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At least 361 records · Page 20Linked to original sources
PubMed1993

The geniculohypothalamic pathway in a congenitally anophthalmic mouse.

In a previous study we described abnormalities in cytoarchitecture and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide distribution in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of anophthalmic mice. However, the effect of anophthalmia on the geniculohypothalamic pathway, an important pathway for relay of photic information to the SCN, is not known. The present study examined the geniculohypothalamic pathway in congenitally anophthalmic and sighted control mice. The data demonstrate that the development of an intergeniculate leaflet (IGL), the expression of neuropeptide Y (NPY) by IGL neurons and the formation of NPY terminal fields in the SCN proceed in the absence of retinal input. Although the cytoarchitectural organization of the anophthalmic IGL differs from that of the control mouse, the distribution of NPY plexuses in the suprachiasmatic nucleus is remarkably similar.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Diurnal variations in vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-like immunoreactivity in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of congenitally anophthalmic mice.

The present study has combined recording of circadian locomotor rhythms with light microscopic immunocytochemistry for vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of congenitally anophthalmic mice. These mice, which never develop retinae or optic nerves and do not perceive light, are thus in constant darkness. Our data show a circadian rhythm in expression of VIP in the SCN of anophthalmic mice--expression is maximal during late subjective night/early subjective day and minimal in late subjective day/early subjective night. These observations support the hypothesis that expression of VIP is related to regulation of circadian rhythms by the SCN.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Crystallin synthesis in the lens rudiment of a strain of mice with congenital anophthalmia.

Immunofluorescence with anti-crystallin antisera was done on the eye rudiments of mouse embryos of a congenitally anophthalmic strain. In a few of the embryos a lens vesicle formed, which, although much smaller than in controls and delayed in development, appeared morphologically normal. alpha-Crystallin could be identified in the cells of the rudiments. In addition the cells looked cytologically similar to those of the normal lens vesicle; they were elongated and the nuclei displayed interkinetic nuclear migration. Therefore, the surface ectoderm of the anophthalmia mouse can differentiate into a lens vesicle that appears biochemically and cytologically normal. This indicates that the optic vesicle in this mutant is capable of inducing a lens, while the surface ectoderm can respond to the stimulus in a normal fashion.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Fraser syndrome.

In a consanguineous marriage, a woman at 32 weeks' pregnancy presented with intrauterine growth retardation and bilateral renal agenesis. Fraser syndrome (cryptophthalmus syndactyly syndrome) was diagnosed based on cryptophthalmos, atresia of meatus acusticus externus in auricula, syndactyly, hypoplastic larynx, hypoplastic left lung, agenesis of urinary system and aberrant pancreas in duodenum. The syndrome is inherited as a recessive trait and the risk of recurrence is 25%.

Abnormalities, Multiple↗
PubMed1987

Circadian rhythms in sleep-wakefulness and wheel-running activity in a congenitally anophthalmic rat mutant.

Circadian rhythms were examined in a congenitally anophthalmic rat mutant. All bilaterally anophthalmic rats had clear circadian rhythms in sleep-wakefulness as well as in locomotor activity, but the rhythms did not entrain to the light-dark (LD) cycle. However, two unilaterally anophthalmic rats, like sighted rats, reentrained their sleep-wakefulness rhythms to the LD cycle in 4 days after a 6 hr delaying phase-shift. The hypogenesis of the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) that is correlated with absence of circadian activity rhythms in anophthalmic mice was not observed in these anophthalmic rats.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Subcortical projections of area 17 in the anophthalmic mouse.

Anterograde and retrograde tracing methods were used to compare the subcortical projections of area 17 in ZRDCT-an, anophthalmic mice with those of sighted C57BL mice. In both groups, area 17 projected to the dorsocaudal striatum, the reticular, lateral and lateral posterior nuclei, the dorsal and vental lateral geniculate nuclei, the zona incerta, the anterior and posterior pretectal nuclei, the stratum griseum superficiale of the superior colliculus and the dorsolateral pons. Occasional labeled fibers in both groups were also seen in the ventrobasal nucleus, but it was not clear whether or not any axons terminated in this region. The projections to the superior colliculus and dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus were analyzed in greater detail. In both normals and blind mice the striate corticotectal projection arose from cells in layer V and that to the geniculate from neurons in lamina VI. The topographic organizations of these projections in the two groups were indistinguishable. The striate corticotectal projection to the colliculus in the anophthalmic mice did appear to terminate more dorsally in the stratum griseum superficiale than that in sighted animals. These data demonstrate that a signal from the retina is not required for either the restriction of 'visual' cortical axons to their normal subcortical targets or the achievement of normal topography within those target nuclei.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

A sulphite oxidase-deficient rat model: reproductive toxicology of sulphite in the female.

The reproductive toxicology of sulphite was investigated in female rats with induced deficiencies of sulphite oxidase. Induction of sulphite oxidase deficiency was accomplished by administration of a diet with a high tungsten to molybdenum ratio. This animal model was chosen because it enables exposure of tissues to high systemic sulphite concentrations without debilitating side effects. The reproductive performance of female sulphite oxidase-deficient rats, exposed continuously to sulphite from about 3 wk before mating until the experiment was terminated on day 20 of gestation, was compared to that of unexposed rats with normal sulphite oxidase activity. There was no treatment-related trend in any of the parameters observed, including mating and pregnancy rates, gestational weight gain, pre-implantation loss, resorbed and dead foetuses, litter size, foetal weight and malformations. Of the spectrum of malformations observed in control and treated animals, only anophthalmia may have been treatment related. From these experiments, performed in an animal model that is a conservative metabolic analogue for man, we have concluded that there is no evidence to indicate that exposure of females to sulphite poses a significant reproductive hazard.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Thalamic afferents to the visual cortex in congenitally anophthalmic mice.

Retrograde cell labelling with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) has been used to study the thalamic afferents to the primary visual cortex (area 17) in mutant H1-ZRDCT-An ('eyeless') mice, in which the eyes are missing throughout development. Injections of HRP that were localised to a subregion of area 17, resulted in the labelling of a group of neurons in the ipsilateral dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus, showing the existence of a point-to-point connectivity. Many labelled cells were also found in other posterior thalamic nuclei especially in the lateral posterior nucleus which in normal animals contain very few or no labelled cells.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Anophthalmia and benomyl in Italy: a multicenter study based on 940,615 newborns.

Following the report on clusters of anophthalmia and microphthalmia in England and Wales and their possible relation to the pesticide Benomyl, we analyzed the situation in Italy for the period 1986 to 1990 using data from the Italian registries of congenital malformations and national data on Benomyl use. Of 940,615 consecutive births, 33 cases of clinical anophthalmia and 78 cases of microphthalmia were reported (birth prevalence: 0.35 and 0.83/10,000). Birth prevalence by region for 18 of Italy's 20 political regions was evaluated for the two malformations, grouped together after exclusion of defects associated with chromosomal anomalies, no dishomogeneity in space or time among registries or among regions was observed for the study period. In no region was a statistically significant difference identified between observed and expected overall birth prevalence. Correlation analysis between the prevalence of micro/anophthalmia and Benomyl use by region showed a negative, nonsignificant coefficient, and an inverse correlation was found when the 18 regions were divided into four groups by increasing levels of Benomyl use. Parental occupation in agriculture did not seem to be associated with micro/anophthalmia when compared to a control group affected with isolated prearicular tags (odds ratio 0.63; CL 0.07-2.52). On the basis of these results, though the limits intrinsic to ecologic correlation studies must be taken into account, an association between Benomyl use and congenital micro/anophthalmia appears to be unlikely.

Anophthalmos↗
PubMed2006

Evaluation of an integrated orbital tissue expander in an anophthalmic feline model.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the anatomical effects and tissue biocompatibility in a feline model of an integrated orbital tissue expander (OTE) designed to stimulate bone growth in an anophthalmic socket. DESIGN: An animal study was performed in cats to assess orbital bone growth with and without an OTE. METHODS: The OTE is an inflatable (0.5 to >6.0 cm(3)) polymeric globe sliding on a titanium T plate secured to the lateral orbital rim with screws. Eight cats had left eye enucleation at age two weeks, with five orbits receiving an OTE and the remaining three serving as nonimplanted controls. Serial transconjunctival implant inflation was performed by injecting normal saline solution into the OTE to a final volume of 3.5 ml. Serial computed tomographic scans were obtained to assess socket growth. All eight cats were euthanized at 18 weeks and dry skulls prepared. The effective orbital volume was measured by inflating an OTE in the orbit of a dry skull until it filled the cavity completely. RESULTS: Three cats periodically scratched open the tarsorrhaphy and conjunctiva to rupture the OTE, which resulted in implant exchanges. At 18 weeks, the OTE expanded orbital volume was approximately 18% smaller than the normal contralateral side. In the control animals, the anophthalmic orbital volume was approximately 66% smaller than the contralateral orbit. Histopathology of orbital tissues showed no evidence of foreign body reaction. CONCLUSIONS: This proof-of-concept pilot study demonstrated implant efficacy in cats, and no implant-related adverse effects were observed. OTE has the potential to stimulate bone growth in human anophthalmic orbits.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Integrated reconstructive strategies for treating the anophthalmic orbit.

INTRODUCTION: Anophthalmia may be congenital or acquired. Congenital anophthalmia refers to any orbit that contains a severely hypoplastic eye at birth (microphthalmia), or a complete absence of the globe due to failure of optic vesicle formation. In both those cases the aim of surgery is to stimulate adequate orbital growth. Acquired anophthalmic orbit may be due to trauma or tumour. In acquired forms the goal is restoration of orbital volume with adequate replacement of orbital contents. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In this study 28 patients (6 cases of congenital and 22 of acquired anophthalmia), were treated between October 1997 and August 2002, by applying protocols that are based on data from the literature. RESULTS: In 19 cases there were satisfactory results. Complications such as implant dislocation (3 cases), residual asymmetry (2 cases), and eyelid retraction required revisional surgery (4 cases). CONCLUSIONS: The different strategies applied for reconstructing the missing structures of the orbit in the congenital forms have given satisfactory results related to the type and complexity of the deformity. In rehabilitating a patient with an acquired anophthalmic orbit it is essential to ensure that the patient has realistic expectations regarding a final prosthesis. Interaction of the various healthcare professionals is also essential to help the patient and so develop new prosthetic devices as well as innovative methods for socket reconstruction.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Cross-modal innervation of primary visual cortex by auditory fibers in congenitally anophthalmic mice.

Auditory-visual cross-modal innervation was examined in control (sighted, ZRDCT-N) and congenitally anophthalmic (eyeless, ZRDCT-AN) mice using electrophysiological recording and pathway tracing with carbocyanine dyes. Electrophysiological data demonstrate that the primary visual cortex of congenitally eyeless, blind, mice receives auditory stimuli. Neuroanatomical data demonstrate a direct connection between the inferior colliculus (IC) and visual cortex. Our experiments provide new information about how the brain adapts to the loss of sight.

Adaptation, Physiological↗