal cortical signs, is associated with significant psychological impairment. Patients with posttraumatic epilepsy alone perform somewhat better than those whose epilepsy is accompanied by independent evidence of cortical damage. However, the performance difference between such patients is not major, nor is it statistically significant on most measures such as those used in the present study. Possible reasons for the performance deficit in this group were discussed.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Intellectual efficiency and drug addiction].

The intellectual efficiency of a group of drug addicts and a group of neurotic and senile subjects was tested against the Wechsler-Bellevue Intelligence Scale. Alongside an anxiety-related reduction in the efficiency of certain functions and a reduction in the ability to concentrate, the addicts evidenced a reduction in efficiency in the organisation of tasks and prediction of results related to depression of disharmony in the interaction of the various functions.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Mental impairment in Parkinson's disease. The role of anticholinergic drugs.

The trial has been carried out on 33 treated Parkinsonian patients and 14 healthy controls. A series of psychometric tests were employed in order to show a possible intellectual deterioration in Parkinsonian patients. Bender's test showed greater motor-perceptive deterioration in Parkinsonian patients respect to control, the Wechsler-Bellevue Intelligence Scale evidenced in patients significant deterioration of mnesic and psychomotor capacity. When considering drug treatments patients undergoing combined treatment or anti-cholinergics alone obtained worse results in all tests made whilst patients on L-Dopa alone obtained the best results.

Aged↗
PubMed1983

[Psychometric and electromyographic studies in patients with chronic uremia subjected to periodic hemodialysis].

Twenty-five patients suffering from chronic renal insufficiency and who had been undergoing dialysis for a long time were tested on the Wechsler-Bellevue Intelligence Scale with a control of twenty-five subjects of the same age with a comparable educational and social background. The results of the statistical analysis of the difference between the two groups demonstrates a significant psychological deterioration in the group of uremic patients which was particularly noticeable in the performance test. The rate of deterioration was not significantly related to the duration of the dialysis. At the same time electromyography (motor conduction velocity of the S.P.E. nerve) show in 40% of the uremic patients evidence of neuropathy.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

[Personality disorders in adolescents].

The aim of the study was the investigation of symptoms and origin of the disturbances in personality development of adolescents. The group of 50 patients (22 girls and 28 boys aged from 14 to 20 years) of the Young People's Unit and Outpatient Clinic of the Department of Child and Youth Psychiatry of the Institute of Mother and Child in Warsaw were examined. The study consists of the psychiatric, psychological and sociological types of investigation. The following methods were used in the study: the standard methods of the clinical investigation, Wechsler-Bellevue Intelligence Scale, R. B. Cattell, M. Choynowski and M. Nowakowska 's 16 PF; A. Roe and M. Siegelman 's "My Father" and "My Mother" questionnaires; E. S. Schaefer and R. Q. Bell's Parental Attitude Research Instrument and E. Kobia łka's Family Environmental Questionnaire. The control group was formed in the method of pairs and was investigated in the same way as patients. After the detailed analysis of the data, the final conclusions were formed. They are as follows: In the clinical picture of disturbances of the development of patients personality, the conduct disorders prevailed. The suicidal and parasuicidal behaviour occurred in 1/3 of the patients. Also the depressive and other neurotic symptoms took place. The intelligence level was average and dull normal. The following personality features were established: emotional instability, guilt proness , low self- sentiment , high ergic tension (both sexes); protension ( suspection jealous ), shrewdness (girls) and threat sensitive (boys). Patients attitudes toward both parents were disturbed and unfavourable for normal personality development. The declared mothers attitudes toward patients were also unfavourable for development of mature personality. The general family environment (also living standard) was significantly worse in the criterion group. It should be stressed in conclusion, that the results of the study showed among others that the disturbed family hinder the development of adjustment mechanisms, mainly of the adjustment to the small group, which are essential for the normal personality functioning.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The level of various intellectual abilities in patients with vertebrobasilar arterial syndromes].

Several methods such as: Wechsler-Bellevue intelligence scale, memory scale of M. Choynowski, tests of Couve, Bourdon, Piéron, Baley, Graham-Kendall and Benton were used for establishing the level of certain intellectual abilities in patients with vertebrobasilar arterial syndrome. The tested group included 50 patients and a control group was selected which was matched for sex, age, educational level and number. Statistical analysis showed that the level of intellectual abilities in the patients with vertebrobasilar syndrome was lower than in healthy controls and this change was observed in the levels of many parameters of intelligence, memory, attention and visual perception.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

[Controlled study of an abbreviated form of the Hamburg-Wechsler Intelligence Test for Adults (HAWIE, Dahl's WIP) in a heterogenous clinical group].

The "reduzierte Wechsler-Intelligenztest für psychiatrische Kranke (WIP)" by Dahl, a short form of the German version (HAWIE) of the Wechsler-Bellevue Intelligence Scale, comprising the subtests Information, Similarities, Picture Completion and Block Design was applied in a replication study to a heterogeneous group of 420 mental patients. Results show a sufficiently high level of agreement (multiple correlation) between the present test and the HAWIE-IQ. With this result and a sample independence of the correlation, two of the requirements of board clinical application of the WIP are met. On the other hand Dahl's assumption that the WIP represents the optimal (quadruple)combination of subtests of the full scale was not confirmed. Criticisms of the WIP in the literature are discussed. On the basis of previous studies and the present investigations it is held that the WIP is a useful contribution to measurement of general ability in a clinical setting.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Sex differences among non-brain-damaged adults on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scales: a review of the literature.

We reviewed studies of the performance of non-brain-damaged men and women on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scales (i.e., the Wechsler-Bellevue, Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, and Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised) to determine if there were sex differences on specific test items, on specific subtests, or on Verbal IQ, Performance IQ, or the Verbal-Performance Discrepancy score. There were sex differences on some items of each of the three measures, but the number of such differences was small. A number of studies suggested differences on subtests of these scales. A meta-analysis indicated that females tended to outperform males by about a third of a standard deviation on the Digit Symbol subtest, while males tended to outperform females to the same extent or greater on the Arithmetic and Information subtests. Finally, in the few studies on IQ or discrepancy-score differences, there was no evidence of any consistent differences between the sexes in the Verbal-Performance Discrepancy, although there was some tendency for males to obtain higher Verbal IQs. This review, therefore, does not suggest that there are any major differences between non-brain-damaged males and females on the Wechsler adult intelligence scales.

Brain Damage, Chronic↗
PubMed1981

Actuarial assessment of Wechsler Verbal-Performance Scale differences as signs of lateralized cerebral impairment.

Long-standing clinical lore holds that a discrepancy between Wechsler-Bellevue (W-B) Verbal/Performance Scale weighted scores is a more sensitive sign of lateralized brain damage than a discrepancy between Verbal/Performance Scale IQ. To assess this question, two step-wise discriminant functions using W-B Verbal and Performance Scale weighted scores (Function 1) and IQs (Function 2) as independent variables were derived and cross-validated on right- and left-hemisphere-lesioned subjects. Cross-validation hit rates were statistically comparable through disappointingly low (Function 1-67%, Function 2-64%). These results do not support the clinical lore which favors a weighted discrepancy score over an IQ-discrepancy as a sign of lateralized cerebral impairment.

Brain Damage, Chronic↗
PubMed1990

[Neuropsychological defects in alcoholics with the withdrawal syndrome].

The aim of the present study was to analyse the correlation between the neuropsychological functioning and the intensity of the recent withdrawal syndrome. The authors compares two groups of alcoholics hospitalized for the acute withdrawal syndrome: of the predelirious character (N = 23) and alcoholic delirium (N = 21). Both groups of patients were treated identically in order to suppress the acute withdrawal syndrome. On the tenth day of the treatment the scores on the Gross Evaluation Scale and the Scale of Medical Risks were identical (p less than 0.01) in both groups of patients. On the fifteenth day of hospitalization, after five days without any psychopharmacological therapy, the patients underwent psychological testing: the Wechsler-Bellevue test, separately for the complete, verbal, and nonverbal scales and the Bender-Gestalt test. Statistically significant differences between the two groups of patients were found in the complete scale (p less than 0.05) and the verbal scale (p less than 0.05) of the Wechsler-Bellevue test, as well as in the subtests of the verbal scale: achievement (p less than 0.05), cognition (p less than 0.05), and concepts (p less than 0.01). These differences may be understood as a result of the intensity of the recent withdrawal syndrome, i.e., the patient just cured of delirium showed more serious disturbances in the complete scale and some subtests of the verbal scale of the Wechsler-Bellevue test.

Alcohol Withdrawal Delirium↗
PubMed1985

Relationships between measures of brain functions and general intelligence.

Relationships between measures of general intelligence (Wechsler-Bellevue Verbal IQ, Performance IQ, and Full-scale IQ) and a measure designed to reflect adequacy of brain functions (Halstead Impairment Index) were studied using a control group and groups with left, right and generalized cerebral lesions. The results confirmed earlier findings of (1) differential levels of Verbal and Performance intelligence depending on damage of the left or right cerebral hemisphere; and (2) the greater general sensitivity of the Impairment Index than IQ values to brain damage. Comparative data suggested particularly that IQ values may underestimate brain-dependent adaptive abilities among non-brain-damaged subjects. A significant relationship between IQ values and the Impairment Index was present. This finding permitted evaluation of use of a differing cut-off Impairment Index, as an indicator of cerebral damage, depending on the subject's IQ level. The results suggested that increased accuracy in classifying subjects as brain-damaged might be achieved using a cutting Impairment Index of .4 or greater when the IQ value is 100 or more and .5 or greater when the IQ value is below 100.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Test complexity and brain damage at different educational levels.

This investigation attempted to determine whether the complexity (problem-solving component) of selected tests of the Reitan-Halstead Neuropsychological Test Battery was related to their ability to discriminate groups of brain-damaged and non-brain-damaged adults at different educational levels. Twenty tests from the Wechsler-Bellevue and the Reitan-Halstead Battery were administered to 51 brain-damaged and 51 non-brain-damaged adults at three educational levels (grade school, high school, university). Spearman rank-order correlations were obtained for the relationship of task complexity with global scores that reflected the effects of education and brain damage for each variable and with the differences between group means for each education level. The ability of these measures to discriminate the groups was correlated significantly with problem-solving level, whereas the effects of education were correlated negatively with this dimension.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Using a battery of tests to predict suicide in a long-term hospital: a quantitative analysis.

Examined the Wechsler-Bellevue, Rorschach, TAT and Word Association Tests of 40 Patients for quantitative indications of suicide potential. Ten of these patients had completed suicide, 10 "serious" attempts, 10 "mild" attempts and 10 had never made a suicide attempt. In addition to a study of the quantification of major aspects of the tests, various published hypotheses also were examined. No quantitative aspect of the data differentiated all four groups. When the "completed" and "serious" attempters were compared to the "mild" and "no" attempters, the more lethal patients were found to give more movement responses and more total responses. Those who completed suicide also had a larger difference than others between their Verbal and Performance IQs. Of the published hypotheses, only the Roth & Blatt and Sapolsky hypotheses received significant support.

Hospitals, Psychiatric↗
PubMed1981

Clinical-actuarial detection and description of brain impairment with the W-B form I.

Assessed the clinical utility of four cross-validated discriminant functions derived on Wechsler-Bellevue (W-B) variables (Leli & Filskov, 1981) through a clinical-actuarial prediction paradigm. These functions were constructed to be actuarial indices of the presence, chronicity, extent, and lateralization of brain impairment. From W-B and demographic data gathered on brain-impaired and nonimpaired individuals, 6 students and 6 clinicians were asked to identify the presence and describe the nature of brain impairment with (Clinical-Actuarial condition) and without (Clinical Judgment condition) the four functions. Relative to the Clinical Judgment condition, Clinical-actuarial prediction was significantly better in identifying and determining the extent of brain impairment. Actuarial classification was significantly more superior in lateralizing deficits than were the other conditions. In both judgment conditions, students and clinicians did not differ significantly in classification accuracy. These results indicate that with actuarial indices, the adult Wechsler scales can be used accurately to identify and lateralize brain impairment.

Brain Damage, Chronic↗
PubMed1980

[In what way can the clinical usefulness of the Wechslers-Bellevue test for general knowledge be improved for the testing of neuropsychiatric patients? An attempt at revalidation (author's transl)].

Questions related to general knowledge were adapted to the mental capacity of neuropsychiatric patients by means of regrouping and suitable modifications. The sequence of items according to the degree of difficulty, enables a more profitable use of the Wechsler-Bellevue test, since the questions relating to general knowledge need not begin with Question No. 1. The general knowledge subtest was changed into a psychopathometric method by means of an item analysis. In this manner, it is more adequately adapted to the mental capacities of neuropsychiatric patients. Moreover, irregular distribution of data which have not yet been evaluated and classified, is avoided, so that the intellectual performance of the patient can be explored in a fairer manner than before.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Wechsler VIQ versus PIQ differences in cerebral dysfunction: a literature review with emphasis on sex differences.

For the past three decades neuropsychologists have published results which indicated that left-sided cerebral dysfunction affected the Wechsler Verbal Scale whereas right-sided dysfunction affected the Performance Scale. Recent investigations have indicated that the effects of cerebral dysfunction on performance of the Wechsler Scales may be different for males and females. In view of these reports, the present review considered 24 studies (28 samples) which have reported Wechsler IQ scores in patients with unilateral or bilateral cerebral dysfunction. Eight studies (10 samples) used the Wechsler-Bellevue I, whereas 16 studies (18 samples) employed the WAIS. In these 28 published samples, there were four exceptions to the hypothesis of lower mean VIQ in patients with left-hemisphere lesions, and lower mean PIQ in patients with right-hemisphere dysfunction. Of the four exceptions to this "rule", two samples contained only women, while a third contained only patients with missile wounds of the frontal lobe. One sample appeared to be a true exception, and could not be accounted for by lesion location or sexual composition of the sample. The studies reviewed appear to add additional support to the hypothesis of sex differences in the effects of unilateral lesions. Therefore, insofar as published mean values for the Wechsler Scales are concerned, the specific effects on Verbal versus Performance IQ appear more prominently in males.

Brain Diseases↗