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PubMed1976

The effect of premenstrual anxiety and depression on cognitive function.

The Depression Adjective Check List, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, and a battery of factor analytically derived cognitive tests sensitive to anxiety or depression were administered to 50 women between the ages of 30 and 45 during the 4 days prior to the onset of menstruation and again 2 weeks later. Testing sessions were scheduled on the basis of a previously completed Menstrual Distress Questionnaire. There were significant increases in anxiety and depression during the premenstruum. However, no statistically significant differences were found in cognitive test performance, and correlation data failed to support any consistent relationship between premenstrual mood and cognitive function. Moreover, no significant correlations were found between premenstrual complaints on the Menstrual Distress Questionnaire and either cognitive test performance or mood scores obtained during the premenstrual testing sessions. It was concluded that the magnitude of the premenstrual mood change was not great enough to affect intellectual function. Alternative explanations of the absence of decrements in performance are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

Pyritinol hydrochloride and cognitive functions: influence on children in slow learner classes.

Pyritinol-HCl was tested for its impact on the cognitive functions of children with learning disabilities. This study is a contribution to scientific discussion on the complicated methodologic problems in evaluating the clinical efficacy of psychopharmacologic agents. Sixty-seven pupils of slow learner classes between the ages of 11 and 16 years were treated for 6 months with 300 mg pyritinol-HCl/24 hr or placebo under strict double-blind conditions. Drug intake was stimulated and controlled by means of intense psychosocial interaction with the mothers of the subjects. The dependence variables used to test medication effects were 22 parameters of cognitive performance measured in psychologic tests for perceptual and intellectual functions which were administered immediately before and after the medication phase. First the gainscores before and after treatment with pyritinol or placebo within the 22 cognitive parameters were statistically compared. In addition, an analysis of covariance on the corrected results of the second test (treating the results of first testing as covariates) and a two group discriminant analysis for overall differences were performed. None of the 22 parameters showed statistically significant treatment effects with respect to average performance (t (pyritinol - placebo) = 1.96 to 1.31), neither could the two groups be separated by discriminant analysis (Hotelling's T2 = 35.4, df - 22 and 43, P = 0.465). With respect to a variability of gainscores, however, in four parameters there was a significantly higher variance in the pyritinol group (F = 1.85-2.33, P less than 0.05, less than 0.02, respectively). This fact may signify that pyritinol-HCl had different effects on different subjects. By means of prognostic stratification we therefore attempted to define objective criteria for a selection of subjects with probable positive treatment effects. None of the 15 tested criteria, such as body weight, age, perceptual handicaps, or reduced short term memory, IQ range, proved, however, to be critical for a prognosis of pyritinol effects within the present test population.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2026

Association between Kidney Tubular Secretory Clearance with Cognitive Function among Adults with CKD in the Systolic Blood Pressure Intervention Trial.

BACKGROUND: Persons with CKD are disproportionally affected with cognitive impairment, yet the pathophysiology linking the two conditions is unclear. Because kidney tubule secretion is essential for clearance of medications, uremic toxins, and metabolites, we hypothesized that worse tubular secretion would be associated with reduced cognitive function in CKD. METHODS: The Systolic Blood Pressure Intervention Trial tested a systolic blood pressure target <120 mmHg vs. <140 mmHg in hypertensive individuals at high cardiovascular risk. In paired blood and urine specimens from 1,937 participants with eGFR <60 ml/min/1.73m2, we measured 10 endogenous tubule-secreted metabolites and calculated a urine/plasma ratio for each, then averaged these to generate a summary secretion score. We used unadjusted and multivariable-adjusted linear regression and mixed models to evaluate cross-sectional and longitudinal associations of the secretion score with the Montreal Cognitive Assessment, Digit Symbol Coding, and Logical Memory immediate and delayed tests-measured at baseline and months 24 and 48 of follow-up. Multivariable Cox regression evaluated associations with incident probable dementia and mild cognitive impairment, adjudicated by prespecified criteria. RESULTS: Mean age was 73 &#xb1; 9 years, 41% were women, mean eGFR was 48.2 &#xb1; 11.4 ml/min/1.73m2, median albuminuria was 14.8 [7.1-48.6] mg/g. Lower secretion score was associated with a 0.06 higher adjusted logical memory delayed score (95% CI: 0.02, 0.11) but not with other cognitive tests at baseline or longitudinal cognitive decline. After a median 4.1 years of follow-up, 118 developed probable dementia and 187 developed mild cognitive impairment. Each 1-SD lower secretion score was associated with lower risk of probable dementia (HR 0.78, 95% CI: 0.63, 0.98) but not mild cognitive impairment. CONCLUSIONS: Among Systolic Blood Pressure Intervention Trial participants with CKD, lower estimated tubular secretion was not associated with worse cognition at baseline or during longitudinal follow-up.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1979

Exposure to polybrominated biphenyls. Some effects on personality and cognitive functioning.

Twenty-one persons exposed to polybrominated biphenyls (PBB) were compared with hospital volunteers on a battery of tests measuring memory, motor strength and coordination, cortical-sensory perception, personality, and higher cognitive functioning. Patients exposed to PBB were selected for this study only if they had persistent medical complaints. The PBB adipose levels did not correlate with performance on any test in the battery. The two groups did differ on the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, suggesting an adjustment reaction with depressive symptoms and somatizing defenses. Persons exposed to PBB were also impaired relative to control subjects on tests of prose recall, short-term memory, concentration, and cognitive flexibility. However these differences vanished when group differences on education and personality were statistically held constant. The selective admission criteria for this study limit the generalizability of these findings.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1976

Cognitive functioning under moderate and low dosage methadone maintenance.

The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) was administered to two groups of patients in the Santa Clara County Methadone Maintenance Program who were receiving low and moderate daily stabilized dosages of methadone hydrochloride. In the two separate statistical analyses performed, there were no significant differences found between subtest scores or verbal, performance, and full-scale scores of the groups measured. These results, combined with observations regarding the similarities of WAIS profiles of the two groups, indicate that cognitive functioning as measured by the WAIS was not differentially affected by the two dosages.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1977

Cognitive function and length of survival in elderly subjects living at home.

177 people aged 65 or over, chosen at random from larger representative samples of elderly people living at home in Newcastle upon Tyne, were given the Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) or a shortened form of it, and followed up for 7 years or till death. Discriminated function analysis showed that the power of the test score to predict death occurring within 2 years was not explained away by its correlations with age, sex, social class or physical disability. Exclusion of clinically diagnosed chronic brain syndromes reduced but did not abolish the relationship found to exist between test score and outcome. The ascertainment of impaired cognitive functioning has important applications in the assessment of prognosis and in the planning of care of elderly people.

Aged↗
PubMed1975

The use of an interactive computer terminal in the assessment of cognitive function in elderly psychiatric patients.

The use of a teaching machine is the assessment of mental function has been described by Gredye and his colleagues. This report concerns its use in testing 56 elderly patients suffering from functional psychiatric disorders of dementia. After a diagnostic interview patients were tested on the teaching machine as well as on the Mill Hill, Progressive Matrices, Paired Associate Learning Test and Digit Copying Test. After a fixed period all tests were repeated and clincal progress rated. Results showed a significant correlation (P less than 0.01) between teaching-machine scores and those on the standard psychological tests. The correlation between the machine scores on the two occasions was high (r equals 0.58) but this was complicated by practice effects and by low 'ceiling' of the test. It is concluded that the test provided a relatively reliable and valid measure of cognitive function but that its value would be increased by providing a parallel form and by extending its level of difficulty.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2026

Effects of quetiapine on cognitive functioning in schizophrenia: evidence for the remyelination hypothesis?

Postmortem findings, neuroimaging data, and in-vitro models suggest a decrease in number and density of oligodendrocytes is driving cognitive deficits in schizophrenia (SCZ). Second-generation antipsychotics are discussed to improve oligodendrocyte dysfunction with most conclusive evidence available for quetiapine (QET). We postulate that sustained QET treatment leads to cognitive improvement in SCZ, particularly, in tests with high demands for working memory function. We further hypothesize that these effects are moderated by polygenic factors associated with hippocampus-related brain volumes, general white matter integrity, and/or oligodendroglia-related SCZ risk. Using data of the prospective PsyCourse study, we identified 166 patients with SCZ spectrum disorder receiving QET at one or two consecutive visits plus 166 matched patients without QET. Polygenic scores were calculated for subcortical brain volumes, measures of white matter integrity, and for cell type-specific genetic SCZ risks. QET treatment was consistently associated with improved cognitive function independent of time, specifically, in tests with high, but not with low to medium working memory load. Polygenic analyses did not reveal significant moderation effects. In contrary, low genetic SCZ risk specific for genes related to human oligodendrocyte function was associated with higher cognitive performance independent from QET. While we observed improved cognitive performance under QET in high working memory tests, we did not find evidence that polygenic factors associated with hippocampus-related brain volumes, white matter integrity, or oligodendroglia-related SCZ risk moderate this association. Thus, our tentative findings do not provide evidence for the hypothesis that polygenic estimates of hippocampal remyelination capacities influence the association between QET and cognitive performance in SCZ.

Humans↗
PubMed2026

Subacute and long-term changes in cognitive functioning after administration of classic psychedelics, MDMA and ketamine: A systematic review of clinical and preclinical evidence.

Psychedelic agents induce a window of heightened neuroplasticity that extends beyond acute intoxication, during which neural circuits are more amenable to change. This period may facilitate changes in cognition relevant to the treatment of psychiatric disorders. This systematic review synthesised clinical and preclinical evidence of subacute and long-term (&#x2265;1&#x202f;day) effects of classic and non-classic psychedelics on cognition. MEDLINE, EMBASE, APA PsycInfo and Web of Science were searched to identify human and animal studies investigating psychedelics and cognition (executive function, attention, decision-making). Sixty-seven (47 clinical, 20 preclinical) articles met inclusion criteria. Psilocybin demonstrated the most consistent evidence of subacute and longer-term cognitive improvement, particularly in cognitive flexibility and attention. Ketamine showed enhancement across cognitive domains, although findings were heterogeneous. LSD and DMT showed no consistent subacute changes, while MDMA was associated with transient cognitive impairments that resolved within days. Risk of bias assessments revealed selective outcome reporting, poor reporting of missing data and inadequate methodological detail, limiting the confidence of findings. Current evidence provides preliminary support for subacute changes in cognition following administration of select psychedelic agents. Cognitive improvements were more frequently seen in psychiatric populations than healthy subjects, which may reflect a remediation of existing cognitive deficit rather than enhancement above normal functioning. Adequately powered, controlled studies with standardised reporting of cognitive outcomes are required to determine the magnitude, durability and clinical relevance of psychedelic-associated cognitive change.

Hallucinogens↗
PubMed2026

Effects of permissive hypercapnia on intraoperative cerebral oxygenation and early postoperative cognitive function in older patients with fragile brain function during the non-acute phase undergoing laparoscopic colorectal surgery: A randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Older adults with non-acute fragile brain function (NFBF) may be particularly susceptible to perioperative disturbances in cerebral oxygenation and postoperative neurocognitive decline. Permissive hypercapnia (PHC) may enhance cerebral oxygenation, but its effects in this population remain unclear. We examined whether PHC-based ventilation improves intraoperative regional cerebral oxygen saturation (rSO2) and early postoperative cognitive outcomes in older patients with NFBF undergoing elective laparoscopic colorectal surgery. METHODS: In this single-center, single-blind randomized trial, 76 patients were assigned in a 1:1 ratio to PHC-based or conventional ventilation. The primary outcome was the absolute change in rSO2 from baseline (T0) to the end of surgery (T4). Analyses followed the intention-to-treat principle, with prespecified per-protocol sensitivity analysis. Secondary outcomes included intraoperative rSO2 trajectories, cerebral oxygen extraction-related indices, early postoperative cognitive screening, serum neuron-specific enolase and interleukin-6, and safety outcomes. RESULTS: PHC significantly increased rSO2 relative to conventional ventilation (left: adjusted mean difference [aMD] 10.64, 95% CI 8.96-12.33; right: aMD 10.16, 95% CI 8.22-12.11; both P&#xa0;<&#xa0;0.001), with consistent sensitivity results. Repeated-measures analyses showed persistently higher intraoperative rSO2 in the PHC group. Cerebral oxygen extraction-related indices were generally lower with PHC. However, early postoperative cognitive outcomes and serum biomarkers did not differ between groups. Emergence time was modestly longer with PHC, whereas adverse events were comparable. CONCLUSIONS: PHC-based ventilation favorably modified intraoperative cerebral oxygenation and oxygen-extraction profiles but did not translate into detectable early postoperative cognitive or biomarker benefits in older adults with NFBF.

Humans↗
PubMed1977

The effect of lithium carbonate on the cognitive functions of normal subjects.

The responses of 24 normal male subjects were compared after weeks of placebo administration and two weeks of lithium carbonate administration (mean serum lithium level, 0.9 mEq/liter) on a series of tasks of intellectual function, aesthetic judgement, and semantic creativity. This was a placebo-controlled, split-half crossover, double-blind design. There were no significant changes on semantic creativity or aesthetic perception measures following lithium carbonate maintenance. There were lithium carbonate-related performance deficits on three of five performance tasks concerned with cognitive and/or motor functions. The deficit is probably due to a lithium carbonate-induced slowing of performance, consistent with our previous report of subjective effects in normal subjects. The implications of slowing on possible behavioral mediating mechanisms by which lithium carbonate exerts its clinical effects are discussed.

Adult↗