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PubMed1975

People and work: some contemporary issues.

In advanced industrial societies social, economic, and technological changes are accompanied by changing values and attitudes to work, symptomatic of what some see as the transition to a post-industrial era. As a result existing job definitions and traditional forms of organization are being challenged and attempts made to restructure work so that it becomes meaningful and rewarding in the fullest sense, to the individual, to the enterprise, and to society. These range from programmes of job enlargement and job enrichment, within the framework of existing technologies, to experiments in the design of organizations as a whole in which fewer constraints are accepted as given. They entail and require a multidisciplinary approach as well as awareness of and commitment to the underlying values. The possibilities and benefits of restructuring work in these various ways have been demonstrated sufficiently to encourage interest at governmental level as well as by employers and trade unions. There are, however, no simple prescriptions or principles of universal application. Knowledge is still tentative and partial but there is consensus that the search for new ways of dealing with the organization of work and the allocation of resources is of fundamental importance.

Authoritarianism↗
PubMed1990

Differential application of rate and delta check on selected clinical chemistry tests.

Through the present delta value check used in quality control programs is a powerful tool for detecting random errors in clinical chemistry analysis, it has some problems, such as missed true errors and delays in reporting time, because it also has the potential of showing erroneous positive results. Recently, new calculation methods for delta check with delta difference, delta percent change, rate difference, and rate percent change have been suggested by Lacher and Connelly (Clin Chem 34:1966-1970, 1988). Based on this new delta check method, we made the new criteria of which calculation method is applied to the clinical chemistry tests, i.e., the differential application of rate and delta check, and selectively applied the new method to 17 chemistry tests in order to solve the above problems. The applied criteria were the time dependence of the test item and the coefficient of variation of the absolute delta difference. Calcium, inorganic phosphorus, total protein, albumin, sodium, potassium, and chloride were classified as delta difference calculation method group; glucose and cholesterol as delta percent change group; creatinine, total and direct bilirubin as rate difference group; and urea nitrogen, uric acid, ALP, ALT, and AST as rate percent change group. With the previous criteria by Whitehurst et al. (Clin Chem 221:87-92) for 5045 specimens, the check-out rate was 47.8% (2,411 out of 5,045), and the positive predictive value was 0.41% (10 out of 2,411). For the new criteria, the check-out rate was 12.7% (621 out of 5,045), and the positive predictive value was 1.8% (nine out of 621).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Albumins↗
PubMed1992

The origin and evolution of activity analysis.

Practitioners of occupational therapy in the early 1900s selected therapeutic activities with an intuitive understanding of their characteristics and operations. The term activity analysis and the methodology for breaking down and examining tasks scientifically, however, were borrowed from industry during World War I. Methods originally used in time and motion study of jobs were applied to vocational retraining and therapeutic crafts; later, they were applied to a broader range of activities. The most systematic early use of activity analysis was in occupational therapy for physical dysfunction, particularly in military hospitals. Development of the concept was gradual until the 1970s, when the delineation of theoretical frames of reference for practice led to important changes. Today, activity analysis is viewed as a multifaceted process that involves both generic and specific components.

Ergonomics↗