Characterisation of the Novel HLA-C*06:406 Allele by Sequencing-Based Typing.
HLA-C*06:406 differs from HLA-C*06:02:01:01 by one nucleotide substitution in codon 201 in exon 4.
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HLA-C*06:406 differs from HLA-C*06:02:01:01 by one nucleotide substitution in codon 201 in exon 4.
HLA-DRB3*02:238 differs from HLA-DRB3*02:24 by one nucleotide substitution in codon 60 in exon 2.
HLA-C*03:703 differs from HLA-C*03:620 by one nucleotide substitution in codon 114 in exon 3.
HLA-DPB1*1784:01 differs from HLA-DPB1*514:01 by one nucleotide substitution in codon 57 in exon 2.
HLA-DQB1*06:03:57 differs from HLA-DQB1*06:03:01:01 by one nucleotide substitution in codon 21 in exon 2.
HLA-C*07:1187 differs from HLA-C*07:02:01:01 by one nucleotide substitution in codon 304 in exon 5.
HLA-DRB4*01:193 differs from HLA-DRB4*01:03:01:01 by one nucleotide substitution in codon 166 in exon 3.
HLA-DRB1*09:01:18 differs from HLA-DRB1*09:01:02:01 by one nucleotide substitution in codon 44 in exon 2.
HLA-B*44:357:02 differs from HLA-B*44:357:01 by one nucleotide substitution in codon 160 in exon 3.
HLA-C*07:1184 differs from HLA-C*07:01:01:01 by one nucleotide substitution in codon-18 in exon 1.
HLA-B*27:05:64 differs from HLA-B*27:05:02:05 by one nucleotide substitution in codon -21 in exon 1.
The novel HLA-C*14:168 allele differs from HLA-C*14:02:01:02 by three nucleotides in exon 7.
HLA-B*40:01:02:68Q differs from HLA-B*40:01:02:01 by one nucleotide substitution in intron 2 at the splice site with exon 3.
HLA-A*02:558 differs from HLA-A*02:06:01:01 by one nucleotide substitution in codon 96 in exon 3.
The novel allele A*68:02:26 differs from A*68:02:01:01 by one nucleotide substitution in exon 8.
The novel allele HLA-DRB1*13:371 differs from HLA-DRB1*13:02:01:01 by one nucleotide substitution in codon 127 in exon 3.
Novel alleles HLA-A*68:326 and -C*02:254N carry exonic mutations causing amino acid change or truncation.
Routine clinical HLA class II typing is based largely on serological and cellular methods. These methods have many drawbacks that have led to the evaluation of molecular approaches to typing, including restriction fragment length polymorphism studies and oligotyping. We present here an alternative molecular approach, sequence-based typing (SBT), that allows direct determination of the sequences of all HLA class II polymorphic genes, thus providing the most detailed information currently possible in this regard. The data presented here using SBT are based on direct sequencing of polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-amplified DRB, DQB, and DQA cDNAs using a limited number of oligonucleotides. The oligonucleotides are designed to allow simultaneous determination of allelic sequences in any heterozygote as well as characterization of DRB isotypic complexity. Two types of amplification oligonucleotides (nonconserved and/or conserved) are used for DRB typing, which involves a maximum of four simultaneous cDNA/PCR/sequencing reactions. The first of these reactions only uses conserved oligonucleotides and is designed to detect all the different DRB transcripts present in any given heterozygote; the other three reactions use nonconserved oligonucleotides and are designed to ensure the unambiguous interpretation of the most complex DRB heterozygote combinations. Characterization of DQA1 and DQB1 sequences can be performed by using conserved oligonucleotides and only involves one reaction per locus. We have applied SBT to 43 homozygous cell lines and to 38 different heterozygote combinations that had previously been serologically typed. In all cases we were able to determine the allelic composition at DRB1, DRB3/4/5 and/or DQB1, and DQA1 loci of these cell lines and subjects; our results, analyzed by blind protocol, were consistent with the serological phenotypes. SBT can be extended to class I and class III genes and is automatable. We believe that this strategy deserves further evaluation as a possible HLA typing method.