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PubMed1975

Bluetongue: the disease in cattle.

Most researchers in South Africa found that although BT virus could be isolated from apparently healthy cattle and from inoculated cattle the virus did not produce overt clinical disease in cattle. However, when epizootics were reported outside Africa, clinical signs were observed in cattle in Israel, Palestine, Syria, Portugal, and Spain. Most natural BT infections in cattle in the United States do not result in overt clinical signs. However, in certain infected herds, approximately 5% of the cattle show from mild to severe disease. Except for severe cases, spontaneous recovery is usual. The clinical diagnosis of BT in cattle is difficult and requires laboratory assistance. Culicoides variipennis can serve as a vector of BT virus from cattle to cattle, cattle to sheep, sheep to cattle, and sheep to sheep. In utero transmission occurs in cattle and can result in abortion, hydraencephaly, congenital deformity, and birth of viraemic calves which may or may not develop BT antibody. Calves inoculated in utero or those born to infected dams may have a persistent viraemia with or without BT antibody. tone such animal has been held in insect-secure quarters and has continued to harbour virus for 3 years. Bluetongue virus was isolated from the semen of experimentally infected bulls. Calves inoculated with BT virus and also given an immuno-suppressant developed marked clinical disease in 8 to 12 days. Bluetongue virus is very closely associated with the erythrocytes of infected cattle, sheep, and goats. Cattle are considered important and relatively long-term virus reservoirs. In attempts to determine the maximum period of viraemia in cattle it is necessary to inoculate washed erythrocytes, rather than whole blood, and to use susceptible sheep as the assay system rather than embryonated chicken eggs.

Abortion, Veterinary↗
PubMed2026

Comparative analysis of rumen metagenomes with dietary supplementation of 3-nitrooxypropanol revealed divergent modes of action in hydrogen metabolism and reductant pathways between beef and dairy cattle.

BACKGROUND: The compound 3-nitrooxypropanol (3-NOP), an inhibitor of methyl-coenzyme M reductase (MCR), reduces enteric methane production in both beef and dairy cattle. Although the proposed mechanisms of 3-NOP involve on inhibiting the activity of MCR in vivo, it is unknown how this process could affect rumen microbiome as a whole and if it differs between beef and dairy cattle. This study conducted a comparative analysis of the rumen microbiome and its functional shifts in four different cattle studies (two beef and two dairy cattle studies) that evaluated 3-NOP supplementation using metataxonomics and metagenomics. RESULTS: Comparative analysis of 281 rumen metataxonomic datasets (143 beef and 138 dairy cattle) revealed that dietary supplementation with 3-NOP affected rumen bacteria and methanogens. Further, comparative analysis of 54 metagenomic datasets (24 beef and 30 dairy cattle) revealed that 3-NOP inhibited mcrA, decreased the abundances of Methanobrevibacter gottschalkii and the protozoal species Isotricha prostoma, while increased the abundances of Methanobrevibacter ruminantium and Methanosphaera sp., Prevotella sp. was a significant bacterial taxon in both beef and dairy cattle, contributing to various pathways such as propionate and butyrate production. Its increased abundance after 3-NOP supplementation may also be linked to the decrease in Isotricha prostoma. Hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis decreased after 3-NOP supplementation with the abundance of genes involved in methylenetetrahydromethanopterin dehydrogenase decreased in beef cattle, while that of 4Fe-4S ferredoxin gene decreased in dairy cattle. The abundance of protozoal Polyplastron multivesiculatum increased after long-term 3-NOP supplementation in beef cattle, potentially due to changes in hydrogen (H2) partial pressure. During 3-NOP-mediated methanogenesis reduction, abundance of genes encoding methanogenic hydrogenase and H2 producing hydrogenase were decreased, while those encoding H2 sensory hydrogenase increased. Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase gene involved in propionate and butyrate production pathways increased in both beef and dairy cattle, while nitrite reductase increased specifically in beef cattle, indicating a rise in alternative H2 sinks. Video Abstract CONCLUSION: Our findings revealed broad effects of 3-NOP on rumen microbiome and functions in vivo, with varied effects in beef and dairy cattle, which provide mechanistic insights into the supplementation of 3-NOP in both beef and dairy cattle, supporting its more sustainable and effective use in the future.

Metagenome↗
PubMed1975

Occurrence of gastrointestinal parasites in Georgia cattle.

A survey of gastrointestinal nematodes in Georgia cattle was conducted from 1968 through 1973 from actual worm counts from viscera of 145 slaughtered beef cattle or from egg counts made from fecal samples from 3,273 beef and 100 dairy cattle. Beef cattle were grouped as calves, yearlings, and cows. Dairy cattle were grouped as calves, replacement heifers, and cows. Results of fecal examinations positive; 99.5, 99.3, 99.6, and 41.2% of the calves, yearlings, drylot calves, and cows, respectively, were infected with nematodes. Seventy-four percent of the eggs counted were of the Cooperia-Ostertagia - Trichostrongylus complex (C-O-T) and 21% were of the Haemonchus-Oesophagostomum complex (H-O). Sixty-nine percent of the infective larvae recovered from coprocultures made from composite samples were of Ostertagia ostertagi. Moniezia (tapeworm) eggs were seen in 16% of all the samples, more predominantly in the calves (24%) and less in the cows (smaller than 1%). Oocysts of Eimeria spp were detected in 61% of the cattle, more predominantly in younger cattle. All cattle necropsied were infected with O ostertagi. Other nematodes present, in order of decreasing frequency, were Trichostrongylus axei (97%), Haemonchus placei (66%), Cooperia punctata (63%), Cooperia oncophora (61%), Oesophagostomum radiatum (61%), Bunostomum phlebotomum (55%), Trichostrongylus colubriformis (36%), Cooperia pectinata (28%), Trichuris spp (17%), Nematodirus spathiger (9%), and Capillaria bovis (4%). Tapeworms were also recovered from 19% of the cattle at necropsy. Seventy-eight percent of the dairy cattle were positive; 98% of the calves, 80% of the heifers, and 58% of the cows. Cooperia-Ostertagia-Trichostrongylus eggs were detected in 78% and H-O eggs in 38% of the cattle. Eimeria oocysts were detected in 71% of all the dairy cattle, and Moniezia eggs were in 10% of the calves and 7% of the heifers.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Growth of foot-and-mouth disease virus in the upper respiratory tract of non-immunized, vaccinated, and recovered cattle after intranasal inoculation.

Non-immunized, vaccinated, and recovered cattle were inoculated intranasally with various doses of foot-and-mouth disease virus. Samples of oesophageal-pharyngeal (OP) fluid were taken periodically for up to 7 days after inoculation and virus titres of these samples were plotted as pharyngeal virus growth curves. In non-immunized cattle, the length of the lag period and of the growth period were inversely proportional to the dose of virus given. Maximum titres were observed when clinical signs were first detected. Three of the 10 cattle studied had virus growth rates that were lower than rates of others given the same dose of virus, and clinical signs appeared later than expected in these three cattle. Cattle vaccinated with an inactivated virus oil-adjuvant vaccine had pharyngeal virus growth curves that were similar to those obtained from non-immunized cattle for 30 h. after inoculation. Titres of virus in OP fluid samples taken 2-7 days after inoculation were substantially lower in cattle with a high pre-exposure serum mouse protection index than titres from partly-immunized or non-immunized cattle. Nine of 14 cattle had detectable but reduced virus growth after intranasal inoculation with homologous virus. Five recovered cattle inoculated with heterologous virus reacted similarly to non-immunized animals.

Animals↗
PubMed2026

Ancient Mongolian aurochs and cattle genomes reveal population shifts associated with the expansion of herding.

Humans hunted aurochs (Bos primigenius) for millennia in Mongolia prior to the introduction of domestic cattle sometime after ca. 5,000 years ago. Here, we present genomic data from Mongolian aurochs and domestic cattle at key points in Mongolia's prehistory to understand changes in population history associated with the adoption of domestic taurine cattle (B. taurus). We compare these low-coverage genomes with other cattle genomes worldwide and make comparisons about the nature of bovine populations before and after the adoption of domestic cattle. Individuals dating to before the introduction of taurine cattle have shared ancestry with North Asian aurochs, and individuals dating after the introduction of taurine cattle are related to other ancient East Asian cattle from archaeological sites such as Shimao in the Ordos region. We identify unique connections between ancient Mongolian aurochs and cattle and modern cattle breeds from Central China and Tibet.

Bos primigenius↗
PubMed1975

Intraaticular treatment of tarsal degenerative joint disease in cattle.

Tarsal degenerative joint disease (DJD) in 12 cattle was classified as primary or secondary, based on age, evidence of hereditary or congenital joint conformation defects, faulty hindlimb alignment, duration and type of usage joints were subjected to, and history or signs of repeated trauma. Three of the cattle had bilateral primary tarsal DJD, 7 had bilateral secondary tarsal DJD, and 2 had secondary DJD of the left tarsus. Analyses of synovial fluid samples provided a means of characterizing pathologic changes of tarsal DJD, Results of blood and synovial fluid analyses were grouped in compilation of data for cattle affected with either primary or secondary tarsal DJD. Corticosteroids and a long-acting synthetic progestational agent were injected singly or in combination with aqueous antibiotics into affected tarsal joints. Tarsal joints of 5 of the cattle responded favorably to a single intraarticular treatment, as manifested by palliative relief and functionally usable joints. Seven joints of 5 cattle were subjected to repeated intraarticular treatment. Serial synovial fluid analyses in 7 of the cattle provided a means of assessing tarsal joint response to intraarticular treatment or to therapeutic arthrocentesis, exclusive of patient objective response. One cow developed a mild self-limiting bilateral postinjection synovitis that was resolved after the 2nd and final intraarticular injection. Usable function returned to tarsal joints of cattle that responded favorably to intraarticular treatment at different periods after single or repeated injections. Three cattle with advanced tarsal DJD experienced minor temporary relief and were euthanatized at their owner's request. Improvement did not occur in the tarsal joint of 1 cow subjected to therapeutic aspiration only. Intraarticular treatment in all cattle was considered supportive to the animal's well-being rather than curative.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

[Leucosis diagnosis in cattle using the Sudan black B staining method on granulocytes and monocytes].

In the peripheral blood of healthy cattle and cattle suffering from leucosis a positive reaction with Sudan black B was found in neutrophilic and eosinophilic granulocytes: in healthy cattle at an intensity from ++ to ++++, and in cattle suffering from leucosis it was somewhat slighter (++ to +++). This finding can, to a certain extent, help in the distinguishing of reactive lymphocytosis from the leucosis of cattle. Compared with granulocytes the reaction of monocytes is markedly weaker: in healthy cattle at an intensity from 0 to (++), and in diseased cattle from 0 to (+++). In the bone marrow there is a significantly weaker reaction to Sudan black B in the group of large cells (neutrophilic and eosinophilic promyelocytes and myelocytes); in the group of healthy and diseases cattle the reaction is weaker than in neutrophilic and eosinophilic granulocytes of the peripheral blood. The reaction obtained with Sudan black B for lipids can be used as an aid for the distinguishing of cells of the myeloid, monocytic, and lymphoid order of peripheral blood and bone marrow in cattle leucosis.

Animals↗
PubMed2026

Comparative transcriptome analysis of Qinchuan and Wagyu cattle reveals lnc11599 as a negative regulator of intramuscular fat deposition.

BACKGROUND: Intramuscular fat (IMF) content is a critical factor determining beef quality, influenced by various factors including breed and age. However, the regulatory role of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in IMF deposition remains unclear. METHODS: This study investigated IMF deposition in the longissimus dorsi muscle of one- and two-year-old Qinchuan and Wagyu cattle through histological examination and fat content measurement. Based on transcriptome sequencing data of intramuscular fat tissue, differential expression analysis and weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) were performed to identify lncRNAs associated with IMF deposition. The effects of a key candidate lncRNA on the adipogenic differentiation of cattle intramuscular preadipocytes were further examined. RESULTS: Results showed that Wagyu cattle exhibited stronger IMF deposition capacity than Qinchuan cattle across all age groups, with IMF content increasing with age in both breeds. We identified 7,910 lncRNAs from intramuscular fat tissue transcriptome data, including 6,455 novel lncRNAs. Through integrated differential expression analysis and WGCNA, 88 lncRNAs closely associated with IMF deposition were screened from two-year-old Qinchuan and Wagyu cattle. Notably, lnc11599 was significantly upregulated in Qinchuan cattle intramuscular fat tissue, but its expression decreased during intramuscular preadipocyte differentiation. Functional experiments demonstrated that lnc11599 knockdown enhanced adipogenic differentiation capacity, manifested as a highly significant increase in lipid accumulation, upregulation of key adipogenic genes at the mRNA level, together with increases in total fatty acid content and unsaturated fatty acid proportion. CONCLUSIONS: This study established the lncRNA expression profiles in intramuscular fat tissue of Qinchuan and Wagyu cattle across different developmental stages, and demonstrated that lnc11599 acts as a negative regulator of intramuscular fat deposition. These findings provide new directions for elucidating the mechanisms of cattle IMF deposition and offer potential targets for genetic improvement of beef quality.

Animals↗