[Rabies vaccines. Indications for vaccination and the most common errors (data for 1970-1979)].
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Humans↗
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Results for “data commons”
Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.
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The UPA score and teenage pregnancy.
Teenage motherhood is often said to be the result of deficient contraceptive and abortion services. Using data from the Public Health Common Data Set (PH CDS) we demonstrate two important effects in a Regional Health Authority: higher rates of conception are related to a live birth rather than an abortion pregnancy outcome; District Health Authorities (DHAs) with high underprivileged area scores (UPA) are more likely to have high rates of conception in the teenage years than those districts with low scores.
Abortion, Induced↗
The use of administrative data as the first step in the continuous quality improvement process.
Billing or claims data, commonly referred to as administrative data, can be a valuable tool as the first step in a continuous quality improvement process. It is an inexpensive source of information which allows providers to identify opportunities for improvement in the process and the outcomes of health care delivery. The All Patient Refined/Diagnosis-Related Group case mix or severity-adjusted data represents one tool. The Practice Review System of Value Health Sciences is another. Comparative information is the first step, and the first step only in the quality improvement process. As such, to meet the needs of all continuous quality improvement customers, it is necessary to make this first step as reliable, yet inexpensive, as possible. Completing all the steps requires the use of a several measures over time.
Comorbidity↗
Telemedicine system evaluation and a collaborative model for multi-centered research.
Evaluating telemedicine systems and services is a complex task. Safety and efficacy must be measured in a relatively controlled laboratory environment, while measurement of clinical utility and medical effectiveness requires extensive field testing. The need for large clinical trials to demonstrate utility and effectiveness presents a dilemma. Substantial numbers of cases are needed to achieve statistically valid results, yet most telemedicine programs are based in rural settings with small patient populations. One potential solution is to pool data from multiple programs by using common data collection instruments and protocols. A promising model for the performance of multi-centered collaborative telemedicine research is described. The Clinical Telemedicine Cooperative Group (CTCG) is based on the successful use of collaborative research by clinical oncology research groups such as the Southwest Oncology Group (SWOG).
Cost-Benefit Analysis↗
Accelerographic, temporal, and distance gait factors in below-knee amputees.
Gait characteristics of 19 patients with a unilateral below-knee amputation were studied. The accelerographic and foot placement method used in this study allowed for simultaneous acquisition of data commonly obtained in the experimental laboratory (acceleration) and data easily gathered in the physical therapy clinic (temporal and distance factors). The following results may be of interest to the clinician: 1) measures of cadence, stride length, and velocity were highly related and the magnitude of these measures was below commonly accepted values for normal; 2) the below-knee amputees spent more time in stance phase on their uninvolved lower extremity than on their involved (prosthetic) extemity; 3) the step length from heel strike of the uninvolved lower extremity to heel strike of the involved (prosthetic) lower extremity was greater and accomplished in less time than the opposite step; and 4) smoothness of the gait pattern and any single temporal and distance factor exhibited low statistical relationships.
Acceleration↗
Clinical semiology of common cervicobrachial neuralgia. Data from 50 hospital cases.
Common cervicobrachial neuralgia is less frequent than sciatica and its aetiological profile is more varied: men and women are equally affected, triggering factors or previous history are less often found and patients with anxiety or depression are relatively numerous. Clinically, signs of C7 lesion are present in half the patients. Acroparesthesias are frequent and may be the initial signs. Nocturnal pain is present in 50% of the cases. Signs of neurological deficit are rare, except for abolition of a reflex. The association of cervicobrachial neuralgia with tendinitis of the upper limb or algodystrophy of the shoulder is too frequent to be fortuitous. Left to itself, the syndrome usually lasts several months and sometimes one year. Recurrences are rare. The most frequent sequela is a painful neck.
Brachial Plexus Neuritis↗
Common reference coherence data are confounded by power and phase effects.
Coherence analysis of the EEG is used to study the coupling between cortical regions. High coherence between signals recorded at 2 electrodes is interpreted as evidence for neuroanatomic connections between the cortical areas underlying the electrodes. When common reference recordings are used, coherence measures the relationship between 2 time series, each of which is the difference between 2 signals measured at the scalp and is confounded by spectral power and phase at the recording and reference electrodes. Using multi-channel EEG data from 3 subjects, we illustrate the confounding of common reference data coherence computations and demonstrate the extreme effects of power and phase changes on coherence by simulating these changes in the EEG data. Common reference coherence data can be either inflated or deflated as a consequence of activity (i.e., spectral power) at the reference. Phase relationships among the reference and recording time series modulate the power effects on coherence. Both the power and phase effects can vary dramatically across frequencies, having profound and complicated effects on the shape of the coherence function. Based on these considerations, we conclude that common reference coherence data must be interpreted very cautiously and recommend that a new body of EEG coherence data must be gathered using reference-free recording methods before the utility of EEG coherence analysis for understanding brain function can be determined.
Cerebral Cortex↗
Inform: conceptual modelling of intensive care information systems.
Intensive care of a patient requires heavy monitoring and versatile therapeutic actions. These produce a huge amount of patient information. A problem exists in managing this data and other information from all supporting activities creating a need for an automated information management system. To have a sound basis for future automated information systems in intensive care unit (ICU), a conceptual model is created to cover both the clinical and other activities of the ICU. The conceptual model consists of data flow diagrams and entity-relationship diagrams with underlying common data dictionary. A modern CASE tool is utilized to build the model. The work forms a part of AIM-INFORM project, which has a purpose to develop information management and decision support systems for high dependency environment.
Computer Simulation↗
A simple data compression scheme for binary images of bacteria compared with commonly used image data compression schemes.
A run length code compression scheme of extreme simplicity, used for image storage in an automated bacterial morphometry system, is compared with more common compression schemes, such as are used in the tag image file format. These schemes are Lempel-Ziv and Welch (LZW), Macintosh Packbits, and CCITT Group 3 Facsimile 1-dimensional modified Huffman run length code. In a set of 25 images consisting of full microscopic fields of view of bacterial slides, the method gave a 10.3-fold compression: 1.074 times better than LZW. In a second set of images of single areas of interest within each field of view, compression ratios of over 600 were obtained, 12.8 times that of LZW. The drawback of the system is its bad worst case performance. The method could be used in any application requiring storage of binary images of relatively small objects with fairly large spaces in between.
Bacteria↗
Standardization of therapy machine interface for treatment monitoring.
Computerized monitoring of radiation treatments is an effective tool in detecting and preventing errors in treatment delivery. Most manufacturers now supply optional treatment monitoring (Record and Verify) systems. These differ significantly in their features and are, in general, incompatible with each other. Based on our examination of four different commercial systems, we believe that these commercial and individualized systems are not adequate and are difficult to use. In a radiation therapy facility with more than one treatment machine, it is highly desirable, for a variety of reasons, that such a system be implemented on a central computer which monitors all machines. A centralized record and verify system which allows the storage of all data on a long term basis in an on-line common data base permits much easier access to individual patient data as well as useful data analysis and reports. Every patient's demographic, prescription and treatment data are then available on all treatment machines. This is particularly useful for cases in which a patient may be transferred from one machine to the other. Such a system is also easier to operate. The development of such a treatment monitoring system requires that the protocol of communication between the therapy machine and the computer, and the data describing therapy machine settings transmitted to the computer be standardized. We propose that every manufacturer supply an optional interface meeting this standard. A description of the proposed standard evolved in four years of our work in this field is given.
Computers↗
Object-oriented data handler for sequence analysis software development.
We report an object-oriented data handler and supplementary tools for the development of molecular genetics application software for various sequence analyses. Our data handler has a flexible and expandable format that supports the most common data types for molecular genetic software. New data types can be constructed in an object-oriented manner from the basic units. The data handler includes an object library, a format-converting program and a viewer that can visualize simultaneously the data contained in several files to construct a general picture from separate data. This software has been implemented on an IBM PC-compatible personal computer.
Atrial Natriuretic Factor↗
Social deprivation and tooth decay in Scottish schoolchildren.
OBJECTIVES: To quantify the association between dental decay in Scottish Schoolchildren & social deprivation as measured by the Carstairs Index from the 1991 census. DESIGN: An ecological study using data from the Scottish Health Boards Dental Epidemiology Programme and The Public Health Common Data set. SETTING: Scottish Health Boards from 1992-3 to 1994-5. SUBJECTS: Random samples of 5,920 five-year-olds, 5,344 12-year-olds and 6,007 14-year-olds across the 15 Health Boards in Scotland. RESULTS: Positive correlations were demonstrated in all age groups; 12-year-olds (r = 0.72) in 1992-3, 5-year-olds (r = 0.8) in 1993-4 and 14-year-olds (r = 0.55) in 1994-5. Dental decay in all age groups was positively and significantly associated with deprivation as measured by the Carstairs index. CONCLUSION: Tooth decay was confirmed as a disease associated with social deprivation in Scotland. The increasing polarisation of decay to socio-economically deprived groups of the population, suggests a 'whole population' approach such as water fluoridation would prevent tooth decay in these deprived groups most effectively. Nevertheless all evidence-based interventions should be used to try to narrow the "Dental Health Divide' by improving the dental health of deprived individuals.
Adolescent↗
A general software package for the handling of medical images.
PICS (portable imaging computer software), is a software system designed for handling and processing a variety of types of medical image. It has been designed to satisfy the following criteria: (a) the software should be portable between different items of hardware with minimal alteration; (b) there should be a simple operator interface to enable use by inexperienced users, while avoiding the need for experienced users to be directed through tedious menu trees; (c) the programming environment should enable simple integration of new data handling protocols. To meet these requirements the software was written in FORTRAN using structured subroutine organization. The software has basic image handling and processing facilities and contains a comprehensive set of nuclear medicine clinical protocols. Other facilities include alignment of images from different modalities with display of superimposed images and ability to handle, analyse and display three-dimensional data sets. Data transfer programs have been written to capture data from gamma camera, CT, MRI, ultrasound and radiographs by converting the images to a common data format. The system provides a hospital with a central digital image handling resource, enabling investigation of the value of digital image processing in potential clinical applications.
Diagnostic Imaging↗
A software program for exchanging MR data.
In an MR multicenter project, data exchange is a problem because most MR scanners do not use the same data format or have data export facilities. In the COMAC-BME Concerted Action on Tissue Characterization by MRS and MRI, a subgroup of seven MR centers had a need for data exchange in the form of digital MR images of the human brain. Because there was no common data format, software package was developed for data exchange. This article describes the basic features of the developed software. The software package was written in the language of C and was successfully tested on an IBM-6150 UNIX workstation. The software is currently being tested on the following series of UNIX workstations: SUN SPARC, IBM RS6000, and HP 9000/700.
Animals↗
The Italian Heart Transplant Project: organization of a multicenter program.
The Italian Heart Transplant Project is a national program coordinated by the Health Ministry and involves eight cardiac surgery centers, two coordination centers for organ procurement, and one national registry. An intercenter network for the solution of logistic problems regarding organ procurement and assignment has been built up. Preintervention and clinical follow-up data are recorded in each center and in a national registry by the implementation of a computerized data base. This is realized by employing low cost and diffuse software and hardware. The complex goal of common data collection and standardization is also being pursued for collateral areas such as cardiac pathology and immunologic surveillance. Data collection is useful for clinical monitoring and also for costs and/or requirements analysis.
Data Collection↗
Analysis, requirements and development of a collaborative social and medical services data model.
In any medical and social service setting, patient data must be readily shared among multiple providers for delivery of expeditious, quality care. This paper describes the development and implementation of a generalized social and medical services data model for an ambulatory population. The model, part of the Collaborative Social and Medical Services System Project, is based on the data needs of the Baylor College of Medicine Teen Health Clinics and follows the guidelines of the ANSI HISPP/MSDS JWG for a Common Data Model. Design details were determined by informal staff interviews, operational observations, and examination of clinic guidelines and forms. The social and medical services data model is implemented using object-oriented data modeling techniques and will be implemented in C++ using an Object-Oriented Database Management System.
Adolescent↗
Towards an essential data set: applicability in the domain of maternal health services.
There is a need for consensus on the quantity of data that must be available in a computer-based information system of a health care organization. In this paper we take up the issue of defining the data content of an information system and introduce the concept of Essential Data Sets with an explicit methodology which was applied to define a data set for the Maternal Health Services program. A key step in the method was a recognized technique used in systems development process called data modelling, in this case infological modelling, by an interdisciplinary group. A preliminary set of 86 data elements was identified and it provided the foundation for development of an application software for discussion and a real-world testing framework. The acceptability of the data set was tested in a laboratory perspective by retrospective data entry from records of 94 pregnant women registered at a maternal health care center in Sweden. Data from a total of 1,318 prenatal visits, an outcome visit, and a postnatal visit for each woman was entered into a computer using the software, with no loss of information. Thus, in a short-term perspective the acceptability of the data set was demonstrated. The software has since been implemented for pilot prospective studies at sites in India and Sweden. The use of a common data protocol is an essential foundation for patient outcome research, especially as the trend of health care management has changed from a "process of care" orientation to an "outcome of care" orientation.
Electronic Data Processing↗
Two blind spots in the demographic inference of human origins from genomic data.
Ancient DNA and new inference methods have transformed the study of human origins, but consensus has not followed. Evidence increasingly indicates that hominin populations were pervasively structured and admixed, so complexity rather than simplicity is the appropriate prior. Here I highlight two blind spots that impede resolving that complexity. First, every inference passes through summaries of the data, and those summaries bound what can be recovered. Second, the space of candidate models is vast, yet competing model classes are rarely fit to common data, so a reported best model carries little evidence about untested model classes. This second blind spot reflects practice rather than data. It can be narrowed by testing competing models against withheld summaries and by reporting the models that were tried and rejected rather than only the winner.
Journal Article↗