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Results for “perceived”

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PubMed1976

Effects of noise and perceived control on ongoing and subsequent aggressive behavior.

Two experiments examined the effects of high-intensity (95 dB [A]) noise on ongoing and postnoise aggressive behavior. In Experiment 1, subjects were angered or treated in a neutral manner and given an opportunity to aggress against another subject while being exposed to high-intensity (95 dB) or low-intensity (55 dB) noise. Results indicated that high-intensity noise facilitated aggression for previously angered individuals. Experiment 2 examined postnoise aggression in which subjects completed a math task under high-intensity noise with or without perceived control over the noise. In comparison to a no-noise control, it was found that angered subjects with no control revealed an increase in aggression, whereas perceived-control subjects were no different from no-noise subjects. Results are discussed in terms of the recent Glass and Singer work on noise and task performance and the effects of perceived control on mediating the effects of stressful conditions.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1978

Organizational factors in perceived dimensionality.

The hypothesis that perceived dimensionality of projection drawings is influenced by perceived organization was tested in two experiments. Organization was biased by coloration: The drawings were (a) uncolored, (b) colored in ways that emphasized plausible three-dimensional parts of the represented objects, or (c) colored in ways that emphasized two-dimensional (2D) parts of the drawings themselves. In Experiment 1, subjective ratings of three-dimensionality (3D) were greater for the 3D-biased stimuli than for the unbiased stimuli, and ratings for the 2D-biased stimuli were lower than for the unbiased stimuli. Similar results were obtained in Experiment 2 in which latencies to perceive the drawings three-dimensionally were measured. The 3D-biased stimuli were seen in depth more quickly than the unbiased stimuli, and the 2D-biased stimuli were seen in depth more slowly than the unbiased stimuli. Additional results on the relation between ratings and latencies suggest that latencies are affected more strongly by object complexity than are ratings.

Color Perception↗

PubMed1979

Achievement, aggression, and perceived adult age stages.

A questionnaire was administered to 173 male and female undergraduates to contrast their perceptions of the transition periods of young, middle age, and old adulthood stages of aging. A comparison of the perceived stages was then made with the personality dimensions of achievement and aggression. A 2 X 2 X 3 analysis of variance was computed for sex of S, sex of the perceived individual, and three adult stages. In addition, coefficients of correlation were obtained for 24 variables. The analysis of variance resulted in finding several significant main effects and interactions. Male judged the transition of age periods earlier than females for young and middle age adults, and females were perceived as entering the stage of old age at an earlier date than males. A directionality of establishing earlier transition ages by high scorers on the achievement dimension was also noted.

Achievement↗

PubMed2026

Genetic risk scores, perceived neighborhood disorder, and sleep duration.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: Most studies of neighborhood context and sleep health emphasize direct effects and fail to account for the role of genetics. In this paper, we draw on the socioecological model to examine the interplay of genetics, neighborhood context, and sleep health. We specifically examine the independent and joint effects of genetic risk scores (GRS) and perceived neighborhood disorder on sleep duration. METHODS: We combine genomic and cross-sectional survey data from the All of Us Research Program, a non-probability sample of 22 575 adults of European ancestry living in the United States. We use the sleep duration-increasing risk allele count for 78 genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to construct weighted genetic risk scores. Our analyses include an index of perceived neighborhood disorder and an objective measure of sleep duration based on wrist actigraphy. RESULTS: Genetic risk scores are inversely associated with neighborhood disorder, positively associated with continuous sleep duration, and inversely associated with the odds of short sleep. Neighborhood disorder is inversely associated with continuous sleep duration and positively associated with the odds of short and long sleep. The association between genetic risk scores and sleep duration (continuous and categorical) is invariant across levels of neighborhood disorder. CONCLUSIONS: Our analyses confirm the independent direct effects of genetic risk scores and neighborhood disorder on sleep duration. Our findings extend the socioecological model by assessing the role of genetics in the study of neighborhood context and sleep health. Although we observed a gene-environment correlation between genetic risk scores and perceived neighborhood disorder, there was little indication of genetic confounding and no evidence of gene-environment interaction.

Humans↗

PubMed1978

A comparison of perceived and actual sexual behaviors of college students.

This study investigated the relationships between reported sexual behaviors of college students and their perceptions of sexual behaviors of peers. Seventy-four subjects completed the survey instrument. Chi-square comparisons determined the relationship between reported sexual behaviors and perceived sexual activities. Males were more accurate than females in perceiving sexual activities of males but not of females. Females were unable to perceive accurately male or female behaviors.

Adult↗

PubMed1977

Perceived illness and its treatment. A naturalistic study in social medicine.

This is the initial report of a longitudinal study conducted in a developing, culturally heterogeneous society. The study compares figures of frequency and length of perceived illness, subjective reports of biological and behavioural symptoms, and use of medical facilities in response to episodes of illness by female heads of households from two highly distinctive social-ethnic groups. Despite differences in socioeconomic status and cultural beliefs about disease and treatment, both groups showed roughly comparable rates of perceived illness, but certain differences were noted. The more prosperous Western group termed ladinos, showed they had had more illness which had also lasted longer, as well as higher levels of symptoms. The medical actions of the two groups in response to these episodes of illness differed. The significance of these results is discussed with respect to the multiplicity of factors which influence health status and judgements of perceived illness.

Disease↗

PubMed1977

Eye fixation and attention as modifiers of perceived distance.

An error in the perceived distance of a physically stationary object results in an apparent horizontal motion of the object if the head is moved horizontally. Procedures have been developed to use this apparent motion to measure the apparent distance of the object. Research also has indicated that the apparent distance of an object will tend to be displaced toward the distance at which the eyes are fixated. In the present study head-motion procedures were used to measure the effect of eye fixation and attention upon the apparent distance of a point of light in two experiments. Substantial errors in perceived distance occurred in the predicted direction as a function of fixation distance. Attending to an object at a distance other than the distance of the fixated point of light had a much less effect upon the apparent distance of the point. It is concluded that the apparent conomitant motion which occurs in a variety of situations as a function of the distance of fixation indicates that substantial errors in perceived distance are common in most environments.

Attention↗

PubMed1978

Perceived exertion and the field-independence--dependence dimension.

Perceived exertion responses were compared between field-independent and field-dependent perceivers at three cycle-ergometer pedalling rates. 50 male subjects were classified according to mode of field approach on the basis of their performance on an embedded-figures test. Power output was held constant at 840 kpm/min., while pedalling rate was randomly set at 40, 60, or 80 rpm. Significant differences between the field-independent and -dependent groups were not found at the three pedalling rates for any of the physiological variables or for over-all, legs and chest ratings of perceived exertion. The extent of differentiated psychological functioning did not account for individual differences in perceptual reactance during muscular exertion.

Adult↗

PubMed1977

Perceived exertion of absolute work during a military physical training program.

The purpose of this study was to compare the rating of perceived exertion (PRE) and heart rate (HR) in two groups of 60 military personnel who differed in their level of fitness as determined by maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max). At an initial testing period (T1), Group I represented a sample of personnel not participating in a training program while Group II had engaged in an endurance program (2--4 mile run/day) for 5 months. Six months later (T2), Groups I and II were retested after having participated in the program for 6 and 11 months, respectively. RPE and HR were measured at the end of each min of a 6 min run at an absolute workload of 6 mph, 0% grade on the treadmill. At T1, Group II had a significantly lower HR at each min of work but no difference existed in RPE between groups at any time during the run. At T2, both groups showed a significant decrease in HR and RPE during each min when compared lobgitudinally. The data suggest that the perception of the intensity of absolute work does not differ in groups differing in their level of fitness when studied cross-sectionally. However, significant reductions in perceived exertion occur following physical training.

Adult↗

PubMed1979

Interactions between heart rate, psychomotor performance and perceived effort during physical work as influenced by beta-adrenergic blockade.

Effects of a single intravenous dose of propranolol (0,25 mg/kg body weight) were examined in 15 healthy male subjects who performed three reaction-time tasks of different complexity, while pedalling at five work loads on a cycle ergometer. Comparisons between measurements after propranolol and after injection of a placebo solution showed a pronounced reduction of heart rate and an increase in catecholamine excretion following propranolol. Comparisons of psychomotor performance showed no significan difference between the propranolol and placebo conditions. Nor did self-estimates of perceived physical and task-induced efforts reveal any significant effects of propranolol. The results support the notion that heart rate is not a prominent cue for perceived effort.

Adult↗

PubMed1979

Inverse relationship of the velocities of perceived time and information processing events in the brain: a potential bioassay for neural functions: a hypothesis.

The velocity of elapsing time is not a constant but a relativistic component in the space-time continuum as postulated by Albert Einstein in his general and special relativity theories. The hypothesis presented here is that there is a biological corollary to relativity theory. It is postulated that biological time perception is also not a constant but is related by an inverse relationship between the velocities of neural processing events and perceived elapsing time. A careful analysis of this relationship may potentially offer a sensitive bioassay to determine the integrity of regional brain function under normal conditions and in the presence of specific disease processes. The mechanism for the biological basis of this theorem depends on the presence of a neural circuit developed through evolution which monitors overall brain efficiency and is coordinately linked to neural time perceiving circuits. Several test approaches are presented to validate the hypothesis of biologic time relativity compared to the rate of neural processing.

Adult↗

PubMed1977

Effect of distance information and range on two indices of visually perceived distance.

Subjects made verbal reports of the perceived distance of near visual targets and indicated their distances by pointing at them with an unseen hand. The targets were presented under three stimulus conditions: monocular, binocular, and multicue. Two ranges of target distance were studied in separate experiments: 11-39 cm and 21-33 cm. When reciprocals of both response distance and target distance were plotted, all functions were approximately linear. The verbal and manual responses (distance indices) differed greatly, but were found to be related by a constant transform. The range of target distances had no effect on either index. The standard deviation of the manual response was about half that of the verbal response. Stimulus condition had a large effect, with the multicue condition producing the greatest change in indicated distance. and the monocular condition the least. The results are discussed with reference to the definition of perceived distance, and hypothesis concerning the integration of distance information.

Adult↗

PubMed1977

Effect of refraction on perceived locus of a target in the peripheral visual field.

A target of 44 min of arc with luminance of 1.03 log cd/m2 of 50 msec duration was presented to the loci along each of nasal, temporal, superior, and inferior half retinal meridians covering the eccentricity between 10 degrees and 50 degrees in steps of 10 degrees units. Two graduate students, serving as Ss, were instructed to point out the perceived locus where the target had appeared. The visual angles between the perceived and physical locus of the target were increased as a function of retinal eccentricity due to refraction.

Humans↗

PubMed1975

Perceived latitude of choice of institutionalized and noninstitutionalized elderly women.

An Importance, Locus and Range of Activities Checklist, designed to assess self-perceived latitude of choice, a self concept and a life satisfaction scale were administered to 25 institutionalized and 25 noninstitutionalized elderly females. The checklist contained statements about 37 activities of daily living which subjects rated for personal importance and degree of choice available to them. The derived latitude of choice score was based jointly on importance and choice ratings for each activity. Institutionalized respondents, living in a relatively restrictive environment, earned significantly lower latitude of choice scores than did noninstitutionalized subjects. Latitude of choice, self concept and life satisfaction scores were significantly correlated. These findings attest to the appropriateness of the technique used to assess perceived latitude of choice. Modifications of the Importance, Locus and Range of Activities Checklist designed to provide a more profound measure of latitude of choice and to improve the applicability of the scale to different categories of respondents were discussed.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed1979

Perceived sound quality of sound-reproducing systems.

Perceived sound quality of loudspeakers, headphones, and hearing aids was investigated by multivariate techniques from experimental psychology with the purpose (a) to find out and interpret the meaning of relevant dimensions in perceived sound quality, (b) find out the positions of the investigated systems in these dimensions, (c) explore the relations between the perceptual dimensions and the physical characteristics of the systems, and (d) explore the relations between the perceptual dimensions and overall evaluations of the systems. The resulting dimensions were interpreted as "clearness/distinctness," "sharpness/hardness softness," "brightness-darkness," "fullness-thinness," "feeling of space," "nearness," "disturbing sounds," and "loudness." Their relations to physical variables were explored by studying the positions of the investigated systems in the respective dimensions. Their relations to overall evaluations were studied, and the implications of the investigations for continued research are discussed.

Adult↗

PubMed1979

Smooth pursuit eye movements: is perceived motion necessary?

It has recently been shown that perceived motion, in the absence of any appropriate retinal motion, is a sufficient stimulus to generate smooth pursuit eye motions. This raises the question of whether perceived motion is necessary for pursuit. In three experiments we obtained a negative answer to this question: retinal motion always governed pursuit.

Eye Movements↗

PubMed1978

Psychophysical functions for perceived and remembered size.

Separate groups of people estimated the sizes of perceived or of remembered objects. In three independent experiments, both sets of data were well fit by power functions, and the exponent was reliably smaller by remembered than for perceived size.

Humans↗

PubMed1979

Effects of propranolol and metoprolol on haemodynamic and respiratory indices and on perceived exertion during exercise in hypertensive patients.

A double-blind cross-over trial of the non-selective beta-blocker propranolol and the beta1-selective blocker metoprolol was carried out in 8 hypertensive patients. At the end of each 4-week period of treatment haemodynamic and respiratory indices and perceived exertion were studied during moderate exercise. Both beta-blockers resulted in reduced heart rate, cardiac output, and blood pressure, whereas the stroke volume increased. Total peripheral resistance did not change. During exercise the expiratory peak flow rate equally increased in every period. However, the peak flow rate at rest, as well as during exercise, was reduced by propranolol, while metoprolol had no such influence. Neither of the beta-blockers changed O2 consumption, CO2 production, tidal volume, or respiratory rate. Moreover, they did not influence perceived exertion. These results suggest that the arteriolar and bronchiolar beta2-receptors do not play a major role in the alteration of circulation and ventilation during exercise. As far as their practical use as antihypertensive agents is concerned, this study shows no advantage in the use of either of these beta-blockers.

Adult↗