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Results for “longitudinal data”

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PubMed1979

Perinatal mortality by birth order within cohorts based on sibship size.

Cross-sectional surveys of perinatal mortality show a U-shaped curve when plotted against parity, implying that fourth and subsequent babies are at increased risk. Our study of a large, population-based longitudinal data set shows that this result is an artefact and that perinatal mortality falls with increasing parity. Within cohorts of mothers based on attained sibship size the perinatal mortality decreases with increasing parity and increases with sibship size. These associations, which are not noticeably affected by maternal age, ssem in part to operate through an association between parity, sibship size, and birth weight. This analysis shows the importance of using longitudinal data in analysing such relations.

Birth Order↗

PubMed1978

Prediction of the mesiodistal widths of maxillary permanent canines and premolars.

Multiple regression equations for prediction of the mesiodistal widths of the maxillary canines and premolars were developed for the right and left sides of the arches of males and females. The equations were developed from longitudinal data taken from ninety-two Caucasian children (forty-six boys and forty-six girls) who participated in the Iowa Growth Study. The multiple regression equations, when compared with three currently used methods of prediction, were the best predictors. The newly developed equations and other prediction methods currently in use were tested on longitudinal data taken from a sample of forty-three Caucasian orthodontic patients (sixteen males and twenty-seven females). Again, the multiple regression equations had the best performance.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1979

[Longitudinal growth data of development of weight, height, skinfold thickness, head-, chest- and abdominal circumferences in healthy children (author's transl)].

From 1974--1977 anthropometric investigations were performed in 173 healthy infants during the first year of life. Weight, height, skinfold thickness, head-, chest-, and abdominal circumferences had been measured as parameters for growth. Birth weight increased ceased threefold on 12th month in males only. There is no difference in the increase of height in males and females. Width of skinfold thickness increases rapidly until month 5, except abdominal skinfold. A radual decrease follows thereafter. The difference in decreasing velocity of skinfold thickness indicates changes in distribution of subcutaneous fat tissue during infancy. Growth of head-, chest-, and abdominal circumferences of males are similar to that of females.

Abdomen↗

PubMed2026

Early and late CTCAE and patient-reported outcomes following lung cancer radiotherapy: A sex-stratified descriptive analysis from the REQUITE cohort.

BACKGROUND: Long-term prospective data on lung cancer patients treated with radiotherapy are limited, restricting understanding of outcomes and sex-specific characteristics. The multicentre REQUITE study provides standardized follow-up data from an international cohort. METHODS: We analysed longitudinal data from 530 lung cancer patients treated with radical radiotherapy (sequential or concurrent chemoradiotherapy, or stereotactic body radiation therapy [SBRT]) between 2014 and 2017 at 16 centres in Europe and the USA. Healthcare professionals prospectively recorded 21 pulmonary, oesophageal, neurological, cardiac, and skin adverse events using CTCAE v4.0. Patient-reported outcomes assessed symptoms, quality-of-life, fatigue, and physical activity. Adverse event incidence was stratified by sex, radiotherapy technique, chemotherapy administration, smoking status, and other clinical factors. RESULTS: At 12 months, 309 patients were evaluable, with 151 having follow-up beyond one year. Pulmonary adverse events were most frequent (40% grade ≥ 2), mainly dyspnoea and cough. Women had higher rates of oesophagitis, and more frequently reported dysphagia, and chest wall pain, while men experienced a higher frequency of cardiac adverse events. Exploratory subgroup analyses identified significant sex-related differences in grade ≥ 3 pulmonary adverse events following SBRT and in overall grade ≥ 2 oesophageal adverse events among patients with clinical stage I-II and those aged >70 years. Patient-reported outcomes showed persistent fatigue and reduced physical activity, particularly in females. Symptom prevalence and severity varied by sex, age, treatment modality, smoking status, and clinical stage. CONCLUSION: The REQUITE-Lung cohort provides prospectively collected real-world data on radiotherapy-related adverse events in lung cancer patients. This study describes patterns of adverse events and patient-reported outcomes according to sex, age, and treatment characteristics. These findings are hypothesis-generating and may support future validation in independent and pooled datasets.

Patient-reported outcomes↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Age differences in personality structure revisited: Studies in validity, stability, and change.

Construct validity and longitudinal stability evidence for three cluster dimensions of personality identified as Anxiety, Extraversion, and Openness is examined in a sample of adult males. Correlations with Allport-Vernon-Lindsay Value scales, Cornell Medical Index scores, Eysenck E and N scales, and factors from the SVIB are presented in support of the interpretation of the three clusters. Nine-year longitudinal evidence of stability is presented for Anxiety and Extraversion scores. Previous evidence for change in the structure of Openness to Experience is reconsidered in the light of eleven-year longitudinal data. While the earlier structural differences were not longitudinally replicated, a pattern of external correlates provided evidence for validity of an Openness dimension. Finally, the structural approach to personality development is illustrated by examining the differing relations between field-dependence and tendermindedness in younger and older men.

Adult↗

PubMed2026

Mortality of Individuals With PRNP Variants Associated With Prion Disease in the United States, 1998-2024.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: To characterize the survival of individuals with pathogenic PRNP variants-including to estimate annual hazards, to judge the accuracy of previously reported survival data, and to evaluate the utility of public record searches in determining vital status. METHODS: In this single-center cohort study, we gathered data on individuals who received positive antemortem PRNP genetic tests at the US National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (NPDPSC), including both diagnostic tests in symptomatic individuals, and predictive tests in asymptomatic individuals. Genetic test and autopsy results were queried from the NPDPSC database, and public record searches were conducted using online tools. RESULTS: Four hundred four individuals received positive genetic test results. Of 206 cases symptomatic at the time of genetic testing, 188 are likely now deceased based on typical disease duration for their genetic variants. Combined autopsy and public record searches in combination confirmed 174 of these deaths, for an estimated 92.6% sensitivity. We evaluated the age-dependent penetrance of the reportedly highly penetrance variants D178N and E200K and the reportedly low-penetrance variant V210I. Among 99 initially asymptomatic individuals with the pathogenic E200K variant, more than 936 person-years of follow-up, 18 deaths were observed, significantly fewer than 27.4 expected according to life tables based on retrospective data. The age-dependent penetrance of E200K calculated from these longitudinal data was significantly lower than that from retrospective data, with 69% penetrance by age 80 and a median age at death of 75. For the pathogenic D178N variant, the median age at death was 57, which was numerically later, but not significantly different from, that seen in retrospective data. For V210I, just 2 deaths occurred, both after age 90, consistent with minimal penetrance. DISCUSSION: Our data support high penetrance of PRNP D178N and E200K variants and low penetrance of V210I. For E200K, the age at onset distribution appears to be shifted slightly later, and lifetime risk slightly lower, than previously reported. Autopsy data and public death records in combination were sensitive and concordant for determining long-term outcomes, but additional prospective data should be gathered to support future preventive trials.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2025

Clinical and genetic variant re-analysis among pediatric probands undergoing genetic testing for arrhythmia syndromes.

BACKGROUND: Despite increases in genetic testing, longitudinal data regarding changes in diagnostic yield and variant reclassification for inherited arrhythmia syndromes are limited. OBJECTIVE: Determine longitudinal changes in diagnostic yield and variant classification. METHODS: Single-center retrospective study of probands <18 years undergoing genetic testing for suspected inherited cardiac conditions associated with arrhythmias, 2007 to 2018. Variants were classified as diagnostic (pathogenic/likely pathogenic), non-diagnostic (benign/likely benign [B/LB]), or variants of uncertain significance (VUS). Variant reclassification was performed in October 2023 using VarSome and American College of Medical Genetics criteria. We evaluated results by era (early 2007-2013 vs. later 2014-2018, coinciding with Sanger and next-generation sequencing, respectively) and by likelihood of disease based on clinical evaluation. RESULTS: Of 306 probands, initial testing was 23.2% diagnostic, 55.6% non-diagnostic (33.7% no variant, 21.9% B/LB), and 21.2% VUS. When comparing eras, diagnostic yield decreased (34.1%-15.3%), VUS increased (9.3%-29.9%), and non-diagnostic remained similar (55% to 57%). Variants for 22.7% (46/203) of probands with ≥1 variant changed: 9.9% of diagnostic variants (7/71) downgraded to VUS or non-diagnostic, and 60.0% of VUS changed (23.1% upgraded, 36.9% downgraded). B/LB variants did not change. Probands with higher disease likelihood had 6-times the odds of diagnostic results compared to lower disease likelihood, regardless of era (odds ratio 6.3, 95% confidence interval 3.2-12.4, P < .0001). CONCLUSION: Variant reclassification led to changes in 23% of probands, both downgrading and upgrading status, even among probands initially thought to be pathogenic. When comparing later to earlier eras, VUS variants increased while diagnostic yield decreased. Findings support the need for variant re-interpretation and periodic reclassification over time.

Humans↗

PubMed1975

Prediction of adult height from height, bone age, and occurrence of menarche, at ages 4 to 16 with allowance for midparent height.

Multiple regression equations for predicting the adult height of boys and girls from height and bone age at ages 4 and upwards are presented. There is a separate equation for each half year of chronological age; and for pre- and postmenarcheal girls at ages 11 to 14. These are based on longitudinal data from 116 boys and 95 girls of the Harpenden Growth Study and the London group of the International Children's Centre longitudinal study. The bone age used is the revised version of the Tanner-Whitehouse standards, omitting the score for carpal bones (RUS age, TW 2 system). Boys aged 4 to 12 are predicted in 95% of instances to within plus or minus 7 cm of true height, and at ages 13 and 14 to within plus or minus 6 cm. Girls ages 4 to 11 are predicted to within plus or minus 6 cm; premenarcheal girls aged 12 and 13 to within plus or minus 5 and plus or minus 4 cm, respectively; and postmenarcheal girls aged 12 and 13 to within plus or minus 4 and plus or minus 3 cm, respectively. Prediction can be somewhat imporved by allowing for midparent height. One-third of the amount that midparent height differs from mean midparent height is added or subtracted. An alternative system of equations which are based on initial classification by bone age rather than chronological age is given. These have about the same accuracy as the equations based on initial classification by chronological age, but allowance for bone age retardation is less. It is not clear which system is preferable. The equations probably apply to girls complaining of tall stature and boys or girls complaining of shortness and needing reassurance as to normality. In clearly pathological children, such as those with endocrinopathies, they do not apply.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1979

Aspects of phonological acquisition during articulation training.

Acquisition of correct /s/ over time was studied in five misarticulating children and compared to data reported for younger children during normal phonological development. Changes in production of /s/ as the children were learning to produce /s/ were examined in untrained syllables session by session. These longitudinal data were explored for patterns reported to occur in normal acquisition. It was found that the misarticulating children typically shifted their responses from correct to incorrect during the acquisition period; this may be attributed to competing rules operating during the early stages of acquisition similar to the rules proposed to be operating during morphological acquisition. The children varied in the time required to acquire correct production which is comparable to the variability reported in normal acquisition. Individual learning strategies were noted in the children's productions of consonant clusters which correspond to the proposed stages of development in normal phonological acquisition.

Articulation Disorders↗

PubMed2026

Beyond Morphology: Reframing Lymph-Node Metastasis Prediction Through Clonal Ecology-Decades-Long Genomic Instability and Polyclonal-to-Monoclonal Transitions as the Missing Dimension in Cancer.

Recent whole-genome, lineage-tracing, single-cell, and spatial studies have reshaped our understanding of tumor evolution, revealing that cancers can arise from polyclonal populations, undergo decades-long genomic instability before clinical detection, and progress through dynamic changes in subclonal composition, cellular state, and ecological organization. These findings challenge the assumption underlying morphology-based prediction models that metastatic risk can be inferred from static histological features alone. Here, we revisit lymph-node metastasis prediction in colorectal cancer through clonal ecology, integrating computational pathology with evolutionary oncology. Drawing on the subclonal switchboard model proposed in 2012 and subsequent artificial intelligence (AI)-enabled approaches for tracking dominant and dormant subclones, we synthesize evidence that metastatic potential reflects clonal ancestry, evolutionary timing, spatial niche architecture, cellular plasticity, intercellular interactions, dormancy, and treatment-driven shifts in subclonal fitness. We define five complementary methodological pillars for operationalizing clonal ecology: single-cell transcriptomics for resolving rare subclones, evolutionary trajectories, and adaptive cell states; lineage tracing and phylogenetics for reconstructing clonal ancestry and divergence; spatial transcriptomics and genomics for mapping subclonal geography and tumor-stromal-immune interactions; longitudinal liquid biopsy surveillance for monitoring residual disease, clonal turnover, and emerging resistance; and AI-enabled multimodal integration for connecting histopathology, genomics, spatial biology, and longitudinal data into predictive ecological-state models. Multiple-instance learning and pathology foundation models provide scalable computational foundations for evolution-aware prediction. Translationally, dormant subclones represent actionable reservoirs of recurrence. A longitudinal clinical and experimental study of KMT2A-rearranged acute myeloid leukemia further supports central predictions of the subclonal switchboard framework by demonstrating treatment-associated shifts in subclonal dominance, persistence of cryptic adaptive programs, and ecological rewiring during resistance and relapse. We propose clonal ecology as a measurable dimension for extending morphology-driven prediction toward integrative models that anticipate evolutionary transitions, identify therapeutic windows, and proactively constrain adaptive tumor ecosystems before resistant or metastatic subclones achieve clinical dominance.

Humans↗

PubMed1978

A computer program for multivariate ratio analysis (MISCAT).

Analysts must deal frequently with missing data in multivariate analysis. In such cases, estimating the covariance maxtrix V of the dependent variables usually involves initial estimation and iterative adjustment of imputed missing data values, and/or smoothing of an estimate V which is not necessarily positive semi-definite. This paper presents an alternative procedure for computing estimates of relevant multivariate parameters in situations where missing data occur at random and with small probability. MISCAT is a computer program which computes multivariate ratio estimates of the means and a corresponding positive semi-definite estimate of the covariance matrix. It is an extension of GENCAT, which is a program for the generalizaed least squares analysis of categorical data. Thus, one advantage of dealing with missing data in this manner is that variation among the ratio estimates may be conveniently analyzed within MISCAT using asymptotic regression methodology, provided that sample sizes are sufficiently large. An example is given to illustrate such analysis for longitudinal data from a multicenter clinical trial.

Computers↗

PubMed1978

Differences and changes in VO2 among young runners 10 to 18 years of age.

Twenty young males, all active in middle-distance running, were studied between January 1968 and May 1974 for the purpose of gathering longitudinal data regarding Vo2 during treadmil running. Vo2 submax (measured during the last 2 min of a 6-min run at 202 m/min) and Vo2 max values (measured during a 5-8 min increasing-speed run to exhaustion) were collected approximately every 6 months for 6 years. Different groups, starting at ages of 10, 12 and 13 years were followed for periods of 2 to 5 years continuously. In all longitudinal comparisons. Vo2 max (ml/min) changes peralleled changes in body weight; consequently, Vo2 max (ml/kg.min-1) did not show a significant change. In every group Vo2 submax (ml/kg.min-1) dropped significantly over time. All data were pooled by 1 yr age groups, providing cross-sectional data for active boys 10-18 yrs of age. Vo2 max ranged from 1933 ml/min for 10-yr olds to 4082 for 18-year olds. Concurrent changes in weight resulted in no significant differences in Vo2 max (ml/kg.min-1) from the overall mean of 61.5 Vo2 submax (ml/kg.min-1) was highest among 10-year olds (53.3) and lowest among 18-yr olds (42.5). Based on these longitudinal and cross sectional findings and significant improvements in times for 1- and 2-mile races, it was concluded that Vo2 max (ml/min) increases no faster than does body weight among moderately active growing boys and that both age and training contribute to a change in Vo2 submax; a factor which accounts greatly for improvements in middle-distance race performance.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1977

Medical specialty choice: replications and extensions.

A large longitudinal data base is used to provide information about 1) stability of specific specialty choice, 2) stability between specialty choice groupings, and 3) distributions and patterns of specialty choice.

Career Choice↗

PubMed1978

Early septal surgery in a chimpanzee animal model.

Early resection of the proximal one-third of the cartilagenous nasal septum was performed in a chimpanzee. Longitudinal data on facial growth was collected for fourteen months. Growth rates (from regression equations) were shown to be the same for operated and unoperated animals. Implications for cleft palate repair are discussed.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1978

The relationship between apartment living and fertility for blacks, Mexican-Americans, and other Americans in Racine, Wisconsin.

Recently published data from a sample of Bogotá, Colombia public housing residents show that apartment dwellers, but not house dwellers, reduced their fertility in a tight housing market. We propose that the utility-cost theory of fertility accounts for this finding, and, using this theory, we predict that (a) apartment residents will not decrease their fertility in an open housing market and (b) higher fertility will be associated with larger dwellings. Longitudinal data from a sample of Midwest urban blacks, Mexican-Americans, and other Americans support both predictions. The substantive implications are discussed.

Adult↗

PubMed2025

Prevalence and predictors of low bone mineral density in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease.

OBJECTIVES: Bone health is at risk in children with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). This study examined the prevalence and predictors of low bone mineral density (BMD) in a cohort of children and young adults with IBD. METHODS: This single-center retrospective study included patients with IBD, ages 3.5-22 years, with completed dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans from 2006 to 2019. Demographic, clinical, and laboratory data were collected. Logistic regression analysis identified predictors associated with low BMD (Z-scores ≤ -2 standard deviations [SDs]) for three outcomes. In an overlapping IBD cohort with available genetic data between 2002 and 2019 (n = 378), genetic risk for diminished bone health was calculated using published polygenic risk scores generated from genome-wide association studies based on DXA or heel ultrasound speed of sound (SOS). Linear regression analysis examined associations of low BMD and genetic risk. RESULTS: Low BMD prevalence was 7% in our cohort (n = 600) based on spine bone mineral apparent density (BMAD), which best accounts for growth delays. Median (interquartile range [IQR]) spine BMAD Z-score was -0.37 SD (-1.11 to 0.35). Predictors of low BMAD included lower BMI Z-score (odds ratio [OR]: 0.67, p value: 0.02) and decreased height Z-score (OR: 0.6, p value: 0.005). Of those with longitudinal data (n = 118), low BMI (OR: 0.44, p value: <0.001) and steroid use (OR: 3.42, p value: 0.01) were associated with suboptimal bone health (Z-scores ≤ -1SD). In the cohort with genetic data, heel genomic SOS (β [standard error] = 0.17 [0.35], p ≤ 0.01) was associated with BMD. CONCLUSIONS: Lower BMI should prompt DXA monitoring in pediatric IBD. Genetic predisposition may identify an at-risk subpopulation.

Humans↗

PubMed1979

Cognitive speed and subsequent intellectual development: a longitudinal investigation.

The hypothesis that a measure of intellectual speed assessed at one point in time would predict intellectual achievement at a later point in time was evaluated with a time-lagged cross-correlational analysis, an application of causal modeling techniques. Longitudinal data for 32 males and females, tested in 1944 (mean age 19.5 years) and in 1972 (mean age 46.7 years), supported the hypothesized relationships with an associated p less than .01. The Relations Factor of the Army Alpha Examination--consisting of scores from a highly speeded simple analogies test and a short-term memory test--administered at age 20 was highly predictive of both verbal and numerical ability in middle age. The results highlight the cognitive intellectual aspect of the speed of behavior. In addition, these findings supplement Hunt's studies of the relationships between speed of cognitive processing and psychometric abilities in young adults, and emphasize the importance of cognitive speed for subsequent intellectual development. Implications for the intellectual speed hypothesis of Birren and the utilization of time-lag designs in longitudinal research are discussed.

Adult↗

PubMed1978

Changing patterns in the humoral immune response to malaria before, during, and after the application of control measures: a longitudinal study in the West African savanna.

A longitudinal seroimmunological investigation of malaria was performed as part of the WHO research project conducted in the northern part of Nigeria from 1970 to 1975. The project included a preintervention phase, an intervention phase with application of malaria control measures (spraying of residual insecticide and mass drug administration), and a postintervention phase. Serological observations were made on the total population of eight villages consisting of approximately 3000 persons. Six immunological parameters were studied, namely, the serum levels of IgG and IgM, the number of bands of precipitation for Plasmodium falciparum in the double diffusion (Ouchterlony) test, the titres of antibodies for P. falciparum and P. malariae in the indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) test, and the titres of agglutinating antibodies for P. falciparum by the indirect (passive) haemagglutination (IHA) test. The serological results were used to evaluate the impact on the humoral immune response of different levels of parasitaemia resulting, in the unprotected population, from natural factors such as seasons and ageing and in the protected population, from human intervention through the application of control measures and their interruption. The linkage by computer processing of the longitudinal data allowed analysis of the relationship between the results of a serological test in the same person at different surveys, and analysis of correlation between serological results and the concurrent parasitological findings. The correlation between parasitaemia and the results of the different serological tests at the same survey in the same person were also examined and analysed in terms of sensitivity and specificity of the tests.

Adolescent↗