A novel version of the computer microscope for the quantitative analysis of biological structures: application to neuronal morphology.
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Axons↗
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Results for “computational morphology”
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High resolution computed tomography in sarcoidosis and extrinsic allergic alveolitis: imaging insights.
Chest radiography gives a useful but imprecise indication of the extent of diffuse lung disease. The limitations in sensitivity and specificity of chest radiography in this context are well known and have been reinforced with the advent of computed tomography and its application to this difficult diagnostic area. High resolution computed tomography shows morphological detail invisible on chest radiography and both sensitivity and specificity in diffuse lung disease are greatly improved with this technique. Features of sarcoidosis and extrinsic allergic alveolitis revealed by high resolution computed tomography are examined in this review.
Alveolitis, Extrinsic Allergic↗
Functional anatomy of the cerebral cortex by computed tomography.
The authors describe the morphological characteristics that allow recognition of the individual computed tomography slice and determine its sequence in the series. In addition, each slices is "assembled" by defining the different cortical gyri, sulci, and cortical functional areas (based on Brodmann's maps). This work lays the foundation for correlative studies of location of lesions and the clinical picture.
Brain↗
The morphological classification of red cells using an image analysing computer.
Image analysis provides a potential method for automation in the examination of blood films. In order to assess the applicability of this technique to red cell morphology, a scheme has been defined for the classification of red cells into six categories, namely, round cells, elongated cells, tear drop poikilocytes, helmet cells, irregular cells and spherocytes. A study was carried out to determine the consistency which observers classified red cells according to this scheme. Measurements of area, perimeter, maximum diameter and integrated optical denisty of fixed, Romanowsky-stained red cells were made using an image analysing computer. A multivariate classifier based on parameters derived from these measurements, namely cell area and the quotients of integrated density over area, area over the square of perimeter and perimeter over maximum diameter was also used to classify red cells into the above categories. It was found that the inherent error of the machine-based classifier was of the same order as the degree of inconsistency encoutered between trained observers. The significance of these findings is discussed.
Computers↗
Computer cisternography for evaluation of CSF flow dynamics. Further experiences.
Technical aspects of computer cisternography are discussed and the clinical results obtained are reported. The physiologic and morphologic information gained with computer cisternography is superior to that obtained with isotope cisternography. Some recent observations concerning the penetration of the medium into the central nervous system are also discussed.
Cerebrospinal Fluid↗
Evaluation of morphological changes of the atherosclerotic aorta by enhanced computed tomography.
Enhanced and non-enhanced computed tomography (CT) were performed in 405 subjects (222 men; 183 women; mean age 57 years). Intimal atherosclerotic changes of the aorta were quantified by enhanced CT, revealing the atheromatous intima to be projecting and thick-walled, while non-enhanced CT demonstrated aortic calcification. We measured the degree of aortic intimal changes at various segments of the aorta. In 224 cases, CT was performed from the aortic root to the bifurcation of the abdominal aorta. Intimal changes were found predominantly at the aortic arch, the middle descending thoracic and the infrarenal abdominal aorta. As for the intimal changes, aortic calcification and aortic pulse wave velocity were significant atherosclerotic characteristics. The aortic diameter did not show a significant association with intimal change. Among the various atherosclerotic risk factors, intimal change was significantly associated with age, systolic blood pressure, serum total cholesterol and diabetes mellitus, whereas gender, diastolic blood pressure, relative weight and cigarette use were not significantly related. For coronary artery disease and arteriosclerosis obliterans, aortic intimal changes constituted a significant atherosclerotic feature. In cerebrovascular disease, however, aortic intimal change did not play a significant role.
Adolescent↗
Estimating the electrotonic structure of neurons with compartmental models.
1. A procedure based on compartmental modeling called the "constrained inverse computation" was developed for estimating the electrotonic structure of neurons. With the constrained inverse computation, a set of N electrotonic parameters are estimated iteratively with use of a Newton-Raphson algorithm given values of N parameters that can be measured or estimated from experimental data. 2. The constrained inverse computation is illustrated by several applications to the basic example of a neuron represented as one cylinder coupled to a soma. The number of unknown parameters estimated was different (ranging from 2 to 6) when different sets of constraints were chosen. The unknowns were chosen from the following: dendritic membrane resistivity Rmd, soma membrane resistivity Rms, intracellular resistivity Ri, membrane capacity Cm, dendritic membrane area AD, soma membrane area As, electrotonic length L, and resistivity-free length, rfl (rfl = 2l/d1/2 where l and d are length and diameter of the cylinder). The values of the unknown parameters were estimated from the values of an equal number of known parameters, which were chosen from the following: the time constants and coefficients of a voltage transient tau 0, tau 1, ..., C0, C1, ..., voltage-clamp time constants tau vc1, tau vc2, ..., and input resistance RN. Note that initially, morphological data were treated as unknown, rather than known. 3. When complete morphology was not known, parameters from voltage and current transients, combined with the input resistance were not sufficient to completely specify the electrotonic structure of the neuron. For a neuron represented as a cylinder coupled to a soma, there were an infinite number of combinations of Rmd, Rms, Ri, Cm, AS, AD, and L that could be fitted to the same voltage and current transients and input resistance. 4. One reason for the nonuniqueness when complete morphology was not specified is that the Ri estimate is intrinsically bound to the morphology. Ri enters the inverse computation only in the calculation of the electrotonic length of a compartment. The electrotonic length of a compartment is l[4 Ri/(dRmd)]1/2, where l and d are the length and diameter of the compartment. Without complete morphology, the inverse computation cannot distinguish between a change in d or l and a change in Ri. Even when morphology is known, the accuracy of the Ri estimate obtained by any fitting procedure is affected by systematic errors in length and diameter measurements (i.e., tissue shrinkage); the Ri estimate is inversely proportional to the length measurement and proportional to the square root of the diameter measurement.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Animals↗
[Various principles of possible use of the punch-card system and computer technics in research, collecting and processing of scientific data in morphology].
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Anatomy↗
Growth and morphology of colonies of Chinese hamster ovary cells growing on agar is affected by insulin.
As a model for the effect of hormones and growth factors on three-dimensional growth of mammalian cells, we have analyzed the effect of insulin on the three-dimensional growth and morphology of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) colonies grown on the surface of agar. Sequential photographs in dark-field illumination of growing colonies have been analyzed with computer-assisted techniques. In this analysis the entire shape of each colony in a sizeable population (up to 10(5) colonies per experiment) can be measured and distributions of parameters derived from these measurements can be studied. In fetal calf serum (FCS), insulin has a dose-related stimulatory effect on cell growth that is most pronounced when growth has slowed down. In 10% FCS, insulin has a similar but diminished effect. When CHO cells are grown conventionally on plastic substrata or in suspension, insulin has little effect on cell growth at 4% serum concentration. Computer analysis of changes in the distribution of colony morphology proved to be a sensitive, dose-dependent, and reproducible assay of a hormonal effect. As little as 5 ng of insulin per ml added to 10% FCS causes a shift in the distribution of colony morphologies. In 4% FCS, 50 ng of insulin per ml is required to produce a detectable change in the colony morphology distribution. Computer analysis of cells grown three-dimensionally on agar provides a powerful approach to studying the effects of hormones and provides observations not available when cells are grown on plastic substrata.
Animals↗
An interactive image analysis system for quantitative cytology & to classify cervical cells.
Introduction of computers and image analysis systems are gaining faster momentum in order to quantitate the assessment of cells for diagnosis and prognosis, and this system aims to relieve the operator from the tedium of microscopic observation and reduce operator bias and human error. This paper discusses the design and configuration of an interactive image analysis system built in the laboratory for the purpose of cell analysis and classification. The software developed to compute various textural and morphological parameters of cells on smear are briefly described. The results of the experiments carried out to classify normal and abnormal cells on cervical smear show 94 per cent success rate.
Cytological Techniques↗
Microsomal aspects of carcinogenesis and neoplasia.
Neither immunologic nor genetic concepts of carcinogenesis have yet been decisively confirmed, and epigenetic theories, as formulated so far, are either non-predictive or insufficiently consistent with morphologic and experimental evidence. Computing data, concerned with carcinogenic mechanisms and neoplastic changes at the level of the endoplasmic reticulum, may lead to a new coherent understanding of tumor pathogenesis. Carcinogenic agents initiate biophysical perturbations, chemical alterations and conformational transitions in the membrane lattice of the endoplasmic reticulum. Foremost among the resulting neoplastic changes is an increased, irreversible separation of polyribosomes from membranes of the ergastoplasm. The carcinogenic process, apparently, deletes a protein required for polysome attachment. Since microsomal cytochromes can be synthesized by membrane-bound polysomes only, the translation of genetic information for their biosynthesis is irreversibly restricted. A similar, self-perpetuating deficiency may be postulated for the polysome attachment protein. Activities, depending on cytochromes P-450 and b5, are hampered, e.g. those of the monoxygenase system. Cholesterogenesis is derepressed. Ratios of phospholipids/cholesterol are decreased, and lipid-protein complexes, altered both in structure and function. Another distinct effect of the membrane-polysome separation is the unmasking of thiol-disulfide exchange enzymes which, in turn, stimulate the biosyntehsis of proteins and of deoxyribonucleotides involved in cell replication.
Animals↗
Percutaneous management of pancreatic fluid collections.
Percutaneous catheter drainage of both infected and non-infected pancreatic fluid collections is a safe, efficacious procedure. The results of this procedure depend upon proper selection of patients based upon their clinical status as well as the morphological findings depicted by computed tomography and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, careful preprocedural planning and execution of the drainage procedure, good catheter care with follow-up imaging and contrast studies, and attention to the criteria of catheter removal. An average success rate of 80% should be expected with a complication rate of about 15%.
Catheterization, Peripheral↗
Higher Rates of PASS and SCB After Arthroscopic Subspine Decompression Are Associated With a Positive Diagnostic AIIS Injection: A Propensity Score-Matched Cohort Study.
BACKGROUND: Hip arthroscopy effectively treats femoroacetabular impingement syndrome (FAIS), but persistent pain may be related to concomitant extra-articular pathology such as subspine impingement syndrome (SSI). Standard diagnosis of SSI often relies on 3-dimensional computed tomography (3D-CT) morphology (Hetsroni type II/III), although this morphology is common in individuals who are asymptomatic and correlates poorly with symptoms. PURPOSE: To compare minimum 2-year clinical outcomes after arthroscopic subspine decompression in patients with concurrent FAIS and type II/III anterior inferior iliac spine (AIIS) morphology, stratified by diagnostic method: 3D-CT morphology alone versus 3D-CT morphology plus a positive ultrasound-guided diagnostic injection. STUDY DESIGN: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. METHODS: This study included patients aged 18 to 55 years with type II/III AIIS morphology who underwent primary hip arthroscopy for FAIS and SSI between January 2021 and November 2023 and had minimum 2-year follow-up. Patients diagnosed by CT morphology alone (CT classification group) were propensity score matched 1:1 to patients with a positive ultrasound-guided AIIS injection (injection group), with 57 patients per group. Matching variables were age, sex, body mass index, lateral center-edge angle, alpha angle, Tönnis grade, and Beighton score. All patients underwent arthroscopic subspine decompression. Patient-reported outcomes and rates of achieving the minimal clinically important difference, Patient Acceptable Symptom State (PASS), and substantial clinical benefit (SCB) were compared. RESULTS: Preoperative patient-reported outcome scores were similar between groups (all P > .05). At minimum 2-year follow-up, the injection group had significantly better scores on the modified Harris Hip Score (90.8 vs 84.2), Hip Outcome Score-Activities of Daily Living (88.4 vs 82.4), Hip Outcome Score-Sports Subscale (71.9 vs 64.1), 12-item International Hip Outcome Tool (83.9 vs 76.1), and visual analog scale for pain (1.2 vs 2.0) (all P < .001). Minimal clinically important difference rates were high in both groups, with higher rates in the injection group for modified Harris Hip Score (93% vs 77%; P = .033) and Hip Outcome Score-Activities of Daily Living (91% vs 75%; P = .042). PASS and SCB rates were significantly higher in the injection group across all patient-reported outcome measures (all P < .05). Revision and complication rates were low and did not differ significantly between groups. CONCLUSION: Both groups improved significantly after arthroscopic subspine decompression. However, patients with a positive ultrasound-guided diagnostic AIIS injection achieved higher PASS and SCB rates than those selected by CT morphology alone, suggesting that injection-confirmed SSI may improve patient selection for subspine decompression.
Humans↗
[Clinical and morphological correlational analysis of different forms of myocardial infarct].
On the basis of a mathematical analysis carried out by a "Minsk--220" computer, the correlation between the most essential morphological changes in the coronary arteries, the peculiarities of myocardial infarction, history and its clinical manifestations were studied in 320 myocardial infarction cases (148 males and 172 females over 50 years of age) with the distinction of 276 clinical and morphological signs. The numerical assessment of the conjugation indices of the morphological changes and the clinical-laboratory data permitted to evaluate the role of each of the examined factors in the genesis of primary and secondary myocardial infarctions, their spreading in the heart muscle, and their clinical manifestations. It has been demostrated that similar changes in the coronary arteries that create a background for a relative circulatory insufficiency are realized in different forms of myocardial infarction. Relative coronary insufficiency varies widely and becomes the leading cause of myocardial ischaemia. The effect of other factors is interpreted as modifying, and some of them--as triggering. The presented correlations analysis proves the rationale of assessing each case of myocardial infarction in terms of the probability theory of patho- and morphogenesis of ischaemic heart disease.
Aged↗
Relationship of tumor cell motility and morphologic patterns. Part 2. Analysis of tumor cell sublines with different motility in vitro.
We have previously demonstrated by computer simulation that the relationship of proliferation and motility is likely to influence the morphological pattern of a tumor. Our study of a set of melanocytic skin tumors provided evidence that the assumptions of the model were correct with respect to proliferation. In order to test the validity of the assumptions concerning motility, we injected a tumor cell line with low motility in vitro and a subline of the same tumor cell line with high motility in vitro into the thigh of syngeneic rats. When we evaluated the morphological patterns of the resulting tumors by image analysis and compared them with computer simulations, we found that the differences of the morphological patterns were the same as predicted by the computer model. This finding further supports the concept that estimates of tumor cell proliferation and motility can be derived from the analysis of static histological patterns.
Animals↗
Fertility and semen quality of workers exposed to high temperatures in the ceramics industry.
The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that chronic occupational exposure to high temperatures may be detrimental to male reproduction. The study was based on 92 healthy ceramics oven operators with a long exposure to high temperatures, and 87 controls, recruited from the shipment department of the same industry. Interviews with all subjects provided data on sociodemographic characteristics, health status, and fertility problems. Semen analysis was carried out on 46 of the workers exposed to high temperatures, and 14 of the controls, and included evaluation of the sperm concentration, morphology, and motility, including computer-assisted sperm motion analysis (velocity, linearity, ALH, BCF). The results of the questionnaire showed that exposed individuals had a higher incidence of childlessness and of self-reported difficulty in conceiving than controls. The semen analysis showed no significant differences except in sperm velocity. Although differences in semen parameters, taken singly, were not statistically significant, the overall evaluation of the sperm parameters indicated a higher prevalence of pathologic sperm profiles among the exposed compared to the controls.
Adult↗
[Computerized tomography of the facial skeleton (part II). Pathological changes (author's transl)].
The value and main task of computerized tomography in the diagnosis of benign and malignant processes in the middle and upper facial skeleton lies in its accurate demonstration of the extent of the disease; this is important in relation to the planning of treatment, prognosis and to other complementary procedures. CT is a new and potent method for the TNM classification of tumours of the nose, paransal sinuses and nasal pharynx. The ability of the CT to demonstrate deeply situated structures in the face, without disturbing overlying shadows, makes precise staging of deep tumours possible, eg. stages T2-T4. The consequences in terms of pre-treatment TNM classification are discussed. In cases of fronto-basal fractures, the CT will show particularly trauma to the orbital contents, intracranial displacement of bone fragments and cerebral trauma with or without bleeding. Suspicion of orbital involvement by benign or malignant disease is a definite indication for a CT examination. As regards the middle and upper facial skeleton, computer tomography provides information of a morphological and quantitative nature and aids in the localisation of lesions. It should be properly integrated into the conventional clinical, endoscopic and tomographic methods employed in the diagnosis of lesions of the facial skeleton.
Facial Bones↗
Computed tomographic brain scanning in intraparenchymal pyogenic abscesses.
Retrospective analysis of 25 pyogenic brain abcesses diagnosed by computed tomography (CT) revealed relatively specific morphologic characteristics of these infections. The ability to obtain an early accurate diagnosis resulted in a dramatic decrease in patient morbidity and mortality. Repeated examinations by CT permitted close monitoring of the response of the abscess to antibiotic therapy. In some instances the need for surgical intervention was eliminated or the surgical approach was modified as a result of these studies.
Actinomycosis↗