[Stability of Bacillus subtilis alpha-amylase reversibly immobilized by ionite KMT gel].
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Amylases↗
SEARCH · PubMed Health
Results for “alpha-Amylases”
Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.
Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.
[Denaturation of the alpha-amylase of Bacillus subtilis in an acid medium].
By fractionation of purine compounds (sorbtion on the cation exchange resin KU-2 (H+), extraction, precipitation of purine compounds as Ag-complexes) a "purine fraction" of the culture liquid epiphytic bacteria No. 703 isolated from barley overground organs was obtained. The presence of isopentenyl cytokinins was demonstrated by quality reactions of the purine fraction with aromatic amines and phenols as well as by the values of Rf and UV spectrum of individual compounds examined by paper chromatography of the purine fraction.
Amylases↗
[Diagnostic value of A1AT, alpha-amylase and GGTP activity in urine in chronic glomerulonephritis].
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Alanine Transaminase↗
Biosynthesis of alpha-amylase and protease by Streptomyces olivaceus 142. II. Biosynthesis of protease.
Streptomyces olivaceus 142 produces proteolytic enzymes de novo, mainly in the stationary phase of growth. The highest activity of the enzymes was observed in media containing maltose or fructose. In media supplemented with glucose, glycerol or starch the activity was lower. The synthesis of proteases is subject to catabolic repression. The proteolytic activity is reduced by phosphate buffer.
Chloramphenicol↗
Anionic activation of human salivary amylase.
In all earlier studies on alpha-amylase, the influence of different ions were studied in phosphate buffer. The present report shows the effect of different ions individually with Tris and amino acid. Though it has been claimed recently that sodium ion is an activator of alpha-amylase, this study reconfirms that sodium ion does not activate human salivary amylase.
Acetates↗
Unlocking the molecular engineering of Geobacillus glycoside hydrolases as a source of industrial biocatalysts.
This review examines Geobacillus sensu stricto as a source of thermostable glycoside hydrolases (GH) for biomass conversion, food processing, and enzyme engineering. Recent peer-reviewed literature was assessed with emphasis on taxonomy, genome-based Carbohydrate-Active Enzymes (CAZyme) prediction, biochemical validation, structural data, and engineering case studies. Taxonomic boundaries were interpreted using current Anoxybacillaceae frameworks, with Parageobacillus treated as a related comparator rather than as Geobacillus. The strongest evidence supports GH13 alpha-amylases, xylan-active systems, beta-xylosidases, and selected accessory enzymes. Recent studies also show that genome mining must be coupled with enzymatic assays and product profiling because CAZyme annotation alone does not prove industrial function. Molecular engineering has improved relevant traits, including the longer thermal half-life of engineered G. stearothermophilus alpha-amylase variants, the increased catalytic efficiency of oligo-alpha-1,6-glucosidase variants, and improved AmyS expression in Bacillus subtilis. Geobacillus glycoside hydrolases are best interpreted as process-specific, engineerable biocatalytic templates. Their translation requires reliable taxonomy, functional validation, structural interpretation, scalable expression and testing on realistic substrates. This synthesis also recognises current limitations: many predicted CAZymes still lack biochemical validation, complete cellulolytic systems remain less mature than xylan- and starch-active systems, and scale-up data remain scarce.
Geobacillus↗
[Mechanism of amylase action on glucoside starch bonds].
Functional groups of glucoamylase and alpha-amylase from Asp. awamori, alpha-amylase from Asp. oryzae and alpha- and beta-amylases from barley malt are identified. Kinetic curves of the activity dependency on pH, values of ionization heats and photooxidative inactivation draw to the conclusion that carboxyl-imidazole system enters into the active site of the enzymes. A hypothetic mechanism of hydrolysis of alpha-1,4-glucoside bond in starch molecule by alpha- and beta-amylases and of alpha-1,4- and alpha-1,6-glucoside bonds by glucoamylase is given. A theory of induced correspondence of enzyme and substrate satisfactorily explains the specificity of the enzyme action and the cause of complete starch convertion into glucose under glucoamylase action and of terminal starch hydrolysis by alpha- and beta-amylases.
Amylases↗
Amylase of the thermophilic actinomycete Thermomonospora vulgaris.
alpha-Amylase of the thermophilic actinomycete Thermomonospora vulgaris was partially purified. Maximal enzyme activity was obtained at 60degreeC and pH 6.0. KM value was l.4%. The effect of some metal salts on enzyme activity was studied. Enzyme activity was inhibited by by KCN, EDTA, and iodoacetate. Inhibition by EDTA was completely nullified by CaCl2, but the inhibition by iodoacetate was not overcome by 2-mercaptoethanol. Exposure of the enzyme to pH 7.0 and 9.0 for 2 hr. did not affect the enzyme, but exposure to pH 3.0 for few minutes completely inactivated the enzyme. Exposure of the enzyme to 60degreeC resulted in an appreciable inactivation and exposure to 80degreeC completely inactivated the enzyme. Addition of CaCl2, 2-mercaptoethanol, or enzyme substrate the 60degreeC exposed enzyme. However, bovine serym albumin had a protective effect when the enzyme was exposed to 60degreeC but not to 80degreeC. The enzyme was stable in the presence of 8 M urea.
Amylases↗
Starch degradation by the mould Trichoderma viride. I. The mechanism of starch degradation.
The mechanism of starch degradation by the fungus Trichoderma viride was studied in strain CBS 354.44, which utilizes glucose, starch and dextrins but is unable to assimilate maltose. It was shown that the amylolytic enzyme system is completely extracellular, equally well induced by starch, amylose or amylopectin and that it consists mainly of enzymes of the glucoamylase type which yield glucose as the main product of starch hydrolysis. Small amounts of alpha-amylase are produced also. The enzymes produced in starch cultures degrade starch, amylose and amylopectin equally well. Enzyme synthesis in starch media takes place to a considerable extent after exhaustion of the carbon source when maximum growth has been attained. Low-molecular dextrins are degraded by extracellular enzymes of the glucoamylase type. These enzymes are produced in media containing starch or dextrins. Maltotriose is consumed for only one third leaving maltose in the culture filtrate. Maltose is hardly attacked and hardly induces any amylolytic enzyme activity. No stable alpha-glucosidase appears to be produced.
Amylases↗
Genomic profiling of digestion related enzymes in Anopheles aquasalis a major coastal neotropical malaria vector.
Digestive genes are fundamental for the development and survival of mosquitoes and can serve as a target for the development of strategies for mosquito control or vector-borne disease prevention. Genes related to digestion were identified in the genome of the neotropical malaria vector Anopheles aquasalis by similarity. We used reciprocal BLAST with annotated digestion proteins for Anopheles gambiae. Orthology and evolutionary analyses were performed using MEGA with a bootstrapped phylogenetic tree constructed by the neighbor-joining method, and copy number variation was measured by the standard deviation of the average copy number in each gene family. We identified 241 genes related to digestion in An. aquasalis: 56 genes related to carbohydrate digestion, 51 genes for lipid digestion, and 134 genes for protein digestion. Phylogenetic relationships with other anophelines show that An. aquasalis genes are closely related to those of neotropical mosquitoes Anopheles darlingi and Anopheles albimanus. Orthologous gene clusters are conserved in important families of all four species. Some of these conserved genes are of interest for studies on controlling mosquito vectors, such as larvicidal toxin receptor genes, alpha-amylase, alpha-glucosidase, and maltase; important target genes for transmission-blocking vaccines, such as aminopeptidase N1 and carboxypeptidase B; and the major intestinal serine proteases, such as trypsins and chymotrypsins, which can positively or negatively affect Plasmodium development in the midgut. These data provide a better understanding of digestion-related genes in American anopheline mosquitoes and may support further fundamental and applied studies aimed at malaria control.
Animals↗
Preparation and properties of a new DNase from Aspergillus oryzae.
A DNase present in commercial preparations of Aspergillus oryzae alpha-amylase was purified 1550-fold in 25% yield by acetone precipitation and by chromatography on diethylaminoethyl- and carboxymethylcellulose. The enzyme was isolated free of contaminating RNases and DNases. The molecular weight of the enzyme determined by gel filtration on Sephadex G-100 was 48 000, while a molecular weight of 58 000 was determined for the single band observed upon polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate. The isoelectric point of the DNase is 9.2. The enzyme hydrolyzed only DNA with a pH optimum of 8.2 and was activated by Co2+, and to a lesser extent by Mg2+ and Mn2+. Native DNA was a better substrate than heat-denatured DNA. Enzymatic digests of calf thymus and E. coli DNA yielded oligomers of chain lengths ranging from 10 to 200, with mono- and small oligonucleotides (chain length less than 5) detected only when large (100 mg) amounts of DNA were fractionated by column chromatography on diethylaminoethyl-Sephadex A-25 in 7 M urea. The digestion products contained 5'-terminal phosphate groups and mostly adenosine at the 3' and guanosine and adenosine at the 5' ends.
Amylases↗
[Parotid secretion and its pharmacologically induced variants (author's transl)].
The secretion of alpha-amylase and electrolytes by the parotid gland is now well understood and similarities exist in this respect between man and animals. Many modern drugs influence parotid secretion and morphology, and these are discussed.
Adrenergic beta-Antagonists↗
[Chemical Investigation of Chronic Pancreatitis].
We differentiate indirect and direct methods. The indirect methods include the examination of the blood (ESR, blood picture, electrolytes, especially calcium, for the exclusion of hyperparathyroidism, status of fat and liver enzymes, activity of alpha-amylase and lipase. More informative than a serum determination is the measurement of the amylase activity in the 24-hour urine. The detection of chymotrypsin in the stool can be recommended as an investigative test also for use in general practive in collaboration with a central laboratory.- The direct methods include investigation of the duodenal juice with measurement of pH, bicarbonate, of the activities of chymotrypsin, trypsin, lipase and amylase. For excluding of a disturbance of the carbohydrate metabolism in addition to blood sugar determinations, glucose tolerance and tolbutamide tests, the determination of insulin activity is indicated.
Acute Disease↗
Investigations on the function of the rat forestomach.
The functions of the rat forestomach and upper digestive tract were studied. The pH values, alpha-amylase activity, quantitative estimates of microorganisms, and emptying rates were higher in the forestomach than in the glandular stomach. Rats with surgically removed forestomachs lived without complications for more than 1 yr. Their alimentary hyperglycemia was higher and shorter than in controls. The significance of rich microflora present in the conventional forestomach is not known, although in this function between man and ruminants were discussed.
Amylases↗
Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of hydroxybenzothiazole-linked benzothiazole/benzoxazole conjugates as potent dual α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitors.
The current study focuses on the synthesis and evaluation of novel Hydroxybenzothiazole-Linked Benzothiazole/Benzoxazole Conjugates to target Diabetes Mellitus (DM) by inhibiting α-amylase and α-glucosidase. Spectroscopic methods, including 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy, were employed to confirm the structures of newly synthesized conjugates. The findings of in-vitro analysis displayed that the synthesized derivatives inhibited α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes with IC50 values ranging from 3.65 ± 0.20 μM to 32.15 ± 3.20 μM on α-amylase and 5.92 ± 0.80 μM to 35.60 ± 3.40 μM on α-glucosidase, in contrast to the reference drug Acarbose (α-amylase IC50 = 8.25 ± 0.80 μM; α-glucosidase IC50 = 10.75 ± 1.10 μM). Among the series 9a-9f and 10a-10f, analogs 10 f, 10b, 9b, and 9e displayed superior anti-diabetic activity compared to the reference drug Acarbose. The inhibitory activity of these conjugates can be attributed to their favorable and stable interactions with critical amino acid residues of targeted enzymes, as revealed through molecular docking analysis. ADMET predictions and drug-likeness evaluations showed favorable pharmacokinetic features, while DFT investigations revealed electronic insights related to bioactivity. Experimental outcomes and in silico support display that these potent Hydroxybenzothiazole-Linked Benzothiazole/Benzoxazole Conjugates were comparable to an existing diabetic mellitus inhibitor while conserving an acceptable safety profile, specifying potential for further therapeutic development and optimization against diabetic Mellitus.
Benzothiazoles↗
Multistrategy metabolic engineering of Talaromyces pinophilus for α-amylase production from lignocellulosic biomass.
Filamentous fungi are important hosts for industrial enzyme production. Growing demand for α-amylase has increased reliance on food-derived carbon substrates, necessitating fungal strains that efficiently utilize nongrain biomass. In this study, Talaromyces pinophilus Y117 was metabolically engineered to produce α-amylase from lignocellulosic biomass. A strong cellobiohydrolase I gene (cbh1) promoter (Pcbh1Tru) was identified to drive expression. Multiple rounds of multilocus integration of the α-amylase gene were performed using homologous multicopy genomic sequences as recombination arms with a Cre/loxP-based recyclable selection system, yielding the multicopy strain Tp4, which achieved 4124.5 U/mL α-amylase activity in shake-flask fermentation with corncob powder as the sole carbon source. To minimize enzyme degradation, the protease gene 8538 was deleted using the Cre/lox2272 system, generating Tp4Δp. This strain showed a 50% increase in shake-flask α-amylase activity (6208.4 U/mL). In 3-L bioreactor cultivation, Tp4Δp exhibited excellent production performance, achieving 26 712.2 U/mL α-amylase activity. When corncob powder was used as the sole substrate, the cellulose and hemicellulose degradation rates reached 90.00% and 70.01%, respectively, and the enzyme yield reached 213 697.5 U per gram of corncob powder. This engineered strain demonstrates strong potential for industrial applications. The synthesis-degradation synergistic optimization strategy provides a practical approach for engineering filamentous fungal cell factories to produce enzymes directly from lignocellulosic biomass. One sentence summary Metabolic engineering of Talaromyces pinophilus through promoter optimization, multicopy integration, and protease deletion enables efficient α-amylase production from lignocellulosic biomass, achieving 26 712 U/mL in bioreactor fermentation.
Talaromyces↗
Acute pre-exercise oral intake of cacao polyphenols attenuates central fatigue development during sustained low-intensity ankle dorsiflexion exercise in healthy young male adults.
This double-blind, randomized, crossover study investigated whether acute cacao polyphenol (CP) ingestion attenuates neuromuscular fatigue in 19 healthy young male adults. After consuming CP or placebo, participants performed sustained isometric ankle dorsiflexion at 25% of maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) torque until task failure. Neuromuscular function (MVIC torque, voluntary activation [VA%], doublet torque) and electromyographic activity were assessed before, immediately after, and during recovery (1 and 5 min). Salivary chromogranin A and α-amylase were measured at baseline and 1 min post-task. Only VA% and chromogranin A showed significant condition × time interactions (p = 0.027-0.039). VA% significantly decreased from before to immediately after the task and 1 min post-task in both conditions (p ≤ 0.002), with significantly higher values in the CP condition than in placebo immediately after and 1 min post-task (p ≤ 0.037). Chromogranin A significantly increased from baseline to 1 min post-task in the placebo condition (p < 0.001) but not in the CP condition (p = 0.083). These findings suggest that acute CP ingestion attenuates the decline in central motor drive and autonomic stress responses following strenuous exercise, without altering performance or peripheral recovery, supporting its potential as a nutritional strategy for modulating central fatigue.
Humans↗
Soybean α-Amylase Gene Family: Structure and Expression in Response to Abiotic Stresses.
α-Amylases are involved in starch breakdown, thereby influencing plant development. Information on the α-amylase genes in soybean is limited. Here, we identified five soybean α-amylase genes from subfamilies AtAMY1 (GmaAMY5), AtAMY2 (GmaAMY4), AtAMY3 (GmaAMY1, GmaAMY3), and AMY6 (GmaAMY2). In silico analysis indicated that all five genes were actively expressed in leaves, flowers, and pods but weakly in roots. GmaAMY1-GmaAMY5 mRNAs were predicted to be targets of miRNAs associated with stress response, organ development, and nitrogen fixation. Putative GmaAMY1-GmaAMY5 proteins contained α-amylase-specific catalytic domain, signatures, and active sites. Short-term abiotic stresses (100 mM NaCl, 2.5-20% PEG, and 4 °C cold) applied to the cv. Doka affected both GmaAMY1-GmaAMY5 expression and the content of starch and soluble sugars in leaves. GmaAMY1 gene expression increased in response to NaCl and PEG, GmaAMY2 in response to PEG, and GmaAMY5 in response to NaCl. Salt stress suppressed the expression of the GmaAMY2-GmaAMY4 genes. The mRNA levels of all five genes increased after 2 h of cold exposure. Under salinity stress, there was inverse correlation of starch content with GmaAMY4 expression (r = -0.5135, p = 0.0293) and overall GmaAMY1-GmaAMY5 expression (r = -0.6318, p = 0.0049), suggesting a possible role of GmaAMY genes in protecting soybean from salinity by maintaining the starch/soluble sugars balance. Our results may aid in the breeding of stress-tolerant soybean varieties.
Glycine max↗