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PubMed1996

Mood-congruent versus mood-incongruent psychotic symptoms in first-admission patients with affective disorder.

The distribution of mood-congruent and mood-incongruent symptoms in 49 first-admission DSM-III-R psychotic bipolar and 35 psychotic depressed patients is presented. Most patients had mood-incongruent symptoms (77.4%). 73% of mood-incongruent bipolars and 32% of incongruent depressives had a combination of mood-congruent and mood-incongruent symptoms. Demographic and clinical variables were unrelated to incongruence. The only 24-month clinical outcome predicted by mood incongruence was poorer GAF rating. 15 of the 16 patients whose diagnosis was changed at follow-up from affective to nonaffective psychosis had mood-incongruent features initially. The findings raise questions about the general prognostic utility of mood congruence.

Adult↗

PubMed1993

Ironic processes in the mental control of mood and mood-related thought.

The mental control of mood and mood-related thought was investigated. In Experiment 1, Ss reminiscing about a happy or sad event were asked to make their mood positive, were given no instructions, or were asked to make their mood negative. Ss attempting mood control without an imposed cognitive load were successful, whereas those who attempted control while rehearsing a 9-digit number not only failed to control their moods but also showed self-reported mood change opposite the mood they intended to create. In Experiment 2, Ss attempting to control mood-related thoughts under cognitive load showed increased accessibility of those thoughts contrary to the direction of intended control in a Stroop-type color-naming task.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1995

Personality moderators of mood congruency effects on cognition: the role of self-esteem and negative mood regulation.

The authors report 3 experiments on negative mood regulation in which whether mood-congruency or mood-incongruency effects of negative mood on cognition were observed was dependent on an individual's self-esteem (SE). We found that most of our 224 participants tended toward mood-congruent recall under control conditions in which mood was relatively neutral. However, when a negative emotional state was induced, participants low in SE exhibited mood-congruent recall, but high-SE participants did not. In fact, the more negative high-SE participants felt, the more positive were their cognitions (mood-incongruent recall). This pattern was replicated in 3 experiments that included variations in the negative mood inductions and the type of information that was generated or retrieved. Our results suggest a strong link between SE and the regulation of negative emotional states.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1997

Mood-state-dependent retrieval: the effects of induced mood on memory reconsidered.

Analysis of studies investigating mood-state-dependent retrieval identifies methodological problems that may have contributed to the controversy surrounding the reliability of the effect-in particular, the possible confounding of encoding and retrieval in previous studies. Five experiments are reported investigating the effects of mood on learning and recall. Mood-state-dependent retrieval was observed in Experiment 1a (using Velten's Mood Induction Procedure); Experiment 1b (using a music MIP); and Experiment lc (using Velten's MIP at encoding and a music MIP at retrieval). Subjects who learned and recalled in different moods had significantly greater decrements in recall than did subjects in the same moods. Experiments 2 and 3 investigated the effect of observable retrieval cues on mood-state-dependent retrieval. In Experiment 2, the presence of observable retrieval cues at recall overrode state-dependent retrieval. In Experiment 3, by manipulating the presence or absence of observable cues at recall, both the occurrence and the erasure of the mood-state dependency was demonstrated. Mood state during learning and cued recall was also shown to affect performance in a third session under conditions of free recall.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2003

[Infant moods and the chronicity of depressive symptoms: the co-creation of unique ways of being together for good or ill. Paper 1: The normal process of development and the formation of moods].

The ontogenesis of moods and the process that establishes them is addressed. Moods arise out of normal developmental processes at both a macro- and micro-developmental level. Moods are part of normal development as well as a component of pathological processes and they are a ubiquitous presence that gives meaning to experience in infant and adult during daily life and therapy. In this first part of a two-part paper I will address the normal development of moods; in the second part I will to address issues related to psychopathology and therapy, especially depression and the intergenerational transfer of mood. I argue that moods are dyadic phenomena--something that develops out of the chronic co-creative interactions of two individuals--rather than solely being an intrapsychic process. I will also argue, especially when one considers the development of moods in infants, that moods make sense of the world as components of states of consciousness that give unique meaning to the individual's engagement with the world and further that moods function to bring the past into the present.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Relationship of mood disturbance to cigarette smoking status among 252 patients with a current mood disorder.

BACKGROUND: The relationship between cigarette smoking and mood has received increasing attention. This retrospective study evaluated the relationship between mood disturbance and cigarette smoking status among patients with a current mood disorder. The association between level of nicotine dependence and severity of mood disturbance was also evaluated among current smokers. METHOD: Retrospective data for 252 patients (63.5% male, 85.0% white) admitted for treatment of a mood disorder at the San Diego Veteran Affairs Mental Health Clinical Research Center between November 1988 and June 1997 were studied. All current cigarette smokers at admission (N = 126) were matched with nonsmokers (N = 126) on the primary DSM-IV Axis I mood disorder diagnosis, admission status (inpatient or outpatient), gender, age (+/- 5 years), and ethnicity. The Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D), the Beck Depression Inventory, and the Profile of Mood States (POMS) were administered to patients on admission. Conditional logistic regression analysis for matched sets with a backward elimination was used to identify factors independently predictive of current smoking status. RESULTS: A greater number of cups of coffee consumed per day (p = .002), a history of alcoholism (p = .004), and higher POMS fatigue subscale scores (p = .007) were predictive of current smoking status. Among current smokers, the HAM-D terminal insomnia item was positively associated with mean number of cigarettes smoked per day (p = .012). CONCLUSION: Cigarette smoking should be addressed in the treatment of patients with a current mood disorder. Smokers experience greater levels of fatigue than nonsmokers. In addition, higher cigarette consumption levels are associated with mild-to-severe symptoms of terminal insomnia.

Adult↗

PubMed1984

Mood-incongruent versus mood-congruent psychosis: differential antipsychotic response to lithium therapy.

The authors previously reported that a subgroup of schizophrenic-like patients respond favorably to lithium (Li) therapy, as do patients with a classical manic illness. In the present study, the time course of psychotic and affective symptom remission after Li therapy was examined in these two groups of patients. Li responsive patients with a mood-incongruent psychosis (schizophrenic-like illness) demonstrated a rapid antipsychotic response to Li therapy, showing a 50% improvement during the first 7 days, while no improvement in affective symptoms was seen until week 2 or 3 of treatment. Alternatively, patients with a mood-congruent psychosis (where mania is the primary diagnosis) demonstrated no antipsychotic response to Li therapy during the first 2 weeks of treatment, while some improvement in manic symptoms occurred during treatment week 2. The present study demonstrates that Li therapy differentially affects psychotic symptoms in mood-incongruent as opposed to mood-congruent psychosis. Further, the growth hormone (GH) response to apomorphine administration differentiated these two groups of Li responsive patients. Patients with a Li responsive mood-incongruent psychosis demonstrated over a seven-fold greater GH response than mood-congruent psychotic patients. The present data suggest that mood-incongruent and mood-congruent psychoses may represent two biologically distinct psychotic processes separable by both medication response and central dopamine function.

Apomorphine↗

PubMed1993

Self-esteem, mood, and self-evaluation: changes in mood and the way you see you.

Three studies found that self-esteem moderates the relation between mood and self-evaluation. In Study 1, a standard mood-induction procedure was used to induce positive, negative, or neutral moods in low self-esteem (LSE) Ss and high self-esteem Ss. Afterward, Ss evaluated their specific qualities and characteristics (e.g., How smart are you? How kind are you?). Both self-esteem groups evaluated themselves favorably in a positive mood, but LSE Ss were more apt to lower their self-evaluations in a negative mood. Study 2 found a similar, though weaker pattern using a noncognitive, musical mood induction; Study 3 found that these effects occur with variations in naturally occurring mood over a 6-week period. The authors suggest that the tendency for LSE people to respond to negative moods with self-depreciation contributes to psychological distress.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1999

Dimensions of mood in mood-dependent memory.

In this investigation of the roles of 2 different dimensions of mood (pleasantness and arousal) in mood-dependent memory (MDM), participants generated words while listening to a selection of independently rated mood music (normative study and Experiment 5). Then they recalled the words while listening to another mood-music selection (Experiments 1-3) or to a verbal-mood scenario (Experiment 4). Changing only the dimension of mood pleasantness from generation to recall decreased memory whether the intended moods were explicitly defined or not. However, changing only arousal decreased memory only when moods were defined. Thus, pleasantness-dependent memory, but not arousal-dependent memory, occurred consistently. Although MDM also occurred with simultaneous changes in both dimensions, the effect was not significantly greater than that of pleasantness-dependent memory. The results are discussed in terms of 2-dimensional theories of emotion as applied to memory.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Catching moods and hitting runs: mood linkage and subjective performance in professional sport teams.

Are the moods and subjective performances of professional sports players associated with the ongoing collective moods of their teammates? Players from 2 professional cricket teams used pocket computers to provide ratings of their moods and performances 3 times a day for 4 days during a competitive match between the teams. Pooled time-series analysis showed significant associations between the average of teammates' happy moods and the players' own moods and subjective performances; the associations were independent of hassles and favorable standing in the match. Mood linkage was greater when players were happier and engaged in collective activity. An intraperson analysis of data from these teams and 2 other teams showed that mood linkage was also greater for players who were older, more committed to the team, and more susceptible to emotional contagion. The results support and extend previous findings concerning mood linkage.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

The contagious leader: impact of the leader's mood on the mood of group members, group affective tone, and group processes.

The present study examined the effects of leaders' mood on (a) the mood of individual group members, (b) the affective tone of groups, and (c) 3 group processes: coordination, effort expenditure, and task strategy. On the basis of a mood contagion model, the authors found that when leaders were in a positive mood, in comparison to a negative mood, (a) individual group members experienced more positive and less negative mood, and (b) groups had a more positive and a less negative affective tone. The authors also found that groups with leaders in a positive mood exhibited more coordination and expended less effort than did groups with leaders in a negative mood. Applied implications of the results are discussed.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Informational mood impact on effort-related cardiovascular response: the diagnostic value of mood counts.

Drawing on the mood-behavior model (G. H. E. Gendolla, 2000), 2 experiments examined moods' informational impact on effort-related cardiovascular response. After being induced into positive versus negative moods, participants performed a memory task (Experiment 1) or a letter-cancellation task (Experiment 2). Half the participants received a cue that their mood could have been manipulated. As expected, both studies found stronger reactivity of systolic blood pressure in a negative mood than in a positive mood when no cue was provided. This effect diminished in the cue conditions. Additionally, achievement corresponded to systolic blood pressure reactivity (Experiment 1), the cue manipulation had no effect on mood, and mood had a congruency effect on subjective task difficulty in the no-cue conditions (Experiment 2).

Adult↗

PubMed1989

Mood state-dependent retention using identical or non-identical mood inductions at learning and recall.

The most directly relevant evidence in favour of mood state-dependent retention (SDR) has confounded matching of mood at learning and recall with matching of mood-induction procedure. In this study 157 college students participated in a two (same vs. different mood at learning and free recall of neutral words) by two (same vs. different type of mood induction at learning and recall) experiment. Recall did not significantly differ among the groups. Use of neutral material might have precluded finding effects of mood on memory, but neutral material is optimal for separating mood SDR from mood-congruent retrieval.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

The influence of mood on the search for supporting versus conflicting information: dissonance reduction as a means of mood regulation?

Focusing on similarities between the mood regulation approach and dissonance theory, this article addresses the interplay between dissonance and mood by examining how individuals search for information after making a decision while under the influence of positive versus negative mood. Study 1 suggested that negative mood increased the preference for consonant over dissonant information after decisions, whereas positive mood led to a more balanced information search. In Study 2, participants in negative mood rated consonant information as more pleasant and dissonant information as more annoying than participants in positive mood. In addition, the results suggested that mood regulation processes took place. In Study 3, the findings from Study 1 were replicated with a paradigm in which higher stakes were involved.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2007

Glia mechanisms in mood regulation: a novel model of mood disorders.

INTRODUCTION: Recent evidence in clinical and preclinical studies has implicated glutamate neurotransmissions in pathophysiology of mood disorders. The regulation of amino acid neurotransmission, i.e., glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) involves coordinated mechanisms of uptake and transport within a tripartite synaptic system that includes neurons and glia. Newly appreciated role of the glia, more specifically astrocytes on neuronal functions combined with reported postmortem abnormalities of glia in patients with mood disorders further supports the role of glia in mood disorders. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This report presents some of our preliminary results utilizing glia-selective toxins and other pharmacological tools to suppress glial function within the limbic system to study the resulting behavioral abnormalities, and thus, elucidate glial involvement in the development of mood disorders. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: We demonstrate that chronic blockade of glutamate uptake by a glial/neuronal transporter antagonist L-trans-pyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid (PDC) within the amygdala, a key area implicated in mood regulation, results in dose-dependent reduction in social exploratory behavior and disrupts circadian activity patterns consistent with symptoms of mood disorders. Similarly, the selective astrocytic glutamate transporter type 1 (GLT-1) blocker dihydrokainic acid (DHK) injected into the amygdala also results in reduced social interaction that is blocked by selective glutamate N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) type receptor antagonist AP5. The results are discussed in the context of glial and glutamate mechanisms in mood disorders and potential therapeutic avenues to address these mechanisms.

Affect↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Rehospitalization rates of patients with bipolar disorder discharged on a mood stabilizer versus a mood stabilizer plus an atypical or typical antipsychotic.

One-year rehospitalization rates of patients with bipolar disorder discharged on a mood stabilizer alone, a mood stabilizer plus a typical antipsychotic, or a mood stabilizer plus an atypical antipsychotic were examined. Time to rehospitalization was measured by using the product-limit (Kaplan-Meier) formula. Twenty-three percent of patients on a mood stabilizer alone, 27% of patients on a mood stabilizer plus a typical antipsychotic, and 25% of patients on a mood stabilizer plus an atypical antipsychotic were rehospitalized within 1 year of discharge. There were no significant differences in rehospitalization rate or time to rehospitalization between groups. One-year rehospitalization rates for patients on a mood stabilizer plus olanzapine or risperidone were 25%. The number of previous psychiatric hospitalizations contributed to the risk of readmission. Risk factors and medication costs should be considered when designing the optimal treatment plan for an individual patient. Long-term prospective studies are needed to better delineate the effectiveness of different pharmacotherapeutic regimens on the long-term treatment outcomes in patients with bipolar disorder.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Inter-episode mood lability in mood disorders: residual symptom or natural course of illness?

Residual depressive symptoms are common in mood disorders. Inter-episode mood lability (IML; i.e. frequent ups and downs of mood) is understudied as a possible residual symptom. The study aim was to find the frequency of IML, and to find if it was more likely to be a residual symptom or if it was instead part of the natural course of mood disorders. Consecutive 89 bipolar-II (BP-II) and 89 major depressive disorder (MDD) outpatients who were not on psychoactive drugs, were interviewed by the Structured Clinical Interview for the 4th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders as modified by Benazzi and Akiskal. Kraepelin's basic definition of IML (i.e. frequent up and down fluctuations of mood between episodes) was followed. IML was present in 48.3% of the patients, significantly more common in BP-II than in MDD (62.9% vs. 33.7%, P= 0.000). The sample of BP-II and MDD plus IML, versus the sample BP-II and MDD without IML, had significantly more BP-II, lower age at onset, longer illness duration, more depressive recurrences, more depressions with atypical features, more depressive mixed states, and more family history of mood disorders. Logistic regression of IML versus recurrences, controlled for duration of illness, found odds ratio = 1.8, z= 1.6, P= 0.103. Forward stepwise multiple logistic regression of IML versus the variables found significant in the univariate analysis, showed that only BP-II (P = 0.002) and duration of illness (P = 0.015) were significant predictors of IML. IML was common in mood disorder outpatients. Its association with BP-II (an unstable disorder by definition) and duration of illness (but not with recurrences when controlled for illness duration), suggest that IML may be more likely to be part of the natural course of illness than the result of kindling induced by recurrences. Its association with depressive mixed state (a depression reported to be more difficult to treat) and the possibility that it may induce/facilitate recurrences (to be shown by prospective studies), support the need to better study IML for its possible important impact on treatment.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Anxiety disorders comorbidity in mood disorder subgroups: data from a mood disorders clinic.

BACKGROUND: Previous research has identified a high rate of anxiety disorders comorbidity in patients with a primary mood disorder diagnosis. Discrepancies between studies in the comorbidity prevalence of specific anxiety disorders in mood disorders, and of anxiety disorders comorbidity between unipolar depression and bipolar mood disorder are in part due to differences in sampling and diagnostic assessment methodology. METHOD: The authors reviewed the charts of 138 patients who received the SCID-P for DSM-III on enrollment in a Mood Disorders Clinic during the period 1982 through 1988. The comorbidity of specific DSM-III Anxiety Disorders with specific mood disorders was determined and comparatively examined using non-parametric statistics. RESULTS: There was high overall comorbidity of anxiety disorders that did not differ between bipolar and unipolar subjects. There were no differences in the comorbidity of individual anxiety disorder diagnoses in the unipolar vs. bipolar groups. However, in unipolar patients with, compared to those without an additional diagnosis of dysthymia, there was greater overall anxiety disorders comorbidity, with a particularly high prevalence of generalized anxiety disorder. LIMITATION: The subgroup of patients with bipolar I disorder was relatively small (N=8). CONCLUSION: Mood and anxiety disorders comorbidity is complex and presents a continuing challenge for both clinicians and researchers.

Adult↗