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PubMed1995

Serological comparison of type Asia 1 foot and mouth disease virus isolates from Thailand.

Antigenic variation of type Asia 1 foot and mouth disease (FMD) virus in Thailand was examined using a total of 50 field viruses isolated between 1986 and 1992. A two-dimensional serum neutralisation test was used to calculate r values for comparison of these isolates with a reference vaccine strain, Asia 1 Bangkok 1960 (BKK/60). Viruses were also compared to two field isolates, Asia 1 36-2/88 and Asia 1 45/88, and some were compared to another vaccine strain, Asia 1 Nakhon Pathom 1984 (NPT/84). In 80% of cases, field isolates were deemed to be significantly different from the vaccine virus Asia 1 BKK/60, and the distribution of r values indicated that there would be some advantage in selecting a new vaccine strain more closely related to contemporary field strains.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Classification and characterization of lactic acid bacteria isolated from the intestines of common carp and freshwater prawns.

Fifty-four isolates of lactic acid bacteria were obtained from the intestines of the common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and freshwater prawns (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) in Nakorn-Pathom Province, Thailand. All isolates were Gram-positive and catalase-negative cocci that did not produce gas from glucose and formed dl or L(+) lactic acid only. Most isolates were able to grow in broth at pH 9.6, in 6.5% NaCl (w/v) and 40% (w/v) bile. These isolates were divided into six groups (A-F) by sugar fermentation patterns. Strains in the groups A, B, C, and D showed intergroup DNA homology values of above 73.8%, indicating that these groups were composed of a single species. Following phylogenetic analysis, strains E 1, E 7, and E 26 from groups A, E, and F were placed in the clusters of the genera Lactococcus, Pediococcus, and Enterococcus, respectively. The type strains of Lactococcus garvieae, Pediococcus acidilactici, and Enterococcus faecium were the most closely related species with E 1, E 7, and E 26 in the phylogenetic tree, respectively. The DNA-DNA hybridization results indicated that strains in groups A (including groups B, C, and D), E, and F could be identified as belonging to the species Lactococcus garvieae, Pediococcus acidilactici, and Enterococcus faecium, respectively. Lactococcus garvieae was the dominant member of the population, accounting for 90.7% of the isolates.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2026

Multimodal artificial intelligence and machine learning in oncology: from data integration to precision cancer care.

Cancer remains a major global health burden, with approximately 20 million new cases and 9.7 million cancer-related deaths reported globally in 2022. While advances in radiological imaging, molecular profiling, and clinical data have enhanced the interpretation of disease progression, the availability of multiple such modalities still does not meet the needs of a large patient population. This narrative review focuses on the role of multimodal artificial intelligence and machine learning in bridging the gap in interpreting heterogeneous modalities to improve risk prediction, prognostic assessment, and treatment decision-making in precision oncology. Multimodal frameworks such as Pathomic Fusion illustrate how complementary histopathological and genomic information can be integrated for cancer diagnosis and prognostic modeling. Multimodal models have demonstrated potential in virtual biopsy, cancer screening, prognostic prediction, radiotherapy planning, intraoperative guidance, and clinical-trial design using digital twins and synthetic control arms. The major limitations of incorporating multimodal artificial intelligence and machine learning in oncology include data heterogeneity, demographic or institutional biases, and reproducibility challenges that hinder translation. Accordingly, appropriate data-governance strategies, fairness audits, and privacy-preserving approaches such as federated learning should be considered where appropriate. Future progress will depend on the development of standardized benchmarking datasets, robust external validation, seamless integration with electronic health records and picture archiving and communication systems, and the implementation of explainable, secure, and clinically validated multimodal artificial intelligence frameworks that support precision oncology in routine clinical practice.

deep learning↗
PubMed2006

Trichinosis: epidemiology in Thailand.

Trichinosis is one of the most common food-borne parasitic zoonoses in Thailand and many outbreaks are reported each year. This paper reviews the history, species, and epidemiology of the disease and food habits of the people with an emphasis on the north, northeast, central and south regions of Thailand. The earliest record of trichinosis in Thailand was in 1962 in the Mae Sariang District, Mae Hong Son Province. Since then, about 130 outbreaks have been reported involving 7392 patients and 97 deaths (1962-2005). The highest number of cases, 557, was recorded in 1983. The annual epidemiological surveillance reports of the Bureau of Epidemiology, Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Public Health, Thailand, show that trichinosis cases increased from 61 in 1997 to 351 in 1998. In contrast to these figures, the number of reported cases decreased to 16 in 1999 and 128 cases in 2000. There was no record of trichinosis in 2001, but then the figures for 2002, 2003 and 2004 were 289, 126 and 212 respectively. The infected patients were mostly in the 35-44 years age group and the disease occurred more frequently in men than women at a ratio of 1.7-2.0:1. There were 84 reported cases of trichinosis in Chiang Rai, Nan, Chiang Mai, Si Sa ket, Nakhon Phanom, Kalasin, Nakhon Ratchasima, Nakhon Nayok, Nakhon Pathom and Surat Thani, provinces located in different parts of Thailand in 2005. The outbreaks were more common in the northern areas, especially in rural areas where people ate raw or under-cooked pork and/or wild animals. This indicates the need for health education programs to prevent and control trichinosis as soon as possible in the high-risk areas.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis in Thailand: report of a case and review literatures.

Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM) which is caused by free-living amoeba, Naegleria fowleri, is a rare disease. We report the fifth case in Thailand in order to add more information. The patient was a previously healthy 4 1/2-year-old girl from Nakhon Pathom province. For several weeks before this illness she had swum in a water supply canal. She developed high fever with change in consciousness. Her cerebrospinal fluid contained numerous Naegleria fowleri which grew in culture media and mice inoculation. She did not respond to treatment with intravenous and intraventricular amphotericin B, and oral rifampicin. She died on the fifth day of illness. Water sample from the canal also grew N. fowleri. All five reported cases in Thailand were reviewed. It was found that none of them had been exposed to a common source. Four of the five cases were male, and four cases occurred during the summer months, March to May. These findings agree with worldwide information.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Oral vaccine against cholera prepared from Vibrio cholerae antigen(s).

Albino rats aged 7-8 weeks old purchased from the National Laboratory Animal Centre, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom, were found to be a good animal model for the study on immunogenicity of V. cholerae antigens. Seventy-two rats were fasted for 15 hours before feeding each one with 1 ml of 5% NaHCO3 to reduce gastric acidity prior to immunization. They were divided into 9 groups of 8 rats and immunized orally with 2 ml, each, of the V. cholerae antigens dissolved or suspended in Cassamino acid as follows: group 1 (control): Cassamino acid (Ca) alone; group 2 (control): 2.5% formalinized sheep red blood cells (F-SRBC); group 3: 1,000 micrograms of lipopolysaccharide (LPS); group 4: 100 micrograms of procholeragenoid (P); group 5: 80 haemagglutinating units of cell-bound haemagglutinin (CHA) adsorbed onto the surface of F-SRBC (CH-SRBC); group 6: 500 micrograms of LPS + 50 micrograms of P; group 7: CH-SRBC + 50 micrograms of P; group 8: combined vaccine formula 1 consisted of 500 micrograms of LPS, CH-SRBC and 50 micrograms of P and group 9: combined vaccine formula 2 consisted of 1,000 micrograms of LPS, CH-SRBC and 100 micrograms of P. The immunization was repeated once more 14 days later. Five days, thereafter, the rats were killed and their jejuni were removed for cryostat sectioning. Antibody producing cells against LPS (anti-LPS cells), P (anti-CT cells) and CHA (anti-CHA cells) in the intestinal lamina propria were enumerated by double antibody sandwich method of immunofluorescence using pure LPS, cholera toxin (CT) and pure CHA as the antigens in the assay, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1982

Epidemic leg ulcers in Thailand.

In 1981, two outbreaks of chronic leg ulcers occurred in central Thailand and affected thousands of persons. The lesions were characterized by granulomatous bases with erythematous edges and purulent slough. They were about 1 cm in diameter with irregular shapes. The ulcers lasted two weeks to one month. Ninety percent of the lesions were found on the lower extremities. The outbreak in Nakorn Pathom province occurred in fruit yards. Most of patients were gardeners and students. The outbreak in Ratchaburi province occurred on a sugar cane plantation. The age group of 5-19 years had the highest attack rate in all areas, and there was no significant difference between the attack rates in males and females. The peak incidence occurred in the rainy season with an abrupt decrease at the onset of the dry season. It is hypothesized that trauma precedes the occurrence of the leg ulcer and that a small fly may be a mechanical vector of the causative organism. The organism may be corynebacterium pyogenes, which is a pathogen of certain livestocks and is found in soil. Further studies are planned.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Diversity of actinomycetes isolated from Challenger Deep sediment (10,898 m) from the Mariana Trench.

Thirty-eight actinomycetes were isolated from sediment collected from the Mariana Trench (10,898 m) using marine agar and media selective for actinomycetes, notably raffinose-histidine agar. The isolates were assigned to the class Actinobacteria using primers specific for members of this taxon. The phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing showed that the isolates belonged to the genera Dermacoccus, Kocuria, Micromonospora, Streptomyces, Tsukamurella and Williamsia. All of the isolates were screened for genes encoding nonribosomal peptide and polyketide synthetases. Nonribosomal peptide synthetase sequences were detected in more than half of the isolates and polyketide synthases type I (PKS-I) were identified in five out of 38 strains. The Streptomyces isolates produced several unusual secondary metabolites, including a PKS-I associated product. In initial testing for piezotolerance, the Dermacoccus strain MT1.1 grew at elevated hydrostatic pressures.

Actinobacteria↗
PubMed2006

Similarity of the allele frequency and linkage disequilibrium pattern of single nucleotide polymorphisms in drug-related gene loci between Thai and northern East Asian populations: implications for tagging SNP selection in Thais.

The similarity of the marker allele frequency and linkage disequilibrium structure between two populations are major factors for the determination of the transferability and efficiency of haplotype tagging SNP derived from one population to use for an indirect association study in another population. To prove the similarity between northern East Asian populations in Hapmap and Thais, 861 SNP in 166 drug-related genes shared between Thais, Han Chinese and Japanese were analyzed for their correlation statistics. Allele frequency, Fst statistics and linkage disequilibrium statistics (r (2)) showed a high correlation between these populations. TagSNP sets derived by an aggressive tagging algorithm from these 861 SNP in Japanese and Chinese were used to test the coverage of East Asia-derived tagSNP in Thais. TagSNP derived from Japanese and Chinese are comparable in the percentage of coverage of the alleles captured with tagSNP at r (2)>or=0.8 (93% vs. 93%) in these drug-related gene loci. Additional tagSNP sets derived from the combination of Japanese- and Chinese-derived tagging SNP sets were used to test the coverage in Thais. The later set improved the percentage of coverage of alleles captured with tagSNP at r (2)>or=0.8-98% for these sites. High similarity between Thais and northern East Asian allele frequency and linkage disequilibrium statistics supported that tagSNPs derived from the northern East Asian population should be useful for an indirect association study in Thais. The combination of non-overlapping Japanese derived tagSNP and Chinese-derived tagSNP improved the percentage of genomic coverage in Thais, at least in these drug-related gene loci.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2005

Diversity of cultivable actinobacteria in geographically widespread marine sediments.

Reports describing actinobacteria isolated from marine environments have been dominated by Micromonospora, Rhodococcus and Streptomyces species. Recent culture-independent studies have shown that marine environments contain a high diversity of actinobacterial species that are rarely, if at all, recovered by cultivation-based methods. In this study, it is shown that cultivation-independent methods can be used to guide the application of selective isolation methods. The detection of marine-derived actinobacterial species that have previously only been reported from terrestrial habitats is highlighted. This study provides good evidence that the previously described low diversity of actinobacterial species isolated from marine environments does not reflect an actual low species diversity, and that the use of informed selective isolation procedures can aid in the isolation of members of novel taxa.

Actinobacteria↗
PubMed2004

Analysis of specific IgM responses in secondary dengue virus infections: levels and positive rates in comparison with primary infections.

BACKGROUND: Dengue viruses are a serious cause of illness in tropical and subtropical areas of the world. Laboratory diagnosis is essential for confirmation of dengue virus infections. Detection of specific IgM by IgM-capture enzymed-linked immunoassay (ELISA) has been widely used as a main serological diagnostic technique. OBJECTIVES: The levels of specific IgM in secondary dengue virus infections were compared with those in primary infections. STUDY DESIGN: A total of 1780 samples collected from 924 confirmed dengue cases were tested for anti-dengue IgM by IgM-capture ELISA. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Specific IgM was detected in all the cases with primary dengue virus infection on disease day 9 or later. However, specific IgM cannot be detected in 28% (204/716) of the cases in secondary infections. The average titers of IgM were higher in primary infections than in secondary infections. The results confirmed that IgM detection is a reliable serological diagnostic test in primary dengue virus infections. Although IgM detection is also a useful test, other serological diagnostic tests or tests for dengue virus detection are necessary for confirmation of all the secondary dengue virus infections.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2004

Determination of HIV type 1 CRF01_AE gag p17 and env-V3 consensus sequences for HIV/AIDS vaccine design.

A molecular epidemiological study of the gag p17 and env-V3 regions on HIV-infected drug users and blood donors was carried out in northern Thailand from 1998 through 2002 to determine the predominant subtype and consensus sequence (CS) for circulating HIV-1 strains. CRF01_AE was concluded to be a predominant strain and the nucleotide CSs in gag p17 and env-V3 showed only 1.26% and no difference from CS in the Los Alamos database, respectively. Our env-V3 CS was identical to the previously published CSs, suggesting that the CS was very conserved from 1990 through 2002 in Thailand. Gag p17 and env-V3 nucleotide sequences of seroconvertors in our subjects were quite similar to the CS and conserved for at least 9 and 6 years postinfection, respectively. These results suggest that the CS approach to the HIV-1 antigen design could overcome HIV diversity and help us develop an effective HIV/AIDS vaccine.

AIDS Vaccines↗
PubMed2005

Heterosexual transmission of novel CRF01_AE and subtype B recombinant forms of HIV type 1 in northern Thailand.

The increased proportion of CRFO1_AE/subtype B recombinant infections among injecting drug users raised a concern that such recombinant forms may also spread in a heterosexual population in Thailand. Using the BootScan method, we reanalyzed pol gene sequences among 114 heterosexually infected individuals in northern Thailand, who were tested for a drug-resistance genotype between July 2000 and July 2001. Two individuals were suspected of carrying a recombinant HIV-1. Thus we analyzed a nearly full-length HIV genome in the two individuals and their spouses. An identical recombinant form of CRF01_AE and subtype B was found in one couple, indicating that this recombinant virus was heterosexually transmitted. Interestingly, this recombinant form had multiple breakpoints in the core protein of Gag and both infected individuals had a high CD4+ cell count without antiretroviral therapy. CRFO1/subtype B recombinant forms exist in a heterosexual population in northern Thailand. Some recombinant virus may be associated with a slow rate of HIV disease progression.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2002

A statistical method for the estimation of window-period risk of transfusion-transmitted HIV in donor screening under non-steady state.

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) can be transmitted by transfusion of blood even if the blood unit is test-negative for HIV. This is largely due to a time period following an infection, called the window period, during which antibodies against HIV are not detectable. Window-period risk refers to the probability for a test-negative blood unit to be infectious because of its donation during the window period. Estimation of window-period risk is important in public health for evaluating the safety of donated blood. The standard method for this estimation problem has been based on so-called incidence/window-period (IWP) models in which blood-donation and HIV-infection processes are assumed to be stochastically stationary and independent. Here we propose a new approach in which we relax this key assumption of the IWP models. We estimate window-period risk for each unit of donated blood using a given distribution of window-period risk. The proposed method utilizes the actual observed donation intervals including those of seroconversions, thereby relaxing the assumption that may not be met in practice. Bootstrap is used to compute confidence intervals without specifying the complex dynamics of the donation and infection processes. A simulation study illustrates the usefulness of the proposed method over the IWP method in scenarios where the IWP assumptions do not hold. A real application of the proposed method is presented using blood bank data from a province of northern Thailand. Advantages and limitations of the proposed method are discussed and compared with the IWP models.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2003

Survival benefit from non-highly active antiretroviral therapy in a resource-constrained setting.

Mortality rates among HIV-1-infected patients attending a government hospital in northern Thailand were investigated to evaluate the effect of antiretroviral (ARV) drug therapy on mortality. Demographic, clinical, and laboratory data and history of ARV drug therapy were collected from all HIV-1-infected adult patients who attended the Day Care Center clinic from October 2, 1995 through October 31, 1999. The survival status of patients until October 31, 1999 was ascertained from the hospital records, mailing letters, and death certificates at the Provincial Health Office. Of 1110 patients who attended the clinic, we had data on duration of follow-up for 1081 (97%) with a total of 1175 person-years of observation; 607 (54.7%) patients died. Clinical status, CD4 group, ARV drug group, and registered year were independently associated with death. The adjusted hazard ratio of monotherapy to no therapy was 0.65 (95% CI: 0.48, 0.87; p = .001) and that of dual therapy was 0.43 (95% CI: 0.29, 0.62; p < .001). The mortality rate of patients attending a government hospital in northern Thailand is high. Suboptimum ARV drug regimens like dual therapy had a substantial survival benefit. Further cost reduction for multiple ARV drug regimens is impatiently awaited.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

HIV prevalence and risks among injection and noninjection drug users in northern Thailand: need for comprehensive HIV prevention programs.

The authors sought to determine sociodemographic and sexual and drug use risk factors for HIV infection among drug users in northern Thailand adjacent to the Golden Triangle. The authors enrolled patients admitted for inpatient drug detoxification at one treatment center in northern Thailand and studied HIV risks and prevalence using an interviewer-administered questionnaire and serum collection with HIV pretest and posttest counseling. Between February 1, 1999 and January 31, 2000, 1865 patients admitted for opiate and methamphetamine dependence completed study procedures. Overall HIV prevalence was 10.3%: 30.0% among 513 injection drug users (IDUs) and 2.8% among non-IDUs (OR = 14.8, 95% CI: 10.2, 21.6). HIV seroprevalence was 2.4% among exclusive methamphetamine users (98% of whom are non-IDUs) and 3.4% among opium smokers. Injection drug use was the dominant risk factor in multivariate models. Although Thailand is widely recognized as having a successful national response to the heterosexual HIV epidemic, seroprevalence in IDUs remains high. Despite a sharp increase of non-IDUs admitted to the drug treatment center, HIV infection and risks remained high among IDUs in northern Thailand. HIV prevention campaigns need to focus on IDUs and to implement harm reduction strategies to reduce transmission to IDUs and further contain the HIV epidemic in Thailand.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Study of antiretroviral drug-resistant HIV-1 genotypes in northern Thailand: role of mutagenically separated polymerase chain reaction as a tool for monitoring zidovudine-resistant HIV-1 in resource-limited settings.

As the number of HIV-1-infected individuals receiving antiretroviral drugs has been rapidly increasing in developing countries, there is an urgent need for drug resistance genotype information of non-B subtype HIV-1 and for the establishment of a practical system of monitoring drug-resistant viruses. This study first sequenced the reverse transcriptase region of HIV-1 in 112 infected individuals who had been treated with zidovudine (AZT)/didanosine or AZT/zalcitabine as dual therapy at a government hospital in northern Thailand and then compared the above sequence method with mutagenically separated polymerase chain reaction (MS-PCR) for detecting M41L and K70R mutations. Concordant rates of detecting M41L and K70R mutations by the 2 methods were 96.9% (93/96) and 92.7% (89/96), respectively. The M41L and K70R MS-PCR could detect 86.4% of AZT-resistant strains with any resistance mutation, which was determined by the sequencing method. Then 292 drug-naive individuals were screened for the presence of drug-resistant HIV-1 by the MS-PCR assay and it was found that 2 individuals (0.7%) carried viruses with either the M41L or K70R mutation. It is feasible to test a large number of samples with MS-PCR, which is sensitive, cheap, and easy to perform and does not require sophisticated equipment. The M41L and K70R MS-PCR is potentially a useful tool to monitor the spread of AZT-resistant HIV-1 in resource-limited countries.

Drug Resistance, Viral↗