Adolescent suicidal behaviour and mental health service provision.
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Adolescent↗
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Results for “provisioning behaviour”
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[Respiration rate as one of the indices of the intensity of motivation-emotional reactions in rabbits].
The rate and degree of irregularity of the respiratory rhythm was studied in rabbits during spontaneous and forcible feeding and stimulation of the tooth pulp. Respiration rate changed only during the tooth pulp stimulation, while irregularity of the respiratory rhythm increased in all cases. It is suggested that the extent of the irregularity reflects the degree of motivational-emotional reactions, while the change in respiration rate characterizes the share of respiration in the vegetative provision of behaviour. A special formula is proposed for calculating the irregularity of the respiratory rhythm.
Animals↗
Differences in prey selection and behaviour during self-feeding and chick provisioning in rhinoceros auklets.
We determined whether a marine diving bird, the rhinoceros auklet, Cerorhinca monocerata, used different foraging behaviour and collected different prey items for its young than when feeding itself. Foraging behaviour was determined by conducting visual scans, and prey items were sampled by collecting fish delivered to chicks and by collecting fish where auklets were self-feeding, which was verified by two other sources of information. Adult auklets ate small fish (59.1+/-0.5 mm, N=547), including juvenile Pacific sand lance, Ammodytes hexapterus, and Pacific herring, Clupea harengus, but collected larger fish to feed their chicks (95.2+/-1.3 mm, N=321), including primarily Pacific sand lance, Pacific herring, Pacific salmon species, Oncorhynchus spp., and surf smelt, Hypomesus pretiosus. In addition, auklets collected fish for themselves primarily by diving in mixed-species feeding flocks before 1600 hours, whereas they collected fish to feed their chicks by diving solitarily after 1600 hours. This suggests that auklets switched both foraging behaviour and prey selection when collecting fish for self-feeding, compared with when collecting fish for chick provisioning. Several avian studies have documented different diets of adults and chicks, but this is the first research to observe directly and document different foraging behaviour used in adult and chick provisioning. We emphasize the importance of distinguishing between self-feeding and chick provisioning in foraging and life history studies. Copyright 1999 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour.
Journal Article↗
The relationship between patient behaviour and environmental quality for the dementing.
BACKGROUND: The quality of long-term hospital care for demented patients has never been studied in relation to the behaviour of the residents, although this relationship has been studied for other patient groups and in other settings. METHOD: Five aspects of environmental quality were assessed using a rating scale package. Seven wards with a range of quality were selected and patient behaviour categorized and recorded using a direct observation method. RESULTS: Comparative analyses revealed that institutional ward practices were associated with abnormal motor activity and inappropriate behaviour. In addition, social/recreational provision was associated with increased social behaviour and less time spent doing nothing, although high levels of provision were also associated with abnormal motor activity and inappropriate behaviour. Inappropriate behaviour also appeared to be related to a lack of provision of reality orientation cues and to better quality of ward condition. Space availability was not associated with any behavioural patterns. CONCLUSIONS: Some aspects of the environment are associated with patterns of behaviour. There is a need for further research both in this setting and in non-hospital settings.
Aged↗
Food provisioning to nestling shearwaters: why parental behaviour should be monitored?
We examined temporal variation in food delivery to nestling Cory's shearwaters Calonectris diomedea, by repeated periodic weighings during the night. We tested whether the magnitude and frequency of meals were influenced by the condition of chicks. In contrast to previous studies of chick provisioning in petrels and shearwaters, the evidence of feeding derived from chick weight gains was complemented by data provided by an electronic system, which logged the entry of each parent to the nest. Estimates of feed size and visiting frequency obtained from chick weighing alone differed from similar estimates obtained using the automatic logging equipment. The data obtained with the logging system combined with chick weighing also showed that, to some extent, food provisioning was regulated, chicks left in poorer condition being more likely to receive food the next night than those left in better condition. The methods based on chick weight gains alone did not detect this regulation effect. Our findings suggest that resolving parental visits to the nest is crucial to obtain accurate parameter estimates, and to address the problem of regulation of provisioning rates in Procellariiformes. Our results do not support the hypothesis that accumulation of fat is just a by-product of chronic overfeeding arising from stochastic variation in foraging success at sea. Copyright 1999 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour.
Journal Article↗
Effect of advanced provision of emergency contraception on women's contraceptive behaviour: a randomized controlled trial.
BACKGROUND: Emergency contraception (EC) can prevent pregnancy but is under-used. Advanced provision increases use but the effect on contraceptive behaviour varies. METHODS: Women aged 18-45 years, using less effective contraceptives, were randomized to either advanced provision of three courses of EC (intervention) or to obtaining each course from clinic (control). EC use and contraceptive behaviour were monitored for 1 year. RESULTS: In all, 1030 women were recruited in 6 months. The mean+/-SD number of courses of EC used in intervention versus control group was 0.56+/-1.2 versus 0.20+/-0.6 (P<0.001). In the intervention group, 47% women aged <26 years used at least one course of EC compared with 23% of older women (P<0.001). The majority of women used condoms before (intervention 89%, control 91%) and during the study (89% for both groups). Consistency of contraceptive use was higher during the study (65 versus 60% of women in both groups) (P<0.001). There were 17 unplanned pregnancies, eight in the intervention group, six of whom did not use EC in the conception cycle. CONCLUSIONS: Advanced provision increases EC use especially among young women in Hong Kong. Contraceptive choice and consistency of use remains the same even among young women.
Adult↗
[The effect of the acute administration of ethanol on the realization of behavior and its neuronal support].
In experiments on rabbits trained to instrumental food procuring behaviour it was cleared up, which changes of activity of neurones of the limbic cortical area corresponded to disturbances of this behaviour (increase in time of realization and in the number of errors) caused by intraperitoneal injection of 12% ethanol solution in a dose of 1 g/kg. In comparison with control (administration of isotonic solution), the number of active cells singled out in the microelectrode track was reduced by 1/3; the pattern of behavioural specialization of neurones involved in provision of the disturbed behaviour was changed. The content of neurones of the most recent systems formed during animals learning instrumental behaviour, decreased from 27 to 11%, and of neurones providing for realization of systems formed at previous stages of individual development increased from 18 to 36%.
Animals↗
British nurses in behavioural psychotherapy: a 25-year follow-up.
BACKGROUND: The National Service Framework for Mental Health has emphasized the need to prioritize the provision of cognitive behaviour therapy as the central evidence-based non-pharmacological intervention for mental health problems. For 25 years one programme (English National Board Course No. 650--Diploma in Behavioural Cognitive Therapy, formerly called Nursing in Behavioural Psychotherapy) has trained nurses in such methods. This is the only programme in nursing which qualifies graduates to be fully certified as a cognitive behaviour therapist by the British Association of Behavioural Psychotherapy and by the United Kingdom Council for Psychotherapy. The practice of these nurse therapists (most commonly known as nurse behaviour therapists, NBTs) is the most rigorously evaluated in mental health nursing, with several randomized controlled trials to testify to clinical and economic efficacy. AIM: The aim of this study is to continue the systematic follow-up of all NBT graduates previously undertaken in two earlier surveys published in 1986 and 1994. These previous surveys examined clinical practice, organizational context and career and professional development issues. This up-to-date picture of NBTs will provide useful baselines for the implementation of the National Service Framework, and may be used by the Department of Health, education providers and services. METHOD: A postal survey (using the same template for categories of information as the two earlier surveys) was used and questionnaires were sent to 237 of the 274 trained NBTs whose name appears on the Central NBT Register, maintained at the Institute of Psychiatry/Maudsley Training Centre. RESULTS: One hundred and five of 230 eligible respondents (45.6%) returned questionnaires and additional data were obtained from 27 NBTs who provided information to the Register in the year before the survey. Thus, some data were available for 57% of the sample. As in earlier surveys, it was found that the majority of therapists remain in clinical practice, undertake substantial further education and training and are involved in research and teaching as part of their overall role. The two central developments are an increasing move towards working in primary care and an increased emphasis on cognitive interventions. NBTs complete a substantial number of treatments per year and increasingly treat clients with difficulties not encountered during their basic training. NBTs now receive much more supervision than in previous surveys and continue to use valid and reliable measures of change in practice. However, the number of NBTs remains small and the impact on potential populations who would benefit from effective psychological interventions is minimal. This paper discusses the implications for service delivery.
Behavior Therapy↗
[Neuronal activity of the sensorimotor area of the rabbit cerebral cortex in zoosocial behavior].
The present study was aimed to investigate the neural activity during competitor relationships in the social interactions and operant feeding behaviour. In experiments on three pairs of rabbits the activity of 32 sensory-motor cortex neurones were analyzed. 21 neurones were found specialized relatively to different acts of social behaviour. They did not participate in provision for "individual" types of behaviour.
Animals↗
Cognitive behaviour therapy via interactive video.
Interactive video has been identified as a potential delivery medium for psychotherapy. Interactive video may restrict the range of both verbal and non-verbal communication and consequently impede the development of a therapeutic relationship, thus influencing the process and outcome of therapy. A single case study explored the feasibility of the provision of congnitive behaviour therapy using interactive video with a client diagnosed as having mixed anxiety and depressive disorder. A range of outcome measures were included together with an independent psychiatric assessment prior to, and on completion of, therapy. Different levels of outcome were also examined: clinical, social, user views and administration. Outcome measures indicated a reduction in psychopathology and some modification of dysfunctional attitudes, with no apparent impairment of the working alliance.
Adult↗
Provision of adolescent services by Irish paediatricians.
A postal questionnaire was undertaken to assess the current facilities available for adolescents in Irish hospitals. A previous survey showned that no facilities existed whereas this survey demonstrates some improvements but adolescents are still admitted to adult wards, have inappropriate waiting facilities at outpatients and a limited number of joint Paediatric-Adult clinics. The ability of paediatricians to assess risk taking behaviour and the provision of age appropriate information at ward and outpatient level was assessed. The results demonstrate there is need for improvement in all aspects of adolescent care in Irish hospital services. This needs to be addressed promptly as 66% of the paediatricians surveyed were considering the development adolescent services in their hospitals.
Adolescent↗
Short human occupations in the Middle Palaeolithic level I of the Abric Romani rock-shelter (Capellades, Barcelona, Spain).
This paper presents a multidisciplinary study on the size of the occupied surfaces, provisioning strategies and behaviour planning at the Romani rock-shelter, using the Middle Palaeolithic record of the level i. This level is dated around 46.000 BP through U/Th ages. A behavioural interpretation is proposed, which emphasises the activities and the systemic value of the archaeological artefacts and structures. Occupation patterns are identified on the basis of the accumulations formed by human activities. These archaeological accumulations, consisting of artefacts and hearths, are easily defined visually as spatial units. The relationships between these accumulations, established by means of refitted remains, indicate that differences can be established between: 1) small and medium-sized occupation surfaces; 2) restricted and diversified provisioning strategies. This variability suggests that different modes of occupation are represented in the same archaeological level. The human activities reveal the generalization of fire technology. In almost all sizes of the occupation surfaces, the exploitation of vegetal resources near the Abric Romani marks the threshold of the restricted provisioning strategy. Limited use and fragmented knapping activities are recorded in the lithic assemblage. Faunal remains show differential transport. The exploitation of lithic, faunal and vegetal resources characterizes the diversified provisioning strategy. The small occupation surfaces and restricted provisioning strategies suggest short settlements in the Abric Romani. This shorter occupation model complements the longer diversified provisioning strategy recorded in both small and medium-sized occupied surfaces. The selection of precise elements for transport and the possible deferred consumption in the diversified provision strategy suggest an individual supply. In this respect, Neanderthal occupations in the Romani rock-shelter show a direct relation to: 1) hunting strategic resources; 2) high, linear mobility.
Animals↗
Estimating mechanisms and equilibria for offspring begging and parental provisioning.
Evolutionary models for the resolution of family conflicts are sensitive to assumptions regarding the behavioural mechanisms regulating parental resource provisioning and offspring begging. Thus, quantitative empirical estimates of the mechanisms are critical to validate current evolutionary models, but a standardized method is lacking. I present a formalization of Hussell's (1988 Am. Nat. 131, 175-202) original graphical model of mechanisms regulating the effect of begging on provisioning, and of provisioning on begging, based on linear regression equations. The model makes it possible to estimate quantitatively the behavioural mechanisms and the resulting proximate equilibria for begging and provisioning by the use of appropriate experiments and standard linear regression analysis.
Animals↗
Why Bangladeshi nurses avoid 'nursing': social and structural factors on hospital wards in Bangladesh.
In response to concerns that nurses spend less than 6% of their time on direct patient care, this study explored factors that influence nurses' behaviour in the provision of 'hands on' care in hospitals in Bangladesh. Through in-depth interviews with female nurses and patients and their co-workers in six hospitals, we identified conflicts between the inherited British model of nursing and Bangladeshi societal norms. This was most evident in the areas of night duty, contact with strangers, and involvement in 'dirty' work. The public was said to associate nursing activities with commercial sex work. As a consequence, their value on the 'bride market' decreases. To minimise the stigma associated with their profession, nurses in government hospitals distance themselves from patients, using nurse surrogates in the form of patients' relatives and hospital support workers to carry out their work. These adaptations are supported and sustained through unofficial activities developed over time within hospitals. In contrast nurses in NGO hospitals give more direct patient care themselves and do not rely on carers as much because of tight supervision and limited visitor hours. Initiatives undertaken to improve the quality of patient care, such as enlarging the nursing workforce or providing clinical instruction, which do not take into account the prevailing culture in hospitals and social conflicts faced by nurses, are unlikely to succeed. Fundamental decisions on how to care for the sick in Bangladesh are required. If the present nursing curriculum is followed, adequate supplies, supervision and accountability are prerequisites for its implementation.
Adult↗
The social distribution of explanations of health and illness among adolescents in São Paulo, Brazil.
The present paper reports on a study, which investigated explanations of health and illness among adolescents from three socio-economic backgrounds in São Paulo, Brazil. Interviews and group discussions were used to elicit definitions of health and illness, explanations of illness causality and prevention and maintenance of health among 31 deprived adolescents with recent experience of living on the streets, 20 adolescents from poor families and 20 adolescents from privileged families. The findings showed that adolescents from different socio-economic conditions draw upon similar explanatory models to make sense of health and illness. There were also clear distinctions between the groups. Health and illness were presented as being dependent upon multiple factors such as resistance of the body and socio-economic status among privileged adolescents. In contrast, the explanations offered by deprived and poor adolescents for both health and illness rested on behaviour or exposure to environmental hazards. Moreover, drugs, sexually transmitted diseases and faith in God were prominent features of the accounts from deprived adolescents. The findings suggest a need for health professionals to be sensitive to people's perspectives of health and illness and their link to socio-economic conditions. To emphasize individuals' behaviour in the provision of health-related information among deprived adolescents might be counter productive and reinforce victim blaming.
Adolescent↗
How do patients use antimalarial drugs? A review of the evidence.
Patient adherence is a major determinant of the therapeutic response to antimalarial drugs, as most treatments are taken at home without medical supervision. With the introduction of new, effective, but more expensive antimalarials, there is concern that the high levels of efficacy observed in clinical trials may not be translated into effectiveness in the normal context of use. We reviewed available published evidence on adherence to antimalarial drugs and community drug usage; 24 studies were identified of which nine were 'intervention' studies, seven were classified as 'outcome studies', and the remainder were purely descriptive studies of antimalarial adherence. Definitions, methods, and results varied widely. Adherence was generally better when treatments were effective, and was improved by interventions focusing on provider knowledge and behaviour, packaging, and provision of correct dosages. There is insufficient information on this important subject, and current data certainly do not justify extrapolation from results with ineffective drugs to new effective treatments. Research in this area would benefit from of standardization of methodologies and the application of pharmacokinetic modelling.
Antimalarials↗
Factors affecting the intention of providers to deliver more effective continuing medical education to general practitioners: a pilot study.
BACKGROUND: Despite the importance of continuing medical education (CME) for GPs, there has been little research into how providers decide what types of CME to deliver to GPs. This study aimed to identify factors affecting the intention of providers to provide more effective types of CME; and to design a survey instrument which can be used to test the applicability of Triandis' model of social behaviour to the provision of CME to general practitioners. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study on a convenience sample of 11 Australian providers of CME for interviews and a random sample of 25 providers for the pilot test. Open-ended interviews structured on Triandis' theory were performed with key informants who provide CME to GPs. These were used to develop a pilot survey instrument to measure the factors affecting intention, resulting in a revised instrument for use in further research. RESULTS: There was a broad range of factors affecting providers' intention to deliver more effective forms of CME identified, and these were classifiable in a manner which was consistent with Triandis' model. Key factors affecting providers' intention were the attitude toward CME within organisations and the time and extra work involved. CONCLUSIONS: We identified a range of potential factors influencing the intention of providers to provide more effective forms of CME, in all categories of Triandis model. Those interested in increasing the choice of more effective CME activities available to GPs may need to broaden the methods used in working with providers to influence them to use more effective CME techniques. The interview material and questionnaire analysis of the pilot survey support the use of Triandis model. Further research is needed to validate Triandis'model for the intention to deliver more effective forms of CME. Such research will inform future strategies aimed at increasing the amount and choice of effective CME activities available for GPs.
Australia↗
Home injuries and built form--methodological issues and developments in database linkage.
BACKGROUND: The aim of this body of research is to determine whether injuries in the home are more common in particular types of housing. Previous home injuries research has tended to focus on behaviours or the provision of safety equipment to families with young children. There has been little consideration of the physical environment. This study reports methodological developments in database linkage and analysis to improve researchers abilities to utilise large administrative and clinical databases to carry out health and health services research. METHODS: The study involved linking a database of home injuries obtained from an emergency department surveillance system with an external survey of all homes in an area and population denominators for home types derived from a health service administrative database. Analysis of injury incidence by housing type was adjusted for potential biases due to deprivation and distance to hospital. For non-injured individuals data confidentiality considerations required the deprivation and distance measures be imputed. The process of randomly imputing these variables and the testing of the validity of this approach is detailed. RESULTS: There were 14,081 first injuries in 112,248 residents living in 54,081 homes over a two-year period. The imputation method worked well with imputed and observed measures in the injured group being very similar. Re-randomisation and a repeated analysis gave identical results to the first analysis. One particular housing type had a substantially elevated odds ratio for injury occurrence, OR = 2.07 (95% CI: 1.87 to 2.30). CONCLUSIONS: The method of data linkage, imputation and statistical analysis used provides a basis for improved analysis of database linkage studies.
Accidents, Home↗