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PubMed1975

Genetic, acclimatizational and anthropometric factors in hand cooling among North and South Chinese.

The left hands of unacclimatized North Chinese (N=16) and South Chinese (N=13) were exposed to 5 degrees C water for 30 minutes followed by a 10 minute recovery period. Significant differences independent of body composition were found between the two samples on mean 30 minute temperature during immersion, time and temperature of the onset of initial CIVD (cold-induced vasodilation) at 0.01, 0.05 and 0.10 levels respectively. The result suggests the presence of a genetic component in the cold responses of Continental Asian populations and the possibility of the presence of a clinal distribution of cold response in Asia.

Acclimatization↗
PubMed1976

[Plasma concentration curves of catecholamines and corticosteroids as well as PBI in swine kept under various conditions and acutely exposed to cold].

The response to acute cold (-5 degrees C) of swine kept single was found to differ from that of animals kept in groups. Such difference in reaction was reflected in significant variation of plasma concentration curves in catechol amines and 11-OHKS during and after acute exposure to cold. The response to cold stimulation of animals kept single was primarily and pronouncedly via the sympathicoadrenal system, whereas animals kept in groups responded to acute cold exposure, with the hypothalamic-adrenocortico-pituitary system playing the major role. Significant rise in PBJ in response to 30 and 90 minutes of exposure to cold was recorded only from animals kept single and interpreted as an expression of strong adrenergic reaction of such probands. Such difference in response to one and the same acute stimulus supported the conclusion that there was a difference in adaptation capacity between animals in those two keeping conditions. The results also suggested that type and degree of organic response to a specific stimulus were likely to depend not only on the intensity of the given stimulus, but also on the control potential produced by all closely interconnected control circuits at the time of stimulation.

Adrenal Cortex Hormones↗
PubMed1975

Responses to cold in the midbrain sonar center of hibernating and tropical bats.

The central gray matter of the bat midbrain, when electrically stimulated, causes the animal to produce a string of species-specific biosonar cries. Changes in this response with progressive cooling were studied in tropical homeothermic bats and in temperate hibernating bats. The species of hibernators chosen often move between hibernacula in the winter, flying and echolocating at low body temperatures (Tb). It was found that the midbrain "sonar center" exhibits a differential response to cooling that depends on the thermal propensities of the animal and its natural environment. Tropical bats followed a Q10 similar to that reported for other nonhibernating mammals and ceased responding at Tb 14-15 degrees C. Temperate zone-hibernating bat brains showed a relative insensitivity to temperature change and still responded at Tb 4-5 degrees C. Individual sonar cries within a string showed that duration was correlated with temperature but amplitude was unaffected. The study provides data for the functional separation of some parameters of biosonar and gives further evidence for differential nervous function in eurythermal versus stenothermal animals.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1978

Physiological responses of women to thermal stress: a review.

The recent increase in women's participation in physically challenging activities prompted this review of female responses to heat and cold (68 references). Relevant sex differences include hormone levels, anthropometric factors, and body composition. Many studies show that women are less heat tolerant than men, particularly when physical work is required. Much of the difference is related to women's relatively low level of physical fitness and lack of heat acclimatization, which are in turn a result of their traditionally sedentary lifestyle. When work load is adjusted relative to individual capacity, females respond to heat stress much as males do. Acclimatization mechanisms are the same. Women generally have lower sweat rates, an appropriate adjustment to lesser cooling needs. The menstrual cycle has no meaningful effect on heat tolerance. Cold response reflects individual subcutaneous fat thickness, and women have an advantage there, but in extreme cold exposure they may be handicapped by their small muscle mass. Sex per se is but a small factor in determining human thermal responses; individual body size, physical fitness, and state of acclimatization play for more important roles.

Acclimatization↗
PubMed1977

Response to cold pressor pain and to acupuncture analgesia in Oriental and Occidental subjects.

On a no treatment trial, a group of 24 oriental subjects rated cold pressor pain as significantly more painful and distressing than did a group of 24 occidental subjects. For half of the Orientals and half of the Occidentals, a second trial was conducted after acupuncture analgesia had been induced. The remaining 12 Orientals and 12 Occidentals served as no treatment controls on trial 2. Regardless of racial group, there was no difference between the pain of those experimental subjects who received acupuncture and the pain of those controls who did not. As they had on trial 1, Orientals reported significantly more pain and distress in response to ice water on trial 2. It is concluded that: (1) if acupuncture does work better for the Chinese than for other racial groups, the likely cause is a more refined patient selection procedure rather than an inherent difference in response to acupuncture; (2) evidence does not support the stereotyped view of Orientals as stoical in the face of physical pain.

Acupuncture Therapy↗
PubMed1977

Blood viscosity and local response to cold in primary Raynaud's phenomenon.

Some workers regard whole-blood and plasma viscosity as provoking factors in Raynaud's disease. There was no significant difference, however, in whole-blood and plasma viscosity between ten young women with primary Raynaud's phenomenon and ten age and sex matched controls. Venesection, which reduces plasma viscosity, did not change the ease with which Raynaud's phenomenon was provoked in five patients. Increased viscosity might be a causal factor in secondary forms of Raynaud's disease, but it does not seem to be an important factor in primary Raynaud's disease.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

Is brain prostaglandin synthesis involved in responses to cold?

1. Experiments with rats have suggested that prostaglandin synthesis in the C.N.S. may mediate thermoregulatory reactions to cold. This possibility was investigated in cats using two types of experiment. 2. In one series of experiments, c.s.f. collected from the cisterna magna of conscious cats exposed to a cold and a hot environment was assayed for prostaglandin-like activity. During cold exposure there was a slight increase in activity which persisted after return to neutral ambient temperature. There was no correlation between prostaglandin-like activity and rectal temperature. During the heat exposure there was no demonstrable change in activity. 3. In the second series, conscious cats were exposed to cold conditions and given intravenous injections of salicylate, paracetamol, or indomethacin, all of which inhibit prostaglandin synthesis. Indomethacin salicylate nor paracetamol caused any significant change in rectal temperature. 4. The results do not support a role for C.N.S. prostaglandin synthesis in thermoregulatory reactions to cold in cats.

Acetaminophen↗
PubMed1978

Metabolic response to cold in the newborn.

Blood concentrations of glycerol and free fatty acids were measured in healthy and sick 5-day-old infants during and after cold exposure. In apparently similar infants in similar circumstances, the blood concentrations varied widely. Although the concentrations of both glycerol and free fatty acids tended to be higher during cold exposure, it is not possible to use either as an index of cold exposure in individual infants.

Blood Glucose↗