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PubMed2000

Adrenal gland and renal sonography.

Ultrasound (US) is an established imaging modality for the assessment of the kidneys and adrenal glands. The advantages include its lack of ionizing radiation, speed, multiplanar real time evaluation, and cost compared with more expensive modalities. The addition of color Doppler also permits accurate evaluation of blood flow, which is especially useful in renal assessment. As with all sonography, both renal and adrenal US are highly dependent on the operator's skill and experience and require meticulous scanning techniques. In particular, adrenal sonography can be difficult due to the lack of a satisfactory acoustic window through which the incident US beam passes. This review summarizes the various morphologic appearances seen in common renal and adrenal pathologies, many of which have characteristic US appearances enabling accurate diagnosis.

Adrenal Gland Diseases↗
PubMed1980

Morphologic features of the anencephalic adrenal gland in early pregnancy.

The adrenal glands of 12 anencephalic fetuses and 17 normal fetuses of 11 to 21 weeks' gestation were examined histometrically. The volume of the adrenal gland occupied by the fetal zone in the anencephalic fetuses was 57.5% compared with 76.5% in normal fetuses. The fetal zone in anencephaly showed involution in all specimens, which suggests that this involution begins well before 20 weeks' gestation.

Adrenal Cortex↗
PubMed1995

Case report: neonatal adrenal haemorrhage presenting as an acute right scrotal swelling (haematoma)--value of ultrasound.

Acute scrotal swelling resulting from remote intra-abdominal pathology is a well recognized but rare entity. The present report relates to such a case in a neonate who presented with an acute right scrotal haematoma, adrenal haemorrhage not being suspected clinically, but detected ultrasonographically. In the imaging of neonatal scrotal swellings, abdominal ultrasound is important in excluding a primary intra-abdominal event.

Adrenal Gland Diseases↗
PubMed2004

Recurrent calcium nephrolithiasis associated with primary aldosteronism.

Typical manifestations of hyperaldosteronism include salt retention, hypokalemia, and metabolic alkalosis. However, a consequence infrequently recognized and described is hypocitraturia. In combination with hypercalciuria, aldosterone-induced hypocitraturia can trigger calcium nephrolithiasis. The authors report a case of an individual with primary hyperaldosteronism from an adrenal adenoma that resulted in hypocitraturia. The patient had severe recurrent renal calcium calculi that corrected with adrenalectomy. The clinical physiology of renal calcium and citrate handling in hyperaldosteronism is reviewed.

Adrenal Gland Diseases↗
PubMed1990

Primary hypoadrenalism in a patient with the lupus anticoagulant.

A 68-year-old man known to have the lupus anticoagulant presented with adrenal failure several weeks after undergoing a surgical procedure. Computerized tomography initially showed bilateral enlargement of the adrenal glands, but subsequently demonstrated adrenal atrophy and calcification. It is suggested that thrombosis of the adrenal vessels due to the presence of the lupus anticoagulant may have occurred. In unexplained primary hypoadrenalism with enlargement of the adrenal glands, the presence of the lupus anticoagulant should be excluded.

Adrenal Gland Diseases↗
PubMed1986

Thymic involution in the suspended rat: adrenal hypertrophy and glucocorticoid receptor content.

The thymus gland and skeletal muscle are sensitive to the catabolic effects of glucocorticoids (GC). Previous studies using suspended rats demonstrated that muscle disuse atrophy resulting from hindlimb unloading was associated with an increase in glucocorticoid receptor site concentration. The objectives of the current studies were: to assess the temporal relationship between adrenal hypertrophy and thymic involution in suspended rats, to evaluate the role of positioning--antiorthostatic, (AO) vs. orthostatic (O)--in the thymic and adrenal responses, and to determine whether or thymic involution, like muscle disuse atrophy, was associated with an increase in GC receptor site concentration. The wet weight of the thymus was reduced by 50% (p less than 0.001) during 7 d of AO suspension. Suspended (AO) rats exhibited a significant (p less than 0.001) hypertrophy of the adrenal glands (33%), primarily on the initial day of suspension. Recovery for 7 d was associated with a return of thymus weight to control levels, but adrenal hypertrophy was not completely reversed. Rats suspended in an O position exhibited thymic and adrenal responses comparable to those of AO rats. Thymic involution in both AO and O rats was associated with a 20% (p less than 0.001) decrease in glucocorticoid receptor site concentration (pmol X mg-1 protein). However, when expressed relative to tissue weight, receptor site concentrations were not significantly different from control values. These results suggest a temporal correlation between adrenal hypertrophy and thymic involution in the suspended rat, but neither of these responses were dependent upon AO positioning.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adrenal Gland Diseases↗