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PubMed1979

Influence of red light and pattern on photic driving.

The photic drivings (PDs) in response to the following visual stimuli were studied in 108 cases, of which 84 (78%) were epileptics; ages ranged from 5 to 57 years old. An intermittent photic stimulation (IPS) of 5 cycles/sec by a stroboscopic light was given to the subjects with eyes closed and open. Following these stimuli, red-flicker and flickering-pattern of 5 cycles/sec and 20 cd/m2 were given successively to the subjects with eyes open using a "visual stimulator". The PDs evoked by IPS to the eyes closed and those by red-flicker were similar in the wave form and amplitude. In most of the cases, however, both stimuli failed to evoke apparent PDs (over 25 muV in amplitude), i.e., in 81% and 72%, respectively. IPS to the eyes open and flickering-pattern showed comparable effects in evoking PDs; they evoked high amplitude PDs (over 50 muV in amplitude) with a frequency of 19% by the former and 28% by the latter. In 95 out of 108 cases, both IPS to the eyes closed and red-flicker failed to evoke apparent PDs. In rare cases, IPS to eyes closed evoked high amplitude PDs; in 7 out of these 8 cases, red-flicker also evoked high amplitude PDs. In 18 out of 20 cases in which high amplitude PDs were evoked by IPS to the eyes open, flickering-pattern was also effective in evoking high amplitude PDs. Based on these findings, similarities between IPS to the eyes closed and red-flicker, and similarities between IPS to the eyes open and flickering-pattern in evoking PDs are discussed. It is concluded that flickering-pattern and red-flicker are superior to IPS to the eyes open and closed, respectively, for examining the low frequency PDs.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1978

Morphological and electrophysiological characteristics of projection neurons in the nucleus interpositus of the cat cerebellum.

The populations of neurons in the nucleus interpositus (IP) of the cat cerebellum which project to the ventral lateral nucleus of the thalamus (VL), the red nucleus (RN), the nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis (NRTP), the pontine nuclei (PN), the inferior olive (IO), and the cerebellar cortex were identified by intracellular and extracellular injections of HRP and studied electrophysiologically. When HRP was simultaneously injected into the VL, RN, and IO, over 95% of the neurons in the IP nuclei were labeled; indicating that there are few, if any, local circuit neurons. The vast majority (86%) of the larger IP neurons (soma length greater than or equal to 20 micrometer) project rostrally to the RN and thalamus. These neurons typically have long, relatively spine free dendrites and axons which in a few cases gave rise to recurrent collaterals. Two intracellularly stained projection neurons which had exceptionally long spiny dendrites had axons which gave rise to nucleocortical collaterals in addition to several local collaterals. IP neurons projecting to the NRTP and PN were located primarily in the lateral aspect of the nucleus interpositus anterior. Electrophysiological experiments established that neurons projecting to the NRTP also project to the VL. The IP neurons projecting to the IO have small fusiform or multipolar somata, long thin dendrites, and receive excitatory inputs from the IO. At least 73% of the small neurons in the IP project to the IO, and some of these, in addition, project to the VL. There are at least three morphologically distinguishable populations of projection neurons, small IO projections neurons, and neurons with nucleocortical collaterals. The projection of the IP to diverse regions of the brain is accomplished mainly by axon collateralization, but regional and morphological specialization also play a role in the organization of the output of the IP.

Animals↗

PubMed1979

Toxicity of Secalonic acid D.

Toxicity of secalonic acid D was examined by using lethality, growth retardation, and histopathology as indexes. The ip LD50 values of 37, 31, and 27 mg/kg were obtained for Charles River CD-1, Texas (ICR), and Sprague-Dawley (CF-1) strains of mice, respectively. The ip LD50 was 52 mg/kg in female CD-1 mice. The iv LD50 was 25 mg/kg in CD-1 male mice. Oral LD50 values of 400 mg/kg in male CD-1 mice and 25 and greater than 400 mg/kg in Sprague-Dawley day-old and weanling (21 d) rats of both sexes, respectively, were obtained. Doses of 20 mg/kg or more ip retarded growth and doses of 30 mg/kg or more ip were lethal to CD-1 mice. Oral doses required to produce such effects in day-old rats were 5 and 20 mg/kg (or higher), respectively. All ip doses of secalonic acid D caused pulmonary atelectases and foccal peritonitis in male CD-1 mice. The latter involved surfaces of abdominal viscera and produced limited subcapsular necrosis of hepatic parenchyma. Exposure to a single lethal dose iv (25 mg/kg or more) of secalonic acid D caused limited hepatic portal necrosis but no peritonitis or other associated local effects observed in CD-1 male mice after ip exposure. Cytoplasmic liposis and loss of glycogen and RNA from hepatocytes were observed in a single mouse receiving 50 mg/kg iv. Death resulting from cardiac and/or pulmonary insufficiency was suggested by atelectasis, pulmonary hemorrhages and edema, and massive atrial dilation in mice that died after lethal ip or iv doses of secalonic acid D. Five daily sublethal ip doses in CD-1 male mice resulted in dose-dependent mortality (LD50, 11.5 mg/kg) indicating cumulative effects.

Animals↗

PubMed1979

Comparison between the action of estradiol and that of the antiestrogen U 11-100 A on the induction in the rat uterus of a specific protein (the induced protein).

When measured by an in vitro approach, involving incubation in the presence of labeled leucine, the rate of synthesis of the specific estrogen-induced protein (IP) after in vivo stimulation of the rat uterus by the antiestrogens U 11-100 A (UA; 1-(2-[p-(3,4-dihydro-6-methoxy-2-phenyl-1-naphtyl)-phenoxy]ethyl)pyrrolidine hydrochloride) or CI-628 (alpha-[4-pyrrolidinoethyoxy]phenyl-4-methoxy-d-nitrostilbene) was very low compared to the response measured under the same conditions after in vivo stimulation with 17 beta-estradiol (E2). In the course of investigations aimed at clarifying the role of IP in estrogen action, we have conducted similar experiments, but the labeling step aimed at detecting and measuring IP synthesis was carried out in vivo. We have observed that UA promoted a full IP response which is lost or missed in incubated uteri. Similar results were obtained with CI-628 and tamoxifen. A comparison between IP responses obtained and measured in vivo after E2 and those after UA action revealed that the responses paralleled the number of receptors that are translocated to the nucleus by each compound. Thus, while transient after E2 treatment, the IP (or IP-like) response was maintained for as long as 12 h (as is the nuclear receptor occupancy) when UA was used as inducer. Several explanations for the disappearance of the UA-induced IP response under in vitro conditions are considered.

Animals↗

PubMed1977

Lipid hemodialysis versus charcoal hemoperfusion in imipramine poisoning.

Previous experimental results have demonstrated the possibility of eliminating imipramine (14 C-IP) by hemodialysis. A simultaneous uptake of the substance by the polyvinyl chloride extracorporeal blood lines could be shown. Based on these results the imipramine absorption capacity of the blood lines and of the artificial kidney (Hollow Fiber Artificial Kidney, HFAK, Model 4) were studied. Imipramine (IP) absorption capacity of a usual blood-line set (arterial and venous, surface area 86,000 mm) was estimated to be 43 mg, and that of the HFAK to be 207 mg. Charcoal hemoperfusion (300 gm of coated activated coconut charcoal) eliminated more than 90% of IP from the blood within 3 hr if the initial IP blood concentration was 2 mg/ml. In comparison, lipid hemodialysis using 20% soybean oil as dialysate eliminated 95% of IP from the blood when the initial IP blood concentration was 1 mg/ml and 98% when the initial IP blood concentration was 2 mg/ml. In vivo studies on the elimination of IP by lipid (10%) hemodialysis demonstrated a substantial removal of the substance. Within 2 hr of treatment, 12% of the administered dose (75% of the LD50) was eliminated.

Adsorption↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Taurine, analogues and ethanol elicited responses.

The effect of taurine, of some of its precursors and major metabolic products on spontaneous locomotor activity were studied in mice. The effect of taurine and some analogues on certain ethanol-mediated responses were observed. Administration of taurine, 50 mg/kg, IP, did not significantly alter motility in experimental animals compared to controls. Behavioral depression was evident subsequent to injection of cysteine hydrochloride or taurocholic acid (50 mg/kg). Administration of taurocholic acid, 50 mg/kg, IP, 30 min prior to a narcotic dose of ethanol, 5 g/kg, IP, reduced the time required for the onset of ethanol-narcosis. Pretreatment with cysteic acid, 50 mg/kg, IP, prolonged ethanol-produced narcosis. Treatment with cysteic acid 30 min prior to ethanol, 2.5 g/kg, IP, was found to decrease whole blood ethanol concentration as compared to the respective controls without a concomitant changes in brain ethanol levels. Administration of taurocholic acid, 100 mg/kg, IP, decreased the intake of an ethanol solution in rats preferring 5% ethanol solution over water as the drinking fluid of choice. None of the compounds tested altered endogenous specific activity of mouse liver alcohol dehydrogenase when given once daily (50 mg/kg, IP) for 10 consecutive days. The results suggest that both taurocholic acid and cysteic acid exert additive action to some ethanol-elicited responses studied.

Alcohol Drinking↗

PubMed1978

Comparison of immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase staining for identification of rubella virus isolates.

To explore possible advantages which immunoperoxidase (IP) staining might have over immunofluorescence (IF) staining for identifying rubella virus isolates, direct comparative studies were done on the same coded clinical materials using the same rubella immune rabbit serum as the primary antiserum in both systems. The rubella immune rabbit serum and conjugated anti-rabbit immune globulins could be used more dilute in the IP system than in the IF system. Both IP and IF staining detected rubella antigen in all specimens which were positive by interference. IP staining also detected low levels of rubella antigen in a few additional specimens which had originally been positive for rubella virus, but which on retesting were negative by interference and IF staining. With second-cell-culture-passage material, IP and IF staining showed comparable specificity, and the few specimens which reacted nonspecifically generally did so in both systems. Cell cultures inoculated directly with urine specimens showed greater nonspecificity by IP than by IF, but this activity could be abolished by pretreatment with sodium azide and peroxide; other methods tried for inactivating endogenous peroxidase activity destroyed rubella antigen as well. The intensity of staining for positive specimens was comparable in the two systems. However, more antigen was demonstrable in both systems when BHK-21 cells were inoculated as a cell suspension and then permitted to grow into monolayers than when the same specimens were inoculated into preformed monolayers. IP staining was considered to be a highly satisfactory alternative to IF staining for identification of rubella virus isolates.

Animals↗

PubMed1979

Equine Escherichia coli endotoxemia: comparison of intravenous and intraperitoneal endotoxin administration.

Certain physiologic and hematologic data were determined in ponies given Escherichia coli endotoxin by three routes: single IV dose, single intraperitoneal (IP) dose, and multiple IP boluses. In all ponies, the reaction was characterized by weakness, depression, peripheral circulatory abnormalities, and pyrexia. The pyrexia was more severe and was sustained in the ponies given multiple IP bolus endotoxin. Changes in packed cell volume, peripheral blood neutrophil, lymphocyte, and thrombocyte counts, and blood glucose were noticed in the three groups. Blood lactate and beta-glucuronidase values were determined and increases occurred only in the two IP endotoxin administration groups. A fibrinogen increase was observed in only the multiple IP bolus group. Attempts were made to correlate the lactate and beta-glucuronidase values with the severity and prognosis of the endotoxemia response. In general, the single IV bolus and, to a lesser extent, the single IP bolus endotoxin produced abrupt but transient responses. The multiple IP bolus endotoxin administration produced a more gradual and sustained response, which was more closely comparable with a clinical gastrointestinal disease problem than the other routes of administration produced.

Animals↗

PubMed1979

Ruffed cell: a new type of neuron with a distinctive initial unmyelinated portion of the axon in the olfactory bulb of the goldfish (Carassius auratus) I. Golgi impregnation and serial thin sectioning studies.

A new type of neuron was recognized in the olfactory bulb of the goldfish (Carassius auratus) by means of light and high voltage electron microscopy of Golgi-impregnated material, combined Golgi-electron microscopy, and electron microscopy of serial thin sections. The neuron is located in the layer between the olfactory nerve layer and the anterior olfactory nucleus. It has a spherical cell body, about 10--20 microns in diameter, and several dendrites which form a spherical dendritic field, about 70--100 microns in diameter, in the vicinity of the cell body. The most remarkable structural feature of this neuron is that its initial unmyelinated portion of the axon (IP) has elaborate protrusions with many synapses. The IP can be divided into three parts, parts 1, 2 and 3, based on its structural features. Part 1 is the initial part of the IP, about 20--40 microns in length. Many elaborate protrusions arise from the shaft and intermingle with one another to constitute a spherical field, about 20--40 microns in diameter, around the shaft. Part 2 is the middle part of the IP, about 10--20 microns in length. There are several collateral-like protrusions, which are scattered along the shaft and extended laterally about 5--15 microns. Part 3 is the last part of the IP, and is cylindrical without protrusions. The length of part 3 varies from 20 to more than 100 microns. The axon acquires a myelin sheath at distance of 70--250 microns from its origin. Protrusions make synaptic contacts mainly with granule cell dendrites. Some of them are of the reciprocal type. Protrusion are presynaptic in asymmetrical synapses, and postsynaptic in symmetrical synapses with granule cell dendrites. The shaft of the IP also has synapses similar to those on protrusions. The neuron described is a new type of neuron in the vertebrate central nervous system. We propose for it the name "ruffed cell."

Animals↗

PubMed1978

Plasminogen activators of psoriatic scale extracts. Separation of two plasminogen activators by isoelectric focusing.

Psoriatic scale extracts were fractioned by using polyacrylamide gel isoelectric focusing (PAGIF) and preparative electrofocusing in granulated gel (PEGG). The largest protein fraction was found with Ip at pH 4.8--5.0, and the main protein bands within pH values 4.0--7.5. PEGG separated three main fractions with plasminogen activator or trypsin-like esterase activity with isoelectric points at pH 6.5--6.6, 5.4--6.2 and 4.9. The enzyme with Ip at pH 6.5--6.6 hydrolyzed trypsin substrates but lacked plasminogen activator capacity. The enzyme with Ip at pH 5.4--6.2 showed both activities but the third enzyme with plasminogen activator capacity with Ip at pH 4.9 was without detectable esterolytic activity towards substituted basic amino acid esters. The third enzyme was prominent in KCl-extract and the second in KSCN-extract. The first was equal in both extracts. The enzyme with Ip at pH 4.9 is possibly of bacterial origin while the plasminogen activator with Ip at pH 5.4--6.2 extracted in KSCN probably represents tissue activator of psoriatic scales.

Humans↗

PubMed1976

Comparison of single dose kinetics of imipramine, nortriptyline and antipyrine in man.

The single dose kinetics of imipramine (IP), nortriptyline (NT), and antipyrine (AP) were compared in 7 healthy subjects. Test doses of AP were given intravenously and test doses of IP and NT were given both orally and by intravenous infusion. The plasma concentration/time curves after intravenous IP and NT were analysed according to a 2-compartment open model. In addition a blood flow independent 'true' clearance was calculated according to a sinusoidal perfusion model. Indirect estimates of hepatic blood flow were obtained from the oral and i.v. plasma concentration/time curves after NT administration. Compared to NT, IP had statistically significant higher clearances, shorter half-lives, and smaller apparent volumes of distribution. There was a significant correlation between apparent volume of distribution (Vdbeta) of IP and NT (n = 5, r = 0.85), but only a weak correlation between the clearance measurements of the two compounds. Systemic clearance of AP and IP showed some positive correlation (n = 7, r = 0.73), whereas there were no significant correlations between AP and NT kinetics. The data indicate that inter- and intraindividual variations in hepatic blood flow may influence the measurements. Other possible sources of variability are individual differences in hepatic extraction kinetics, and differences in binding to blood constituents.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed1977

Genetic dissection of the control of normal differentiation in myeloid leukemic cells.

Normal myeloid precursors and MGI(+)D(+) myeloid leukemic cells can be induced to differentiate to mature cells by the normal protein inducer MGI. The sequence of differentiation is the induction of C3 and Fc rosettes, C3 and Fc immune phagocytosis (IP), synthesis and secretion of lysozyme, and formation of mature macrophages and granulocytes. Mutant clones of myeloid leukemic cells have been isolated with differences in the time of induction of C3 and Fc rosettes and C3 and Fc IP, in which lysozyme was induced without going through the stage of Fc or C3 IP, and with differences in inducibility by MGI to mature macrophages or granulocytes. Only one out of five MGI(-)D(-) clones gave rise to MGI(+)D(+) mutants. The ability to obtain mutants from this clone was associated with its special chromosome constitution, and these mutants showed a change in their ability for cap formation by concanavalin A. The steroid inducer dexamethasone can induce in MGI(+)D(+) clones differentiation to macrophages but not to granulocytes. Differentiation by steroid inducer in different clones occurred either with or without induction of Fc rosettes and Fc IP, and induction of C3 rosettes was not always associated with induction of C3 IP. The use of mutants that differ in their competence to be induced by MGI or steroid inducer has shown that there are separate controls for the induction of C3 and Fc rosettes, C3 and Fc IP, lysozyme, macrophages, and granulocytes.

Animals↗

PubMed1979

The teaching of interpersonal skills in U.S. medical schools.

In response to the increasing recognition of the importance of interpersonal skills (IPS) to the physician, there has recently been a rapid growth in the number and variety of medical school teaching programs in IPS. This is a report of a national survey which was part of a study designed to determine the extent and characteristics of IPS-teaching. Most medical schools have specific IPS programs, 80 percent of which are less than five years old. Most teachers in the programs are psychiatrists and psychologists. Most programs teach process (for example, listening, responding), information-gathering, and psychological intervention (for example, demonstrating empathy) skills. Less than one-third teach any specific information-giving/counseling skills. IPS programs are taught mostly in the preclinical years, with a notable lack of formal follow-through into the clinical years. Ninety percent of the programs use videotechnology in teaching or assessing IPS. Only about one-third use any kind of outcome index for evaluation.

Curriculum↗

PubMed1975

Variation in internal polysaccharide synthesis among Streptococcus mutans strains.

Five strains, representative of Streptococcus mutans genetic group III antigenic group d, synthesized and degraded less intracellular polysaccharide (IPS) then 17 strains representative of other S. mutans groups. The strains that synthesize IPS degraded it rapidly. The production of acid in titratable amounts from endogenous IPS was usually complete within 1 h. IPS synthesis in S. mutans increased abruptly at culture glucose concentrations between 0.2 and 0.5% and was quantitated as both iodine-and glucose oxidase-positive material in cell hyrolysates. IPS degradation was measured by acid production in a pH-stat maintained at 7. The existence within group III d of a strain recently shown to be cariogenic in experimental animals suggest that IPS may not be a prerequisite for virulence in these cariogenic bacteria.

Acids↗

PubMed1979

Use of an immunoperoxidase method for identification of Bacteroides fragilis.

An indirect immunoperoxidase (IP) slide test was evaluated for the laboratory identification of Bacteroides fragilis. Antigen-antibody complexes were detected with goat anti-rabbit immunoglobulin G-peroxidase conjugate with 3-amino-9-ethyl-carbazole as the peroxidase substrate. Ninety-one percent of 44 B. fragilis strains tested were IP positive (3+ to 4+ reactions) with greater than or equal to 1:160 dilutions of rabbit antiserum produced against whole cells of B. fragilis ATCC 23745. The antiserum was species specific. No cross-reactions were observed with 35 Bacteroides strains of other species or with a variety of facultative or aerobic gram-negative bacilli. Four B. fragilis strains were IP negative. One of these (VPI 2393) was the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) homology group II reference strain. The other three were clinical isolates. IP-negative and representative IP-positive strains were tested for DNA homology with the type strains for DNA homology groups I and II (VPI 2553 and VPI 2393). Two of the three clinical isolates were classified as DNA homology group II, and the remaining strain was classified as a group I. Capsular material known to be unique to B. fragilis was common to both DNA homology groups as indicated by reactions with purified anticapsular antiserum. The IP technique provides a suitable alternative to fluorescent microscopy for the rapid immunological identification of B. fragilis.

Antigens, Bacterial↗

PubMed1979

Inflection points of lung pressure-volume curves using a three-balloon-catheter system.

We measured the pressure-volume curves (PV curves) of the lung simultaneously at three levels in the esophagus below the tracheal bifurcation using the three-short-balloon-catheter system in 11 normal seated men and compared the inflection points (IP's) of three PV curves with the closing volume (CV) on the single-breath nitrogen washout curve. The mean pressure gradient from the top of the uppermost balloon to the top of the lowermost balloon (10 cm apart) was 0.58 +/- 0.06 cmH2O/cm at 60% total lung capacity (TLC). The IP was dependent on depth within the esophagus; i.e., the lung volume at IP (VIP) of the uppermost balloon was the smallest and the transpulmonary pressure (Ptp) at IP (PIP) of that balloon was the largest of the three IP's. VIP's were significantly larger than CV's and the mean absolute difference between the VIP of the uppermost balloon and the closing capacity (CC) was 0.9 liter. These results suggest that IP may not exactly reflect airway closure.

Adult↗

PubMed2024

Clinicogenomic predictors of survival and intracranial progression after stereotactic radiosurgery for colorectal cancer brain metastases.

OBJECTIVE: Brain metastases (BM) from colorectal cancer (CRC) are associated with dismal prognosis. When BM-directed therapy is considered, better methods are needed to identify patients at risk of poor oncological outcomes in order to optimize patient selection for closer surveillance or escalated therapy. The authors sought to identify clinicogenomic predictors of survival and intracranial disease progression after CRC BM have been treated with stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS). METHODS: Patients with newly diagnosed CRC BM treated with SRS between 2009 and 2022 who had next-generation genomic sequencing data available were included. Frameless SRS was delivered in 1-5 fractions, alone or after neurosurgical resection. Outcomes included overall survival (OS) and intracranial progression (IP), evaluated per patient treated with SRS, and local progression (LP), evaluated per BM. Associations between baseline clinicogenomic features and outcomes were evaluated with Cox regression and competing risk regression, with death as a competing risk. RESULTS: This analysis included 123 patients with 299 BM. At BM diagnosis, 111 patients (90%) had progressive extracranial disease, and 79 patients (64%) had ≥ 3 sites of extracranial metastasis. The median (IQR) number of BM was 2 (1-3) per patient. The median (IQR) biologically effective dose (BED) was 51.3 (51.3-65.1) Gy, corresponding to a prescription of 27 Gy in 3 fractions. OS, IP, and LP estimates at 1 year after SRS were 36%, 55%, and 12%, respectively. OS was independently associated with progressive extracranial disease (HR 4.26, 95% CI 1.63-11.2, p = 0.003) and ≥ 3 extracranial metastatic sites (HR 1.84, 95% CI 1.12-3.01, p = 0.02). LP was less likely when BM received BED ≥ 51.3 Gy (HR 0.24, 95% CI 0.07-0.78, p = 0.02), independent of BM diameter (HR 1.21/cm, 95% CI 0.8-1.84, p = 0.4). IP was independently associated with genomic alterations; TP53 driver alterations were associated with higher risk of IP (HR 2.71, 95% CI 1.26-5.79, p = 0.01), whereas MYC pathway alterations were associated with lower risk (HR 0.15, 95% CI 0.03-0.68, p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The authors identified clinicogenomic features associated with adverse outcomes after SRS for CRC BM. Progressive and extensive extracranial metastases predicted worse OS. Insufficient SRS doses predicted greater risk of LP. Wild-type TP53 and alterations in the MYC pathway were independently associated with lower risk of IP. Patients at high risk of IP may be considered for closer surveillance or escalated therapy.

Humans↗

PubMed1978

Evaluation of the mechanism of zymosan-induced resistance to experimental peritonitis.

Three injections of intraperiotoneal (IP) zymosan-induced profound resistance to E. coli peritonitis in Sprague-Dawley rats. IP zymosan had minimal effects on organ weights and systemic phagocytic clearance ability, suggesting that this mode of administration had few systemic reticuloendothelial system (RES) effects. Hemoglobin (a known inhibitor of local phagocytosis) reduced the protection induced by zymosan, giving further evidence that IP zymosan acts locally. IP zymosan stimulation results in an initial marked influx of polymorphonuclear cells followed by a greater percentage replacement of mononuclear cells by the third day. Examination of these cells via chemiluminescence studies demonstrated that the phagocytic capacity of zymosan-stimulated peritoneal cells was markedly greater than the control group on a cell-for-cell basis. IP zymosan also gave some protection against intravenous (IV) E. coli, but IV zymosan did not significanly protect against IP E. coli. Possible mechanisms of action are discussed. These findings suggest that a technique of local RES stimulation could have a place in preparation of certain high-risk patients for elective abdominal surgery where peritoneal contamination is likely.

Animals↗