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PubMed1975

Activity and learning in neonatally hormone treated rats.

The degree of activity and the performance in active avoidance learning were determined in adulthood, from neonatal hormone treated and intact rats. The treated groups were androgenized females and castrated males and females. Normal males and females composed the intact groups. Activity was measured in two tests situations, i.e., open field and shuttle box. Similar results were obtained in both tests, and a positive correlation coefficient was found between them. Intact females showed more activity than males; castration and testosterone injection in females decreased their activity. On the contrary, castration in males increased it. The effects of the treatments on the performance in the active avoidance task were similar to those described for activity, with the only exception that castration in males did not produce a significant effect in this test. Nevertheless, no correlation was found between activity and avoidance learning scores. The validity of the classification of different types of behavior as sexual or non-sexual is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

The effects of postnatal caffeine exposure on growth, activity and learning in rats.

Caffeine is both ingested by pregnant women in their third trimesters and administered therapeutically to premature infants to stimulate respiration. This experiment attempted to delineate any persistent effects of low dose caffeine exposure during the first week of life in rats, since this time period provides an animal model equivalent to the human third trimester or premature infant exposure. Rat pups who had received either 1 or 9 mg/kg of caffeine during the first week of life grew more slowly, were hypoactive at two weeks of age, and were impaired on an operant spatial learning task as adults. Adding visual cues to the operant task did not improve their performance. The timing of the appearance of developmental landmarks, adult body weight and adult brain weight, however, were not affected by postnatal caffeine exposure. The persistent behavioral deficits noted after postnatal caffeine exposure were all opposite in direction to the acute effects of caffeine, and similar to the effects of adenosine. Thus the behavioral deficits reported here may reflect an upregulation of developing adenosine receptors that persists into adulthood subsequent to early chronic postnatal caffeine exposure.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Central catecholamine and peripheral noradrenaline depletion by 6-hydroxydopamine and active avoidance learning in rats.

Three experiments are reported on the relation among catecholamine (CA) depletion, plasma corticosterone (11-OHCS) levels, and active aversive learning. A baseline study showed no significant relation beteen resting levels of 11-OHCS and central and/or peripheral CA depletion. On a two-way avoidance learning task, depletion of brain CAs produced a widespread learning deficit. When both central and peripheral CAs were depleted, only escape learning emerged. Similar effects occurred on a one-way task, but differences were not so marked. The findings are discussed in terms of a theory of CA-dependent cues.

11-Hydroxycorticosteroids↗
PubMed1991

Effect of naltrexone upon self-injurious behavior, learning and activity: a case study.

Naltrexone significantly attenuated self-injurious behavior in a 20-year-old mildly retarded autistic male patient. The patient was videotaped daily and behavior was evaluated with a time-sampling procedure. Behavioral ratings of SIB frequency, SIB severity, and activity were collected automatically with a computerized system. Learning and memory were tested on a weekly basis with a modification of a paired associate learning test (PALT). Treatment with naltrexone resulted in (a) attenuation of SIB in the unstructured setting and (b) improvements in learning and memory without influencing activity levels.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effects of postnatal aluminum exposure on choline acetyltransferase activity and learning abilities in the rat.

Young rats were treated by gastric intubation with aluminum lactate (0, 100, and 200 mg Al/kg/day) from postnatal days 5 to 14 to determine the treatment's influence on brain choline acetyltransferase activity and learning abilities. The results indicated that aluminum concentrations in the cerebral areas increased in parallel to plasma aluminum at the dose of 200 mg. In the same case, choline acetyltransferase activity was reduced. At postnatal days 50 and 100, the treated rats did not show alterations in their learning abilities in the 2 tests which are based on different motivations (avoidance of an aversive light or alimentary motivation) and different ways of achievement (pressing on a lever or running in a maze). A low reduction in the general activity, particularly in the radial maze test, was only observed in rats treated with 200 mg Al/kg/day.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Effects of prepregnancy ethanol on neuromotor development, activity, and learning.

This study examines the behavioral consequences of both long-term chronic and acute high-dose administration of ethanol before pregnancy. Female rats were assigned to one of five conditions: a self-administered liquid diet with 35% ethanol-derived calories, a pair-fed liquid diet with 0% ethanol-derived calories, a gavage intubation with 4 g/kg ethanol, a gavage intubation control, or a standard lab chow control. Offspring were weighed at various ages and tested for neuromotor development, activity, and learning a Morris maze water task. Offspring of mothers in the high-dose condition were hyperactive as juveniles but not as adults. Hyperactivity was not seen in the low-dose chronic ethanol condition, contrary to previous reports. Neither ethanol administration paradigm was associated with learning deficits. Prepregnancy stress effects were apparent from both the restricted liquid diet feeding and the gavage treatment on neuromotor development. A possible mechanism for the effects of prepregnancy ethanol treatment is linked to ethanol's potential to alter hormone levels. Since hormones are directly responsible for the maturation of the egg, hormonal imbalances as a result of ethanol exposure may result in developmental deficiencies in the offspring.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Activity, avoidance learning and regional 5-hydroxytryptamine following intra-brain stem 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine and electrolytic midbrain raphe lesions in the rat.

Rats underwent one of the following treatments: (1) electrocoagulation of both the dorsal and median midbrain raphe nuclei; (2) 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine creatinine sulfate (5,7-DHT) injection (10 mug, as the salt, in 5 mul vehicle) into the vicinity of each midbrain raphe nucleus; (3) intra-brain stem vehicle (5 mul of 0.2% ascorbic acid in isotonic saline) injections; or, (4) a control operation. Open field activity and one-way avoidance conditioning were examined on postoperative days 16-23. Regional central 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and catecholamine (CA) concentrations were determined 25-27 days postoperatively. Regional 5-HT levels were greatly reduced following 5,7-DHT administration and electrolytic raphe lesions. The 5,7-DHT rats also showed a reduction in spinal 5-HT content. Central CA concentrations were not affected. Variation in the pattern of regional 5-HT changes after 5,7-DHT treatment was observed but appeared to be related to the adequacy of the dorsal raphe (B7) injection. Only the electrolytic raphe lesion animals, however, showed increased locomotor activity and retarded acquisition and forced-extinction of the one-way avoidance response. In contrast, no significant differences were observed in the open field and avoidance behavior of the 5,7-DHT, vehicle, and control groups. The hyperactivity and impaired one-way avoidance performance observed after electrolytic midbrain raphe lesions are not related simply to reductions in regional forebrain 5-HT and may well be due to damage of non-serotonergic neural systems. Clearly, the behavioral effects of central 5-HT depletion depend on the method employed. The role of 5-HT in regulating activity level and mediating avoidance behavior, furthermore, remains to be determined.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

The development of passive and active avoidance learning in the cat.

Kittens of 25 and 50 days of age were tested on a passive avoidance task in a 2-compartment black-white shuttle box. Latency to enter the dark side of the box was the same for both groups on Day 1, but the latency to enter the dark side on Day 2 was much shorter for the younger kittens. Other kittens were trained in a step-up active avoidance task also at 25 and 50 days of age. No differences were found in active avoidance performance between the younger and older animals, indicating that active and passive avoidance tasks may possibly reflect separate developmental processes that mature at different rates in the cat.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1992

Weightage of formative examinations in certifying examination of pharmacology: an opinion poll and relative performance of learners.

A study was carried out to obtain the view points of 186 graduate students regarding formative examination, it's frequency, weightage in certifying examination, feedback about progress made or lack of it and the planning of learning activities. Majority of students were of the opinion that the class tests and tutorials should be conducted frequently and sufficient weightage of formative examinations should be given in the certifying examination. They were able to get feed back and plan out the learning activities accordingly. The performance in both theory and practicals of formative and certifying examinations in Pharmacology was analyzed. The average percentage marks secured by the students in both theory and practical of the certifying examination were higher than those secured in the formative examination. However, the reliability of theory examinations was more than the practical examinations. A positive correlation was observed between the marks of formative and certifying examination between theory as well as of practicals. The Pearson's Correlation Coefficient gamma was +0.932 and +0.715 while Spearman's rank order Coefficient rho was +0.792 and +0.649 for theory and practicals respectively suggesting positive and strong correlation.

Attitude↗
PubMed1991

Development of a health education program to promote the self-management of cystic fibrosis.

The creative challenge of health education for chronic illnesses is the translation of theory-based intervention methods into practical strategies that can be organized into a logical series of learning activities to influence changes in environmental, cognitive, or behavioral factors. A case example describing the development and implementation of a comprehensive health-education intervention for the self-management of cystic fibrosis (CF) is presented. The design of intervention strategies began with an assessment of the educational needs for self-management of CF, followed by specification and validation of particular self-management behaviors. Behavioral and learning objectives then were formulated for each of the self-management behaviors. Constructs from social learning theory considered to be important influences on specified self-management behaviors in CF were identified. Taking into consideration the learning needs of the target population and the practical constraints of the system for providing health care, various intervention methods then were devised based on social learning theory. Lastly, the intervention methods chosen were translated into strategies organized into a series of practical learning activities for CF patients and their families. The process described here should prove useful to others who are planning and developing comprehensive health education programs for self-management of chronic illnesses.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1992

Differences in one-way active avoidance learning in mice of three inbred strains.

DBA/2J, C57BL/6J, and C3H/HeJ mice were given 10 one-way avoidance training trials per day, using an unconditioned stimulus intensity that provided equivalent motivation for learning to mice of all three strains, and were found to differ in their abilities to learn and retain the response. DBA/2J mice acquired the response in fewer days than did the mice of the other two strains, although C57BL/6J mice eventually reached a level of performance similar to that of DBA/2J mice. Both the rate of acquisition and the level at which avoidance performance stabilized were significantly lower in C3H/HeJ, than in DBA/2J or C57BL/6J, mice. In addition, DBA/2J mice showed a significantly greater task retention from one testing day to the next than did C57BL/6J or C3H/HeJ mice.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Ultrasonic vocalization as an indicator of emotional state during active avoidance learning in rats.

Adult male rats subjected to a two-way avoidance task emitted ultrasonic vocalizations (20-30 kHz) both during the presentation of the conditioned stimulus and the intertrial interval. The rate of ultrasonic calling decreased during the 75-trial session indicating that acquisition of the conditioned avoidance response (CAR) was inversely correlated with the rate of vocalization. The rate of acquisition of the CAR was most rapid in those rats that did not emit any vocalization during learning. These data suggest that ultrasonic calling during stressful situations may be sensitive indicator of underlying emotional states that interfere with the acquisition of a complex task.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

[Changes in oxygen metabolism during active avoidance learning in spontaneously hypertensive and normotensive rats].

A decreased pO2 was found in the SHR rats' sensomotor area of the brain cortex in resting as well as in learning of the avoidance reflex as compared with the WKY rats. Avoidance training resulted in the decrease of pO2 in the brain tissue and the increase of common oxygen consumption. The recovery of common oxygen consumption to initial level took longer in the SHR rats. The number of the avoidance conditioned responses was greater in the SHR rats than in the WKY ones. The changes of the SHR rats' oxygen metabolism seem to be caused by morphological alterations, resulting in the peculiarities of the avoidance behaviour formation. These changes are enhanced in ageing and most obvious under emotional-motor loads in hypertensive animals.

Aging↗