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[Acquisition and study of callus tissue during cultivation of mazzard and strawberry anthers].
Anters of 7 varieties of Cerasus avium (2n=16) and Fragaria grandiflora (2n==56) were cultured on Murashige-Skoog's medium. Formation of the callus tissue was observed for only one variety of sweat cherry with a frequency of 3.1-20.6%. The number of haploid cells in first transfers varied from 22 to 44% in different strains. There were two rises of mitotic activity in the callus cells. Subsequent transfers caused an increase in haploid cells. Chromosome aberrations frequency was comparatively low. No cases of induced organogenesis on any modifications of the nutrient media were found.
[Determination of endosulfan residues in strawberries and raspberries].
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Strawberry pickers' peroneal palsy.
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Emergence of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. fragariae in the Eastern United States.
Historically, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. fragariae (Fof), the causal agent of Fusarium wilt in strawberry, has been a major problem for strawberry production in California but has been largely absent in the rest of the United States. During the growing seasons of 2023 to 2025, independent detections of Fof were made on strawberry plants exhibiting symptoms of Fusarium wilt in the eastern U.S. states of Florida, North Carolina, New York, Connecticut, and Virginia. Sixteen isolates were obtained from symptomatic plants across this region, and a subset (n = 14) were confirmed to be Fof by pathogenicity testing, morphological characterization, PCR diagnostics, and whole-genome sequencing. Specifically, these tests demonstrated that all tested isolates were virulent on susceptible (fw1) strawberry cultivars but not on resistant (FW1) cultivars, classifying them as race 1. Although all isolates tested positive with the more recently developed Fof-specific PCR assay by Burkhardt et al. (2019), many (43.75%) failed detection with the commonly used Suga et al. (2013) assay. Comparative genomics revealed that these isolates represent at least three distinct phylogenetic clades (Y1, Y2, and the putative Y10), suggesting multiple independent introductions rather than a single dissemination event. The genetic diversity of the eastern U.S. Fof populations and their likely origin from nursery stock highlight the need for more robust diagnostics, certified clean planting stock, and region-specific resistance trials to manage Fusarium wilt beyond California.
Control of postharvest decay in fruits and vegetables by irradiation.
This paper deals with the effect of postharvest gamma-irradiation of strawberries and carrots on their organoleptic quality, storage capacity and chemical composition. Radiation doses of 25 krad for strawberries and 75 krad for carrots were chosen as optimum doses not causing significant changes in the organoleptic quality. We found that strawberries and carrots irradiated at a doseof 25 and 75 krad respectively, retained its microbiological stability even during storage at 12 degrees C (strawberries) and at 25-30 degrees C (carrots), respectively. It was also found that changes in chemical composition depend on storage temperature and time and are not affected substantially by irradiation.
Incidence of fungal spores at the homes of allergic patients in an agricultural community. III. Associations with local crops.
A predominantly agricultural community in California was surveyed for prevalent fungal spores during a 12-month period. Alternaria, Macrosporium and Stemphylium were recovered during asparagus and strawberry harvesting times year-round. Fusarium and Botrytis were less frequently associated with the strawberry harvest and were recovered only during the first quarter of the year. Epicoccum was recovered in the north end of the Salinas valley in low numbers throughout the year and was strongly associated with the strawberry and artichoke harvest. Aureobasidium (Pullularia) recovery occurred in different locations according to season, correlating somewhat with the cabbage harvest as well as with the harvest of strawberries. Recovery of the pigmented yeats showed strong correlation with the local growing season for lettuce. Cladosporium was prevalent year-round but did not appear to be signficantly affected by changing argicultural conditions. These data have permitted the predictability of mold aeroallergens with medical applications.
[Hygienic evaluation of Euparen fungicide residues in food products].
Euparene (N1,N1-dimethyl-N-phenyl-fluorine-dichlormethylthiosulfamide) is a highly effective fungicide used in controlling a number of fungus infections affecting grapes and strawberries. Following chemical treatment it is found on these agricultural crops both as a starting product and in the form of its metabolite (N1,N-dimethyl-N-phenyl diamide sulfide), whose residual quantities exceed, at times, those of the original compound itself. The organoleptic properties of grapes change with the content of the above substances of not less than 10 mg/kg. Euparene belongs to the category of compounds with little and medium-toxic and moderately pronounced cumulative properties (LD50 for rats -- 4630 mg/kg, for mice -- 1905 mg/kg, for guinea pigs -- 805 mg/kg. Cummulation coefficient with introduction of 1/20 LD50: for mice -- 3.7, for guinea pigs -- 3.3). In a chronic 10-month long experiment the threshold dose of the preparation was set at a level of 5.4 mg/kg, and subliminal -- at 1.6 mg/kg. The metabolite proved to be somewhat more toxic, but less cumulative than euparene (LD50 for mice -- 820 mg/kg, cumulation coefficient -- over 5). The permissible residual concentration (PRC) of euparene and its metabolite in grapes is recommended at a level of 1.3 mg/kg (total), while in strawberries it is not permitted at all. In the case of grapes the "expectation time" should be 30 days with the consumption of the preparation of up to 3 kg per hectar and in that of strawberries -- 15 days and its consumption of up to 1.2 kg/he.
Photocoagulation of angioma of the eyelid.
An infant with a large hemangioma (strawberry mark with a cavernous component) of the eyelid was successfully treated with photocoagulation. The method resulted in rapid involution of the lesion and the visual function of the involved eye could be preserved. A similar treatment in a case with strawberry mark and another with pigmented nevus in the eyelid brought about excellent cosmetic results.
Correlation Between Infectivity and qRT-PCR Values for Murine Norovirus Recovered from Frozen Berries.
Human norovirus (HuNoV) is the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis globally, with frozen berries frequently implicated in foodborne outbreaks. Current surveillance relies on quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR), which cannot differentiate between infectious and non-infectious viral particles, complicating risk assessment. This study is aimed to establish the minimum viral load on frozen berries detectable by qRT-PCR that corresponds to infectious virus, using murine norovirus (MNV) as a surrogate for HuNoV. Frozen raspberries were artificially inoculated with serial dilutions of MNV (7.1-1.0 log PFU/25 g) and processed using the ISO 15216:2017 method. Infectious virus was quantified by plaque assay, and viral RNA was detected by qRT-PCR. The limit of detection (LOD) for cell culture was 3.1 log PFU/25 g, whereas qRT-PCR extended sensitivity to 1.0 log PFU/25 g (Ct value at 36.7 ± 0.6), representing a 2-log difference. Recovery rates for infectious virus exceeded the ISO 15,216 minimum threshold (1%), and PCR inhibition was negligible. We next examined the extraction efficiency for both infectious MNV and its genetic material from frozen strawberries at inoculation levels higher than the LOD, and observed that the viral recovery from frozen strawberries is very similar to viral recovery from frozen raspberries with no significant differences between them. The disparity between LODs indicates that a substantial proportion of MNV genomes detected by qRT-PCR do not represent infectious particles, aligning with previous findings that one PFU may correspond to multiple genome copies. Given that many surveillance studies report high Ct values (> 35), our data suggest that such detections may not indicate viable virus, underscoring the importance of contextualizing qRT-PCR results with epidemiological evidence. These findings highlight the need for cautious interpretation of surveillance data, particularly for public health decision-making.
Spontaneous abortions in sibship of children with congenital malformation or malignant disease.
Parents of 751 children affected by cancer/leukemia, congenital heart disease, strawberry nevus or mental retardation have been investigated with respect to their reproductive history and their exposure to risk factors for spontaneous abortion. Differences between the four groups were established for the number of children in the sibship, the proportion of multigravidae and the spontaneous abortion rate among these women. The greatest differences were observed in the two groups of malformed children compared with the other two groups, being as marked in those with a severe malformation (heart defect) as in those with a benign one (strawberry nevus). Taking known risk factors for spontaneous abortion into account did not explain the observed differences. An etiological hypothesis is put forward which takes account of the high proportion of quantitative abnormalities of the karyotype associated with congenital heart disease and spontaneous abortion.
SpacerScope: binary-vectorized, genome-wide off-target profiling for RNA-guided nucleases without prior candidate-site bias.
The precision of CRISPR/Cas systems is fundamental to their application in plant and animal biotechnology. However, comprehensive sequence-based off-target candidate discovery remains a computational bottleneck, particularly in large and complex genomes. Here we developed SpacerScope, an off-target candidate discovery framework that enables unbiased, genome-wide discovery by leveraging binary vectorization, bitwise filtering, and right-end-anchored alignment. Benchmarking against human CIRCLE-seq data demonstrated that SpacerScope recovered 100% of validated off-target sites (6142/6142), matching the sensitivity of exhaustive algorithms. Crucially, SpacerScope achieved this maximum candidate recovery while substantially reducing computational overhead. In large-genome evaluations, SpacerScope maintained low peak memory usage of 2.20 GiB and achieved substantial runtime improvements over indel-aware comparator tools, including more than 50-fold speedup relative to Cas-OFFinder 3 (544 s versus 29 185 s). Furthermore, comparative analyses in polyploid species, such as the octoploid strawberry, revealed that SpacerScope identified larger sequence-compatible candidate burdens than standard web-based design platforms. Our results establish SpacerScope as a high-speed framework for sequence-based genome-wide off-target candidate discovery across diverse and highly repetitive genomic landscapes. The source code and program was publicly available at https://github.com/charlesqu666/SpacerScope. Short Abstract CRISPR/Cas sequence-based off-target candidate discovery remains computationally challenging in large, repetitive, and polyploid genomes. Existing tools either miss indel-containing candidate sites or incur prohibitive runtime and memory costs. We developed SpacerScope, a binary-vectorized framework that enables unbiased, genome-wide off-target candidate discovery without pre-selected candidate sites. By integrating bitwise filtering with right-end-anchored alignment, SpacerScope recovered 100% of validated off-target sites in human CIRCLE-seq data while using only 2.20 GiB of memory and achieving more than 10-fold speedup over indel-aware alternatives. Evaluation in plant genomes, including rice and octoploid strawberry, further demonstrated SpacerScope's capacity to identify larger sequence-compatible candidate burdens overlooked by standard tools. SpacerScope thus provides a high-speed framework for sequence-based genome-wide off-target candidate discovery across diverse and highly repetitive genomic landscapes, supporting downstream prioritization.
[Studies on the reduction of microorganisms in icecream in production and storage (author's transl)].
Experimental analyses referred to in this publication were to clarify two important hygienic-bacteriological issues: 1. Which is the capacity of survival owned by microorganisms in icecream in correspondence to temperature and storing time, and what significance have the results in regard to the length of intervals between the taking of samples of icecream and their examination. 2. Which nutritient media are suitable for a routine diagnostic of coliforms? Analyses were being made with an artificially contaminated, industrially produced icecream (Vanilla icecream with 10 per cent milk fat and strawberry icecream with 6,6 per cent milk fat and 21 per cent strawberries). Inoculations were only done with strains of bacteria isolated from icecream. We employed one strain of Escherichia coli, Staphyloccus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and three strains of Coliforms for each inoculation. Contaminated samples were stored in deep-freeze units at three different temperatures(-28, -18, -8 degrees C). In the beginning inspections in regard to microbial content were performed in daily intervals, but intervals grew longer in the course of time. At the utmost samples were under observation for 140 days. For quantitative measurement of Coli and Coliform microorganisms five different culture media were used (Endoagar, Hexachlorophene Endoagar, Desoxycholatcitrat Agar, Violet Red Bile Agar and Brilliant Green Broth). Generally results showed, that icecream, if being stored, looses approximately one to two quarters of the bacteria within hours after production, the third dies within days and the rest after weeks and months. Within the given period of observation sterility can only be reached with rather sour kinds of icecream. E. coli proved to be moderately resistant, Coliforms were somewhat more sensitive. Staphylococci showed in the beginning a lower drop, but in the course of time similar rates as Coli and Coliforms. Only with Pseudomonas inactivation was distinctly more rapid. Differences concerning kinds of icecream and temperatures were not to be secured statistically. Examination of cultur media for the demonstration of E. coli and Coliforms resulted that Hexachlorophene Endoagar is the best one. It is recommended, to take icecream samples at the earliest at the time the icecream is to be sold. Bacteriological cultures should be prepared within 14 days. Controls are to be made at the earliest possible date, but not later that two weeks after the official analysis. Findings with a lower count reached at a later date do not contradict an earlier result of two to five times higher rates. Reliable constants for the retrospect establishment of balances of microbial content were not to be found.
Improved taste acceptability for an oral hyperalimentation dosage form.
Various flavoring agents were evaluated as to their ability to improve the taste acceptability of Vivovnex-HN, a potent oral hyperalimentation diet. Several imitation flavors were incorporated into the Vivonex-HN powder in different concentrations with and without an artificial sweetener. The mixtures were rated by a taste panel. Among the unsweetened flavors, spray-dried orange juice, Sealva imitation mint No.381 and cherry mint imitation appeared to be the most acceptable flavors. Among the individual flavors sweetened with 0.025% sodium saccharin, rum, strawberry and raspberry proved to be the most acceptable. Among all of the formulations studied, a combination of rum, strawberry and raspberry with 0.025% sodium saccharin was found to be optimal.
Cationic porphyrin covalent organic framework reinforced hydroxypropyl methylcellulose films for photodynamic-photothermal sterilization and food preservation.
Microbial contamination in food necessitates effective antimicrobial packaging. While cellulose-based packaging materials suffer from limited antimicrobial efficacy, lack of active functionality, and susceptibility to inducing microbial resistance. To address these challenges, this study synthesized a cationic porphyrin-based covalent organic framework (Por-ICOF) as a multimodal photosensitizer. Por-ICOF was uniformly dispersed via non-covalent interaction within hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), creating an HPMC/Por-ICOF composite film. This integration enhanced mechanical strength (increased by 26%), hydrophobicity (WCA 71°), and gas barrier properties (OP reduced by 42%, WVP reduced by 36%). Under visible light, the HPMC/Por ICOF film superior absorption generated reactive oxygen species (ROS) and photothermal effects, inactivating 99.2% of Escherichia coli and 99.95% of Staphylococcus aureus within 20 min. The composite film exhibited excellent biocompatibility and effectively extended the shelf life of strawberries. This cationic modification strategy for cellulose-based films offers a novel avenue for the design of high-performance antimicrobial food packaging materials.