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PubMed1992

[Food habits of adults in France. Epidemiological data].

During the year 1990, 43,440 men and women aged from 17 to 69 years accepted to fill the NAQA questionnaire (18 items) on feeding habits, as part of a routine health examination. The frequency of consumptions and the amounts of food consumed are reported here according to sex. Mean energy intake was 2,586 kcal for men and 1,758 kcal for women and consisted of: fats 102 and 74 g respectively, sucrose 60 and 35 g, proteins 95 and 72 g, alcohol 24 and 4 g, calcium 1,128 and 982 mg and cholesterol 457 and 341 mg. For both men and women 16 percent and 16.8 percent respectively of non-alcohol intakes were made of proteins and 38 percent and 38.6 percent of lipids. Calcium intake was low in 7.5 percent of the subjects. Data analysis by sex and 10-year age groups showed a decrease of fats and sucrose rations and stability of protein rations as the subjects were growing older. These results were similar to those of a recent survey performed with the food history technique. The data obtained by us are an interesting source of information for Public Health epidemiology. They are compared with those found in the literature and discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Risk, statistical inference, and the law of evidence: the use of epidemiological data in toxic tort cases.

Toxic torts are product liability cases dealing with alleged injuries due to chemical or biological hazards such as radiation, thalidomide, or Agent Orange. Toxic tort cases typically rely more heavily than other product liability cases on indirect or statistical proof of injury. There have been numerous theoretical analyses of statistical proof of injury in toxic tort cases. However, there have been only a handful of actual legal decisions regarding the use of such statistical evidence, and most of those decisions have been inconclusive. Recently, a major case from the Fifth Circuit, involving allegations that Benedectin (a morning sickness drug) caused birth defects, was decided entirely on the basis of statistical inference. This paper examines both the conceptual basis of that decision, and also the relationships among statistical inference, scientific evidence, and the rules of product liability in general.

Abnormalities, Drug-Induced↗
PubMed1976

Issues in the development of statistical and epidemiological data for mental health services research.

The planning of health services consists of a process that generally involves the following steps: (a) situational analysis, or the description, definition and statement of the problem, its characteristics and dimensions in relation to population and time; (b) the formulation of alternative tactical approaches to the handling and solution of the problem; (c) decision analysis or the selection of a plan; (d) discussion and implementation of the plan selected; (e) evaluation of the results achieved in relation to the problem, situations or populations concerned. This paper discusses the content of a programme of mental health services research for collecting and analysing the information needed to apply these processes to the planning of mental health services, monitoring the manner in which the plan is being implemented, and assessing its effectiveness in achieving short-term and intermediate objectives and long-term goals. Statistical and epidemiological information play an important role in these processes, particularly in the situational analysis and the evaluation processes. Illustrations have been provided of types of data that are produced in the national mental health statistics programme in the United States. Difficulties in using such data to answer questions concerning the needs for mental health services, and manpower requirements for delivering services to meet these needs are discussed. In many instances, currently available data are quite inadequate for answering key issues such as these, plus others related to living arrangements of the population, the effect of services on the persons who receive them, their families and the communities in which they live. Thus, much still remains to be done to develop systematic, comparative morbidity statistics on the incidence, duration and prevalence of mental disorders in the general population, on the needs for mental health services, and on the effectiveness of our efforts to prevent disorders that can be prevented, and to reduce the amount of disability and distress caused by those that cannot be prevented or terminated. A series of problems have been identified, the solutions to which would assist materially in providing data that would narrow gaps between available knowledge and that which is needed. The importance of establishing well-staffed research units at the catchment area level with stable funding to accomplish this is underscored. It is a matter of the greatest urgency that adequate resources--financial, manpower, scientific and administrative--be made available to solve these problems. If this is not done, then effordts to document quantitatively the effectiveness of programmes to prevent and control mental disorders will continue to suffer from many of the same shortcomings that have impeded our past and continue to impede current efforts to accomplish this.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

Isolation and some serological and epidemiological data on the viruses recovered from patients with subacute thyroiditis de Quervain.

Virological and serological methods were used in examination of 28 patients suffering from subacute thyroiditis de Quervain. Attempts to isolate a presumed viral agent from 8 patients were performed by inoculation of serum, urine, and aspiration biopsies of thyroid glands taken at different stages of the illness, into tissue cultures of different types of human and animal cells. Recovery of a cytopathic viral agent on cells of a rabbit lung continuous line was successful in 5 cases. Serological cross reactions exist between the isolated viruses and patient serum but not with serum of healthy people. Cases with the acquired illness and positive antibodies against the isolated viruses who had been in close and prolonged contact with patients suffering from subacute thyroiditis de Quervain were also investigated.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1979

Statistical analysis of epidemiological data from a chromium chemical manufacturing plant.

A statistical analysis was performed on reported bronchogenic carcinoma incidence in a group of chromium chemical manufacturing workers over the period 1929 to 1977. The purpose was to determine if post-1950 process improvements corresponded to favorable trends in morbidity. Because the paucity of data on the population at risk prevented meaningful calculations of SMR's, a recently developed method called "probability window analysis" was used to evaluate for statistically valid changes in the "numerators" or number of reported cases. A significant downward trend in reported bronchogenic carcinoma was found which coincided with major process improvements made in 1951 and 1961. Although adjustment for all competing risk factors was not possible because of insufficient data on the population at risk, the improved working environment has to be considered a major contributing factor to the favorable trend.

Carcinoma, Bronchogenic↗
PubMed1992

Comparison of epidemiological data on congenital hypothyroidism in Europe with those of other parts in the world.

The actual worldwide incidence of congenital hypothyroidism (CH) is based on the results of screening in parts of the world where screening is mandatory, i.e. most of Europe, USA, Canada, Cuba, Australia, New Zealand and Japan. In other parts of the world, some indications are given by the results of pilot studies. In Europe, mean overall incidence (1985-1990) for the countries included in our inquiry is 1/3801--in each country for the same period: Austria 1/3,930, Belgium 1/3,750, Czechoslovakia 1/6,037, Denmark 1/3,777, Finland 1/3,969, France 1/4,132, FRG 1/3,827, Greece 1/3,314, Hungary 1/5,632, Israel 1/3,152, Italy 1/3,150, The Netherlands 1/3,723, Norway 1/3,069, Portugal 1/3,139, Spain 1/3,216, Switzerland 1/3,913, UK 1/3,398 and Turkey (pilot study 1989-1992) 1/2,943. In comparison, the figures for the USA for the whole country are similar for the mean overall incidence (1988-1990): 1/4,119. But large variations exist between the states, the reasons of which are perhaps related either to technical problems or to the ethnic background in each state. In Canada and Japan, modifications of screening procedures have led to similar figures for the last years in our possess, Canada (1986-1988) 1/3,884 and Japan (1990) 1/3,856. The figures (mean overall incidence) for Cuba (1987-1991) 1/2,325, for Australia (1985-1990) 1/1/3,331 and for New Zealand (1987-1990) 1/4,496 are quite comparable. So in these countries where the screening is established, no great variations are noted as in certain parts of the world with pilot studies: Argentine (Buenos Aires; 1985-1990) 1/4,407, Chile (1991-1992) 1/2,514, Brazil (Porto Alegre; 1987-1991) 1/4,429.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Congenital Hypothyroidism↗
PubMed1992

Sexually acquired HIV infections: an analysis of epidemiological data concerning cases reported in Sweden 1988-90.

536 Swedish residents who during the years 1988-90 were reported as having contracted HIV through sexual contacts were asked about circumstances regarding the transmission. Answers were received in 411 (76.7%) of the cases (285 homosexual men, 68 heterosexual men and 58 heterosexual women). In 282 (69%) of the cases the persons were without symptoms and in 231 (56%) cases the infection was considered to be < 3 years old. Among homosexual men and heterosexual women the infection was usually acquired in Sweden or Europe whilst heterosexual men more often acquired their infection at casual contacts on other continents.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

[Estimation of coronary disease mortality and morbidity in France from epidemiological data].

The incidence of coronary heart diseases in France is estimated from three sources of information. Mortality statistics underestimate the number of deaths from coronary heart diseases. An evaluation of this number is proposed, but with a rather important lack of precision; for example, between 10 and 20% of male mortality between age 45 and 64. These French coronary death rates are inferior to those of numerous other European or Anglo-Saxon countries, but are comparable with those of some mediterranean countries. The incidence of coronary heart diseases measured in the Paris Prospective Study is inferior by half to that of the Framingham Study and is also inferior to those of several male populations from the 7 Countries Study, in the same age limits. Three French registers give similar results about the incidence of acute myocardial infarction. This incidence is equal to the lower limit of those measured in 21 foreign registers. These concording data suggest that the incidence of coronary heart diseases is relatively moderate in France. Etiological hypotheses are planned and the interest in a surveillance of French sanitary data is reminded.

Adult↗