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At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed2004

Isolated compartment syndrome of the pronator quadratus compartment: a case report.

We present a case of compartment syndrome that involves the pronator quadratus space but does not affect any of the other forearm compartments. Symptoms consisted of pain out of proportion to examination findings, splinting of the forearm in a 30 degrees pronated position, and severe pain with passive supination. Diagnosis was confirmed with pressure measurements of all forearm compartments at the time of surgery. Symptoms resolved promptly with isolated release of the pronator quadratus compartment with concomitant reduction in compartment pressure in that one compartment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Compartment model to describe peripheral arterial-venous drug concentration gradients with drug elimination from the venous sampling compartment.

The central compartment of an n-compartment mammillary model was concatenated with a gradient compartment (i.e., venous sampling compartment) and with a conventional effect compartment to model arterial-venous drug concentration gradients and the arterial drug concentration vs effect relationship, respectively. To model drug metabolism during transit between the peripheral arterial and peripheral venous circulations, the gradient compartment included a first-order elimination path. Simulations of the model were employed to demonstrate the impact of sampling site (e.g., arterial vs peripheral venous) on analyses of the concentration vs effect relationship.

Arteries↗
PubMed2005

Bowel, bladder and sexual function in women undergoing laparoscopic posterior compartment repair in the presence of apical or anterior compartment dysfunction.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to analyse the functional outcome of women undergoing a laparoscopic posterior compartment repair in the presence of anterior or apical compartment dysfunction. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. METHODS: Forty women, median age 65 years (41-78), with symptoms of genital prolapse 31 (78%), urinary dysfunction 32 (80%) and bowel dysfunction 40 (100%), underwent laparoscopic posterior compartment repair in conjunction with an anterior compartment repair. Pre-operative and postoperative bowel and bladder function was prospectively assessed with a Wexner continence score, Vienna constipation score and a urinary dysfunction score. Twenty-eight (70%) and 24 patients (60%) had pre-operative urodynamics and anorectal manometry. Post-operatively all women were also assessed with a Watt's sexual dysfunction score and a linear analogue patient satisfaction score. Twelve women (30%) had postoperative anal manometry. RESULTS: At 20 months median follow-up, 30 (97%), 20 (62%) and 12 (31%) women reported improvement in their prolapse, urinary and bowel symptoms, respectively. Post-operatively, one woman reported denovo faecal incontinence, four worsening obstructive defecation and three denovo urinary dysfunction. Nine women (35%) reported denovo dyspareunia. The mean time to clinical deterioration following surgery was 11 months. Bowel function improvement was the only factor to significantly correlate with postoperative patient satisfaction. CONCLUSION: The functional outcome of laparoscopic posterior compartment repair in the presence of anterior compartment dysfunction is disappointing. Preoperative counselling is important to ensure that patients have reasonable and realistic expectations from repair surgery, and an understanding that anatomical improvement might not be followed by long-term functional improvement.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Human cytomegalovirus pp28 (UL99) localizes to a cytoplasmic compartment which overlaps the endoplasmic reticulum-golgi-intermediate compartment.

Although the assembly of herpesviruses has remained an active area of investigation, considerable controversy continues to surround the cellular location of tegument and envelope acquisition. This controversy is particularly evident when the proposed pathways for alpha- and beta-herpesvirus assembly are compared. We have approached this aspect of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) assembly, specifically, envelopment, by investigating the intracellular trafficking of viral tegument proteins which localize in the cytoplasms of infected cells. In this study we have demonstrated that the virion tegument protein pp28 (UL99), a true late protein, was membrane associated as a result of myristoylation. A mutation in this protein which prevented incorporation of [(3)H]myristic acid also altered the detergent solubility and intracellular distribution of the protein when it was expressed in transfected cells. Using a panel of markers for intracellular compartments, we could localize the expression of wild-type pp28 to an intracellular compartment which colocalized with the endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi-intermediate compartment (ERGIC), a dynamic compartment of the secretory pathway which interfaces with both the ER and Golgi apparatus. The localization of this viral tegument protein within an early secretory compartment of the cell provided further evidence that the assembly of the HCMV tegument likely includes a cytoplasmic phase. Because pp28 has been shown to be localized to a cytoplasmic assembly compartment in HCMV-infected cells, our findings also suggested that viral tegument protein interactions within the secretory pathway may have an important role in the assembly of the virion.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

The use of the unreamed nail in tibial fractures with concomitant preoperative or intraoperative elevated compartment pressure or compartment syndrome.

Twelve patients with tibial shaft fractures and evidence of compartment syndrome or with documented elevated compartment pressures were treated with an unreamed locked intramedullary nail and a single-incision lateral four-compartment fasciotomy. There were six closed fractures and three grade I and three grade II open fractures. Ten fractures have achieved a solid union without shortening or significant angulation at an average follow-up of 8.1 months (range 4-26). Two patients were lost to follow-up. There were two delayed unions and one nonunion, all of which healed after additional treatment. Average time to tibial union was 5.8 months (range 2-24), with six fractures healing in < or = 4 months. One patient whose treatment was delayed > 12 h after his injury has a persistent neurologic deficit with a claw toe deformity. There were no superficial or deep infections. All patients obtained an excellent range of motion of the knee and ankle. Unreamed nailing of diaphyseal tibial fractures with an associated compartment syndrome provides optimal internal fixation while allowing excellent access for soft tissue care. We believe that the unreamed tibial nail, when combined with a single-incision, lateral, four-compartment fasciotomy, offers substantial advantage in the treatment of this injury, permitting optimal treatment of a difficult fracture and soft tissue injury.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

[Congenital or acquired disposition of the separate compartment of the extensor pollicis brevis tendon associated with stenosing tendovaginitis (de Quervain's disease)? Macroanatomical and fetal-plastinationhistological studies of the first compartment of the wrist].

Our macroanatomical studies with cadaver specimens and clinical findings in the operative treatment of tendovaginitis stenosans de Quervain confirm the high number of anatomical variations in the first dorsal compartment of the wrist. With the help of thick transparent transversal-sections in one of 14 fetal wrists manufactured by plastination histology we found the first compartment with two tendons of the abductor pollicis longus and dorsal of this compartment a connective tissue formation and a separate compartment for the extensor pollicis brevis tendon, proved as a primary anatomical disposition. Macroscopically the septation is always located distal and dorsal-ulnar to the first compartment and is evidentally more common as an intraoperative than an cadaver dissection finding and probably should be considered as a pathological condition. The secondary formation of an incomplete until complete separate septum may depend on the multiple abductor pollicis longus tendons and on chronical inflammatory reaction of the synovialis of the constricted extensor pollicis brevis tendon.

Female↗
PubMed1987

Plasma carnitine compartment and red blood cell carnitine compartment of healthy adults.

Carnitine is needed for a variety of important physiological functions in energy metabolism. Assessment of the carnitine status of an individual is compromised by limited data on the number of metabolic compartments of carnitine and their interrelationship, if any. Possible compartmentalization of carnitine in the blood of healthy adults was investigated because blood is one of the more readily available samples for the assessment of carnitine status. The data suggest that blood carnitine is partitioned into a plasma carnitine compartment and a red blood cell carnitine compartment, compartments that are separate and distinct metabolic compartments.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Bilateral ureteral obstruction and renal failure caused by massive retroperitoneal hematoma: is there a pelvic compartment syndrome analogous to abdominal compartment syndrome?

OBJECTIVES: To describe an intrapelvic compartment syndrome analogous to abdominal compartment syndrome and to characterize its diagnosis and treatment. DESIGN: Retrospective analysis. SETTING: Level I trauma center. PATIENTS: Three patients with pelvic ring or acetabular fractures presented with bilateral ureteral obstruction, renal organ failure, and anuria due to direct compression of both ureters in the true pelvis by a massive retroperitoneal hematoma. INTERVENTION: Surgical therapy consisted of fracture stabilization, decompression of the retroperitoneal space, and evacuation of the hematoma. Persistent isolated bleeding points were either embolized preoperatively or ligated. RESULTS: After decompression, all three patients promptly recovered their renal organ function. CONCLUSION: An intrapelvic compartment syndrome can be defined as bilateral ureteral obstruction and renal failure caused by a massive intrapelvic hematoma with increased retroperitoneal pressure. Diagnostic differentiation of anuria in patients with pelvic ring or acetabular fractures must include intrapelvic compartment syndrome. Early diagnosis and treatment are mandatory.

Acetabulum↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Ultrasound catheter placement for deep posterior compartment pressure measurements in chronic compartment syndrome.

Medial shin pain, often referred to as shin splints, is a common but difficult to diagnose entity in many athletes. Chronic deep posterior compartment syndrome as a cause of medial leg pain is still controversial. The problems of deep posterior compartment pressure measurement contribute to this controversy. These problems include safety of catheter insertion and the possibility that the patient has more than one deep posterior compartment. In this paper, we present a new technique for catheter placement in which continuous ultrasound guidance is used. This technique allows for the safe placement of the catheter into the deep posterior compartment and for documentation of catheter tip location.

Catheterization↗
PubMed1978

Fluid balance within the canine anterolateral compartment and its relationship to compartment syndromes.

Fluid homeostasis within muscle compartments is maintained by four pressures: capillary blood pressure, capillary blood oncotic pressure, tissue-fluid pressure, and tissue fluid oncotic pressure. As determined in the canine anterolateral compartment, capillary blood pressure is 25 +/- 3 millimeters of mercury; capillary blood oncotic pressure, 26 +/- 3 millimeters of mercury, tissue-pbessure, -2 +/- 2 millimeters of mercury; and tissue-fluid oncotic pressure, 11 +/- 1 millimeters of mercury. The wick technique allows direct measurement of tissue-fluid pressure in skeletal muscle and, with minor modifications, is adapted to collect microsamples of interstitial fluid for determinations of tissue-fluid oncotic pressure. The wick technique detects very slight fluctuations in intracompartmental pressure such as light finger compression, injection of small volumes of fluid, and even pulsation due to adjacent arterial pressure. Adjacent muscle compartments may contain different tissue-fluid pressure due to impermeable osseofascial barriers. Our results obtained in canine muscle compartments pressurized by infusion of autologous plasma suggest that risks of muscle damage are significant at intracompartmental pressures greater than thirty millimeters of mercury.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Activation function-1 domain of androgen receptor contributes to the interaction between subnuclear splicing factor compartment and nuclear receptor compartment. Identification of the p102 U5 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particle-binding protein as a coactivator for the receptor.

In the androgen receptor (AR), most of its transactivation activity is mediated via the activation function-1 (AF-1). By employing yeast two-hybrid assay, we isolated a cDNA sequence encoding a protein binding to AR-AF-1. This protein, named ANT-1 (AR N-terminal domain transactivating protein-1), enhanced the ligand-independent autonomous AF-1 transactivation function of AR or glucocorticoid receptor but did not enhance that of estrogen receptor alpha. In contrast, the ANT-1 did not enhance any ligand-dependent AF-2 activities. Furthermore, the ligand-independent interaction between AR-AF-1 and ANT-1 was confirmed in vivo and in vitro. The ANT-1 sequence was identical to that of a protein that binds to U5 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particle, a human homologue of yeast splicing factor Prp6p, involved in spliceosome. ANT-1 was compartmentalized into 20-40 coarse splicing factor compartment speckles against the background of the diffuse reticular distribution. AR colocalized with ANT-1 only in the diffusely distributed area, whereas the ANT-1 speckles were spatially distinct from but surrounded by the AR compartments. The active gene transcription has been shown to couple simultaneously with pre-mRNA processing at the periphery of the splicing factor compartment. The molecular interaction between two spatially distinct subnuclear compartments mediated by ANT-1 may therefore recruit AR into the transcription-splicing-coupling machinery.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Major histocompatibility complex class II compartments in human and mouse B lymphoblasts represent conventional endocytic compartments.

In most human and mouse antigen-presenting cells, the majority of intracellular major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules resides in late endocytic MHC class II compartments (MIICs), thought to function in antigen processing and peptide loading. However, in mouse A20 B cells, early endocytic class II-containing vesicles (CIIVs) have been reported to contain most of the intracellular MHC class II molecules and have also been implicated in formation of MHC class II-peptide complexes. To address this discrepancy, we have studied in great detail the endocytic pathways of both a human (6H5.DM) and a mouse (A20.Ab) B cell line. Using quantitative immunoelectron microscopy on cryosections of cells that had been pulse-chased with transferrin-HRP or BSA-gold as endocytic tracers, we have identified up to six endocytic subcompartments including an early MIIC type enriched in invariant chain, suggesting that it serves as an important entrance to the endocytic pathway for newly synthesized MHC class II/invariant chain complexes. In addition, early MIICs represented the earliest endocytic compartment containing MHC class II- peptide complexes, as shown by using an antibody against an abundant endogenous class II-peptide complex. The early MIIC exhibited several though not all of the characteristics reported for the CIIV and was situated just downstream of early endosomes. We have not encountered any special class II-containing endocytic structures besides those normally present in nonantigen-presenting cells. Our results therefore suggest that B cells use conventional endocytic compartments rather than having developed a unique compartment to accomplish MHC class II presentation.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

The measurement accuracy required for acceptable estimation of steady and non-steady rates of appearance and disappearance from the inaccessible compartment of an open, two-compartment system.

A two-compartment system for measuring non-steady state turnover rates was examined by computer simulation. Tracee appears de novo in a compartment to which the experimenter has no access, and from which material is irreversibly lost. In the steady state, Monte Carlo analysis showed that the compartment sizes and fluxes could be determined by tracer experiments with reasonable accuracy. In contrast, under non-steady state conditions, the results proved extremely sensitive to observational uncertainties. Given perfectly accurate input data, simulation showed that the calculated turnover rates agreed closely with the true answer, although not perfectly because of the necessity for interpolation. Contaminating the input data with a single erroneous observation of either tracee or tracer concentration produced large, spurious oscillations in the calculated turnover rates, the duration of which was inversely proportional to the frequency with which the infused compartment was sampled. Contaminating the input data with observational noise of a magnitude likely in practice so degraded the results that they became almost unusable. It is concluded that non-steady state measurements are feasible using this model, but that rapid sampling and random uncertainties smaller than 1% (coefficient of variation) are desirable in the measurement of tracer and tracee concentration.

Computers↗
PubMed2005

Absolute compartment pressure versus differential pressure for the diagnosis of compartment syndrome in tibial fractures.

We studied 39 patients with 42 diaphyseal tibial fractures in whom we suspected a high risk for the development of a compartment syndrome. We measured the anterior absolute compartment pressure (ACP) every 12 h for 72 h and also recorded the differential pressure (DeltaP=diastolic blood pressure-ACP). Fasciotomy of the extremity was only performed when the differential pressure was less than 30 mmHg for more than 30 min. The highest values of the ACP were recorded between 24 h and 36 h after admission. Three fractures had a differential pressure less than 30 mmHg and all were treated by fasciotomy. In three fractures the ACP was equal to or higher than 50 mmHg, of which two had a differential pressure less than 30 mmHg. The patients were followed up for a mean of 36 months (29-45). All fractures healed, and none of our patients showed any sequelae of compartment syndrome at their last review.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Experimental decompression of the fascial compartments of the foot--the basis for fasciotomy in acute compartment syndromes.

Surgical decompression of the foot by fasciotomy is the only effective means of preventing the late consequences of a compartment syndrome i.e., myoneural ischemia. In this study, a slit catheter system was used to monitor the compartment pressures in experimentally induced compartment syndromes of the foot. The ease and rate of decompressing the intracompartmental pressures via a double incision dorsal approach versus a medial longitudinal approach were compared in 40 paired fresh cadaver specimens. In both methods, intracompartmental pressure is satisfactorily decompressed. However, it takes longer after effective fasciotomies for pressures to normalize via the dorsal approach (11 min versus 1 min; P less than 0.01). The double incision dorsal approach is easier to perform and may be the method of choice for fasciotomy associated with fractures of the forefoot requiring internal fixation.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2006

Acute exertional compartment syndrome of the superficial posterior compartment of the leg.

Acute exertional compartment syndrome of the superficial posterior compartment of the leg secondary to minor soft tissue injury is rare. This case series highlights the risk of misdiagnosis as deep venous thrombosis, followed by inadvertent anticoagulation. The delay in management did fortunately not lead to catastrophic consequences. Clinicians must not dismiss the possibility of an acute exertional compartment syndrome in the absence of direct trauma or after minor closed soft tissue injury.

Acute Disease↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Calculation of steady-state distribution delay between central and peripheral compartments in two-compartment models with infusion regimen.

A lag time may exist between blood drug concentration and drug effect. Various factors can contribute to the lag time, among which the drug distribution delay is a significant one. The drug distribution delay can also exist between different compartments. An equation was derived to calculate the steady-state drug concentration delay between central and peripheral compartments in a two-compartment model with infusion regimen.

Algorithms↗